滋肾通关解毒法干预前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）研究
|
摘要
肿瘤是严重危害人类健康的疾病之一,肿瘤防治的关键在于早期发现、早期诊断,已成为人们的共识。目前肿瘤早期诊断主要依靠影像学、病理学等技术手段,一般在患者具有明显占位病变或出现临床症状后才得以确诊。然而从细胞癌变的生物学角度分析,占位病变已不是癌变早期,能够诊治难以发现的微小早期癌将对控制肿瘤发病率具有重要意义。肿瘤标记物的存在或量的改变可探索肿瘤的存在、性质、了解肿瘤的来源、细胞分化等,对肿瘤诊断、分类、判断预后及指导治疗具有一定意义。PSA等肿瘤标记物应用于肿瘤筛查,对肿瘤早期诊断、预后及治疗均具有重要价值。
临床上相当一部分人群仅肿瘤标记物表达异常,但并未发现肿瘤病灶。如何有效干预肿瘤标记物异常表达,控制其向占位病变发展,是医学界值得探索的课题。中医辨证论治的个体化诊疗模式、整体调节的防治手段与治未病理念,对肿瘤标记物异常的治疗具有优势作用。本文以PSA异常但未发现前列腺癌病灶的特殊阶段为切入点,探讨滋肾通关解毒法干预PSA异常的作用与优势,全文分理论探讨、临床与实验机理研究三部分。
理论探讨部分结合中医理论与临床实践,分析中医对肿瘤标记物异常的认识,阐述PSA异常病因、病机、病位、病性及病势变化,总结其辨治规律。提出脏腑功能失调,阴阳气血失衡,正气不足,毒邪留恋,郁滞气血津液是PSA异常表达的主要病因病机,尤以肾阴不足,膀胱气化不利为其主要病理特征,毒邪稽留为其主要致病因素。其病机复杂,本虚标实,虚实夹杂,病势变化多端,易滋生毒瘤,当早期干预,既病防变。PSA异常辨证论治宜宏观与微观结合、定正虚之部位、察邪正盛衰的程度,治以扶正祛邪之法,综合调节与PSA异常特征兼顾,及时治疗,防止肿瘤病灶形成,抑制其发展,提高生活质量。确立滋肾通关解毒法是治疗PSA异常的基本法则,“滋补肾阴、利尿化瘀、解毒抑瘤”是其立法特点。
临床研究以滋肾通关解毒法为主要干预手段,对30例PSA异常、未发现前列腺癌病灶的患者进行疗效观察。结果显示该法对PSA异常恢复率达93%,临床症状有效率达98%。经治疗的病人无肿瘤发生案例,不仅解除了病人的忧虑,也未见任何副作用。
实验研究以人雄激素依赖性前列腺癌LNCaP细胞分泌的PSA为研究对象,应用RT-PCR、western-blot及ELISA等技术检测本法干预后调控PSA表达的雄激素受体(AR)、抑癌基因P53等的变化情况,初步揭示本法下调PSA表达的分子机制。结果表明,该法通过降低AR、上调抑癌基因P53表达等机制实现抑制PSA表达作用。此外,该法对LNCaP细胞体外增殖有一定抑制作用,为“解毒抑瘤、既病防变”的立法思想提供了科学依据。
研究证实：肾与膀胱功能失常,肾阴不足、膀胱气化不利,毒邪稽留,郁滞气血津液可导致PSA异常表达；肾阴不足,毒邪稽留与PSA异常表达及其疾病进展关系密切；滋肾通关解毒法是干预PSA异常的有效方法,该法源于临床,基于中医理论,疗效确切；滋肾通关解毒法立足“滋补肾阴、利尿化瘀、解毒抑瘤”,其抑制PSA表达的作用可通过降低AR、上调抑癌基因P53等机制,多层次、多角度、综合调节而实现。
Tumor is a serious disease hazard to human health. Early detection and diagnosis should be the key measure to tumor prevention and treatment. Currently, tumor generally diagnosed with obvious occupyinglesion or clinical symptoms,its early diagnosis mainly relies on imaging or pathology technologies. However, from the perspective of cancer biology, space occupying lesion may have not been the most early time of the cancer. So for the incidence of tumor control, it will be important to make a diagnosis and give treatment to the small early carcinoma.The existence of the tumor marker or its amount changes can explore the existence, nature, source or cell differentiation of the tumor, etc. According to this, we can classify, diagnose the tumor, and assess prognosis and guiding therapy for it. PSA and other tumor markers used in the cancer screening, they have an important value in early diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of tumor.
From clinical practice, we find that quite a number of people only with tumor markers abnormal expression, but did not find the tumor lesions.The individualized diagnosis and treatment of Chinese medicine, concept of viewing the situation as a whole, overall adjustment means of prevention and control, and the early intervention which under the guidence of the concepts of preventive treatment have advantage to the treatment of this special phase.Through the early intervention effect by this treatment to the special period that PSA abnormal expression but without Prostate cancer lesions,this paper has discussed the early intervention effect and the advantages of the therapy that nourishing kidney yin,opening essence or water orifices and disintoxication to PSA abnormal expression,it is consisted by three parts that it is theoretical discussion, clinical efficacy observation and experimental study.
Combinated the Chinese medicine theory and clinical practice,the part of the-oretical discussion has analysised the etiology, pathogenesis, pathogenic factors, disease location and potential changes of the special period for this disease, at the same time summarized its differential treatment. It proposed that dysfunctional organs, imbalance of yin and yang, the lack of healthy Qi,the pathogenic toxin stagnation of the qi, blood or fluid is the main etiology and pathogenesis of PSA abnormal expression, especially kidney yin deficiency, bladder gasification negative and pathogenic toxin accumulation can cause the disease.Its pathogenesis is complex, such as origin deficiency and excess in superficiality, mixture of deficiency and excess, and disease tendency changes fast are the charectersfor the disease, and it easily become a malignant tumor, so early intervention is necessary. The syndrome differentiation and treatment for PSA abnormal should put the macroscopic and microcosmic syndrome differentiation in combination, observate the position of body resistance deficiency, inspect the tide of healthy energy or pathogenic factors then treat by the supporting healthy energy to eliminate pathogenic factors method. Meanwhile, considering the anomaly characteristics of the PSA, timely treatment to prevent the tumor lesion formation, inhibit tumor's development, and improve the quality of life. And then we establish the fundamental early intervention therapy that nourishing kidney yin,opening essence or water orifices and disintoxication method, and the basic characteristic of the method is "nourishing kidney yin, diuresis or dissolving blood stasis, detoxification to inhibit tumor growth".
By the method as the main means, the clinical analysis section discussed the clinical curative effect after the method intervention in30patients, whose PSA abnormal but without prostate cancer. Results show that this treatment method has quick effect, and obviously improved symptoms.The PSA abnormal complete remission rate was93%, and the clinical symptoms effective rate was98%. During the treatment, there was no deterioration record and drugs cause side effects.
Experiment study discussed the mechanism for the method to inhibite the PSA abnormal expression. Using RT-PCR, western-blot and ELISA techniques, puting the PSA which secreted by the human androgen dependent LNCaP cell as the research object, we have tested the changes of androgen receptor (AR) and the tumor suppressor gene P53which control the expression of PSA to reveal the possible molecular mechanism for this method decreased PSA expression.Experiment results show that, the therapy can be through different mechanisms to decrease PSA expression, such as reducingthe AR, up-regulation tumor suppressor gene P53or apoptosis gene Bax expression and so on.Moreover, this method has certain inhibitory effect on the proliferation of LNCaP cells in vitro, this can offers some experimental foundation for the legislation idea "detoxification to inhibition of tumor generation "of the treatment method.
Through the above researches we get the following conclusion:kidney and bladder dysfunction, kidney yin deficiency and bladder gasification was bad, the pathogenictoxin stagnation of the qi, blood and fluid can cause PSA abnormal expression; Pathological changes of kidney yin deficiency and pathogenic toxin factors accumulation is closely related to this disease; the therapy of nourishing kidney yin,opening essence or water orifices and disintoxication which derived from clinical, based on the theory of Chinese medicine, and its curative effect is exact its an effective method for the early intervention of PSA abnormal expression; this method based on the legislation idea "nourishing kidney yin, diuresis ordissolving blood stasis, detoxification to inhibite tumor generation "has its theoretical, clinical and experimental basis; this therapy may from multi-angle, multi-level or comprehensive adjustment, through the possible mechanisms such as lowering the AR, increaseing tumor suppressor gene P53to realize the inhibitory effect for PSA abnormal expression.
临床上相当一部分人群仅肿瘤标记物表达异常,但并未发现肿瘤病灶。如何有效干预肿瘤标记物异常表达,控制其向占位病变发展,是医学界值得探索的课题。中医辨证论治的个体化诊疗模式、整体调节的防治手段与治未病理念,对肿瘤标记物异常的治疗具有优势作用。本文以PSA异常但未发现前列腺癌病灶的特殊阶段为切入点,探讨滋肾通关解毒法干预PSA异常的作用与优势,全文分理论探讨、临床与实验机理研究三部分。
理论探讨部分结合中医理论与临床实践,分析中医对肿瘤标记物异常的认识,阐述PSA异常病因、病机、病位、病性及病势变化,总结其辨治规律。提出脏腑功能失调,阴阳气血失衡,正气不足,毒邪留恋,郁滞气血津液是PSA异常表达的主要病因病机,尤以肾阴不足,膀胱气化不利为其主要病理特征,毒邪稽留为其主要致病因素。其病机复杂,本虚标实,虚实夹杂,病势变化多端,易滋生毒瘤,当早期干预,既病防变。PSA异常辨证论治宜宏观与微观结合、定正虚之部位、察邪正盛衰的程度,治以扶正祛邪之法,综合调节与PSA异常特征兼顾,及时治疗,防止肿瘤病灶形成,抑制其发展,提高生活质量。确立滋肾通关解毒法是治疗PSA异常的基本法则,“滋补肾阴、利尿化瘀、解毒抑瘤”是其立法特点。
临床研究以滋肾通关解毒法为主要干预手段,对30例PSA异常、未发现前列腺癌病灶的患者进行疗效观察。结果显示该法对PSA异常恢复率达93%,临床症状有效率达98%。经治疗的病人无肿瘤发生案例,不仅解除了病人的忧虑,也未见任何副作用。
实验研究以人雄激素依赖性前列腺癌LNCaP细胞分泌的PSA为研究对象,应用RT-PCR、western-blot及ELISA等技术检测本法干预后调控PSA表达的雄激素受体(AR)、抑癌基因P53等的变化情况,初步揭示本法下调PSA表达的分子机制。结果表明,该法通过降低AR、上调抑癌基因P53表达等机制实现抑制PSA表达作用。此外,该法对LNCaP细胞体外增殖有一定抑制作用,为“解毒抑瘤、既病防变”的立法思想提供了科学依据。
研究证实：肾与膀胱功能失常,肾阴不足、膀胱气化不利,毒邪稽留,郁滞气血津液可导致PSA异常表达；肾阴不足,毒邪稽留与PSA异常表达及其疾病进展关系密切；滋肾通关解毒法是干预PSA异常的有效方法,该法源于临床,基于中医理论,疗效确切；滋肾通关解毒法立足“滋补肾阴、利尿化瘀、解毒抑瘤”,其抑制PSA表达的作用可通过降低AR、上调抑癌基因P53等机制,多层次、多角度、综合调节而实现。
Tumor is a serious disease hazard to human health. Early detection and diagnosis should be the key measure to tumor prevention and treatment. Currently, tumor generally diagnosed with obvious occupyinglesion or clinical symptoms,its early diagnosis mainly relies on imaging or pathology technologies. However, from the perspective of cancer biology, space occupying lesion may have not been the most early time of the cancer. So for the incidence of tumor control, it will be important to make a diagnosis and give treatment to the small early carcinoma.The existence of the tumor marker or its amount changes can explore the existence, nature, source or cell differentiation of the tumor, etc. According to this, we can classify, diagnose the tumor, and assess prognosis and guiding therapy for it. PSA and other tumor markers used in the cancer screening, they have an important value in early diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of tumor.
From clinical practice, we find that quite a number of people only with tumor markers abnormal expression, but did not find the tumor lesions.The individualized diagnosis and treatment of Chinese medicine, concept of viewing the situation as a whole, overall adjustment means of prevention and control, and the early intervention which under the guidence of the concepts of preventive treatment have advantage to the treatment of this special phase.Through the early intervention effect by this treatment to the special period that PSA abnormal expression but without Prostate cancer lesions,this paper has discussed the early intervention effect and the advantages of the therapy that nourishing kidney yin,opening essence or water orifices and disintoxication to PSA abnormal expression,it is consisted by three parts that it is theoretical discussion, clinical efficacy observation and experimental study.
Combinated the Chinese medicine theory and clinical practice,the part of the-oretical discussion has analysised the etiology, pathogenesis, pathogenic factors, disease location and potential changes of the special period for this disease, at the same time summarized its differential treatment. It proposed that dysfunctional organs, imbalance of yin and yang, the lack of healthy Qi,the pathogenic toxin stagnation of the qi, blood or fluid is the main etiology and pathogenesis of PSA abnormal expression, especially kidney yin deficiency, bladder gasification negative and pathogenic toxin accumulation can cause the disease.Its pathogenesis is complex, such as origin deficiency and excess in superficiality, mixture of deficiency and excess, and disease tendency changes fast are the charectersfor the disease, and it easily become a malignant tumor, so early intervention is necessary. The syndrome differentiation and treatment for PSA abnormal should put the macroscopic and microcosmic syndrome differentiation in combination, observate the position of body resistance deficiency, inspect the tide of healthy energy or pathogenic factors then treat by the supporting healthy energy to eliminate pathogenic factors method. Meanwhile, considering the anomaly characteristics of the PSA, timely treatment to prevent the tumor lesion formation, inhibit tumor's development, and improve the quality of life. And then we establish the fundamental early intervention therapy that nourishing kidney yin,opening essence or water orifices and disintoxication method, and the basic characteristic of the method is "nourishing kidney yin, diuresis or dissolving blood stasis, detoxification to inhibit tumor growth".
By the method as the main means, the clinical analysis section discussed the clinical curative effect after the method intervention in30patients, whose PSA abnormal but without prostate cancer. Results show that this treatment method has quick effect, and obviously improved symptoms.The PSA abnormal complete remission rate was93%, and the clinical symptoms effective rate was98%. During the treatment, there was no deterioration record and drugs cause side effects.
Experiment study discussed the mechanism for the method to inhibite the PSA abnormal expression. Using RT-PCR, western-blot and ELISA techniques, puting the PSA which secreted by the human androgen dependent LNCaP cell as the research object, we have tested the changes of androgen receptor (AR) and the tumor suppressor gene P53which control the expression of PSA to reveal the possible molecular mechanism for this method decreased PSA expression.Experiment results show that, the therapy can be through different mechanisms to decrease PSA expression, such as reducingthe AR, up-regulation tumor suppressor gene P53or apoptosis gene Bax expression and so on.Moreover, this method has certain inhibitory effect on the proliferation of LNCaP cells in vitro, this can offers some experimental foundation for the legislation idea "detoxification to inhibition of tumor generation "of the treatment method.
Through the above researches we get the following conclusion:kidney and bladder dysfunction, kidney yin deficiency and bladder gasification was bad, the pathogenictoxin stagnation of the qi, blood and fluid can cause PSA abnormal expression; Pathological changes of kidney yin deficiency and pathogenic toxin factors accumulation is closely related to this disease; the therapy of nourishing kidney yin,opening essence or water orifices and disintoxication which derived from clinical, based on the theory of Chinese medicine, and its curative effect is exact its an effective method for the early intervention of PSA abnormal expression; this method based on the legislation idea "nourishing kidney yin, diuresis ordissolving blood stasis, detoxification to inhibite tumor generation "has its theoretical, clinical and experimental basis; this therapy may from multi-angle, multi-level or comprehensive adjustment, through the possible mechanisms such as lowering the AR, increaseing tumor suppressor gene P53to realize the inhibitory effect for PSA abnormal expression.
引文
[1]阳东荣,陈昭典,单玉喜.前列腺特异性抗原的功能研究进展.国外医学泌尿系统分册,2003,23(5)：492.
[2]Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, et al. Global cancer statistics,2002. CA Cancer J Clin,2005,55:74-108.
[3]汤钊猷.现代肿瘤学.上海：复旦大学出版社,2011：1170.
[4]汤钊猷.现代肿瘤学.上海：复旦大学出版社,2011：360.
[5]Hsu CY, Joniau S, Oyen R, et al. Outcome of surgery for clinical unilateral T3a prostate cancer:a single-institution experience. Eur Urol,2007,51:121-128.
[6]Henttu P et al. Int J Cancer,1990,45:654-660.
[7]Riegman PHJ et al. Biochem Biophys Res Comm,1989,159:95-102.
[8]McCormack RT et al. Urology,1995,45:729-744.
[9]Baffa R et al.Urology,1996,47:795-800.
[10]Young CY, Montgomery BT, Andrews PE. Hormonal regulation of prostate-specific antigen messenger RNA in human prostatic adenocarcinoma cell line LNCaP. Cancer Res,1991,51(14):3748-3752.
[11]Montgomery BT, Young CY, Bilhartz DL, et al. Hormonal regulation of prostate-specific antigen(PSA)glycoprotein in the human prostatic adenocarcinoma cell line, LNCaP. Prostate,1992,21(1):63-73.
[12]凌世淦,马贤凯.前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)生物学特性研究进展.《国外医学》泌尿系统分册,1997,17(6)：245.
[13]Weiss-Messer E, Merom O, Adi A, et al. Growth hormone(GH)receptors in psostate cancer:gene expression in human tissues and cell lines and characterization, GH signaling and androgen receptor regulation in LNCaP cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol, 2004,220(1-2):109-123.
[14]方习武.雄激素受体及其亚型在前列腺癌进展中的实验研究.博士学位论文,2004：6.
[15]Gleave ME et al. Cancer Res,1992,52:1598-1605.
[16]Gleave ME et al. Cancer Res,1992,52:1606.
[17]Henttu P et al. Cancer Res,1993,53:1051-1058.
[18]Gurova KV, Roklin OW, Krivokrysenko VI, et al. Expression of prostatespecific antigen (PSA) is negatively regulated by p53. Oncogene 2002 Jan 3,21(1):153.
[19]李春海.肿瘤标志学基础与临床.北京：军事医学科学出版社,2008：48.
[20]李卫鹏,郑佐娅.前列腺特异抗原研究进展.放射免疫学杂志,2003,16(1)：59.
[21]万文徽.肿瘤标志临床应用与研究(第二版).北京：北京大学医学出版社,2007：57.
[22]李卫鹏,郑佐娅.前列腺特异抗原研究进展.放射免疫学杂志,2003,16(1)：59.
[23]万文徽.肿瘤标志临床应用与研究(第二版).北京：北京大学医学出版社,2007：95.
[24]Catalona WJ, Partin AW, Finlay JA, et al.Use of percentage of free prostate-specific antigen to identify men at high risk of prostate cancetr when PSA levels are 2.51 to 4.0 ng/ml and digital rectal examination is not suspicious for prostate cancerran alternative model.Urology,1999,54:220-224.
[25]Okegawa T, Noda H, Nutahara K, et al. Comparision of two investigative assays for the complexed prostate-specific antigen in total prostate-specific antigen between 4.1 and 10.0ng/ml. Urology,2000,55:700-704.
[26]LukesM, UrbanM, ZaleskyM, et al. Prostate-specific antigen:current status. Folia Biol (Praha) 2001,47(2):41.
[27]Woodrum D, French C, Shamel LB. Stability of free prostate-specific antigen in serum samples under a variety of sample collection and sample storage conditions. Urology,1996,48(6A):33-39.
[28]Brawer MK. Clinical usefulness of assays for complexed proatate-specific antigen. Urol Clin North Am,2002,29:193-203.
[29]万文徽.肿瘤标志临床应用与研究(第二版).北京：北京大学医学出版社,2007：58.
[30]Smith DS, Catalona WJ. Rate of change in serum proatate specific antigen levels as a method for prostate cancer detection. J Urol,1994,152:1163-1167.
[31]李卫鹏,郑佐娅.前列腺特异抗原研究进展.放射免疫学杂志,2003,16(1)：60.
[32]Sasaki R, Habuchi T, Sato K, et al. The clinical utility of measuringtotat PSA, PSAdensity, gamma-seminoprotein and gamma-seminoprotein/total PSA in prostate cancer prediction. Jpn J Clin Oncol,2000,30(8):337.
[33]Jain S, Bhojwani AG, Mellon JK. Improving the utility of psostate specific antigen(PSA) in the diagnosis of prostate cancer:the use of PSA derivatives and novel markers. Postgrad Med J,2002,78:646-650.
[34]Wolff JM, Brehmer B, Borchers H, et al.Are age-specific referenceranges for prostate specific antigen population specific. Anticancer Res 2000Nov-Dec, 20 (6D):4981.
[35]Lee SE, Kwak C, ParkMS, et al. Ethnic differences in the agerelated distribution of serumprostate-specific antigen values:a study in a healthykorean male population. Urology,2000,56 (6):1007.
[36]汤钊猷.现代肿瘤学.上海：复旦大学出版社,2011：1170,360.
[37]Catalona WJ, Southwick PC, Slawin KM, et al. Comparision of percent free PSA, PSA density and age-specific PSA cutoffs for prostate cancer detection and staging. Urology,2000,56:255-260.
[38]汤钊猷.现代肿瘤学.上海：复旦大学出版社,2011：1177.
[39]韩莉.前列腺特异性抗原早期诊断前列腺癌的研究进展.人民军医,2001,44(12)：701.
[40]韩莉.前列腺特异性抗原早期诊断前列腺癌的研究进展.人民军医,2001,44(12)：702.
[41]Thompson IM, Ankerst DP. Prostate-specific antigen in the early detection of prostate cancer. CMAJ,2007,176(13):1853-1858.
[42]马荣,李晓兰,董枫.探究PSA在Pca及BPH鉴别诊断中的价值.放射免疫学杂志,2012,25(2)：235-236.
[43]汤钊猷.现代肿瘤学.上海：复旦大学出版社,2011：358.
[44]李斌,郝晓柯,苏明权.PSA激活的前体药物疗法治疗前列腺癌研究进展.中国肿瘤生物治疗杂志,2004,11(2)：154-156.
[45]Smith DS, Catalona WJ, Herschman JD. Longitudinal screening or prostate cancer with prostate-specific antigen. JAMA,1996,276:1309-1315.
[46]Schroder FH, van DCOK I, de Konging HJ, et al. Prostate cancer detection at low proatate-specific antigen. J Urol,2000,163:806-812.
[47]Partin AW, Kattan MW, Subong EN, et al. Combination of prostate-specific antigen, clinical stage and Gleason score to predict pathological stage of localized prostate cancer. A multi-institutional update. JAMA,1997,277:1445-1451.
[48]Taneja SS,Hsu El, Cheli CD, et al. Complexed prostate specific antigen as a staging tool:results based on a multicenter prospective evaluation of complexed prostate-specific antigen in cancer diagnosis.Urology.2002,60(suppl 4A):10-17.
[49]孟宪琴,杜万红.血清前列腺特异性抗原与前列腺疾病相关性研究进展.山西医药杂志,2011,40(2)：146,147.
[50]Gupta A, Aragaki C, Gotoh M, et al. Relationship between prostate specific antigen and indexes of prostate voume in Japanese men. J Urol,2005,173(2):503-506.
[51]黄晓萍,陈磊,张金福等.血清PSA及其相关指标在良性前列腺增生诊断中的应用.临床检验杂志,2009,27(2)：135-136.
[52]武建国.前列腺特异抗原的几个临床应用问题.临床检验杂志,2006,24(1)：1-3.
[53]Fitzpatrick JM, Schulman C, Zlottar AR, et al. Prostate cancer:aserious disease suitable for prevention. BJU Int,2009,103(7):864-870.
[54]孟宪琴,杜万红.血清前列腺特异性抗原与前列腺疾病相关性研究进展.山西医药杂志,2011,40(2)：146.
[55]满立波,李贵忠,黄广林等.Ⅳ型前列腺炎炎症分级和范围与前列腺特异性抗原之间的关系.中华男科学杂志,2012,18(8)：714.
[56]万文徽.肿瘤标志临床应用与研究(第二版).北京：北京大学医学出版社,2007：59.
[57]杨航燕,岑小鹏等.前列腺癌的实验室检测指标回顾及进展.临床检验及实验室设备,2004,1：31-34.
[58]Small EJ, Roach M. Prostate-specific antigen in prostate cancer:a case study in the development of a tumor marker to monitor recurrence and assess response. Semin Oncol,2002,29:264-273.
[59]Ornstein DK, Pruthi RS. Prostate-specific antigen. Exp Opin Pharmacother,2000, 1:1399-1411.
[60]Balk SP, Ko YJ, Bubley GJ. Biology of prostate-specific antigen.J Clin Oncol,2003,21:383-391.
[61]汤钊猷.现代肿瘤学.上海：复旦大学出版社,2011：358.
[62]Han M, Partin AW, Pound CR, et al. Long-term biochemical disease-free and cancer-specific survival following anatomic radical retropubic prostatectomy. The 15-years Johns Hopkins experience. Urol Clin North Am,2001, 28:555-565.
[63]汤钊猷.现代肿瘤学.上海：复旦大学出版社,2011：1181,1191.
[64]Zelefsky MJ, Kuban DA, Levy LB, et al. Multi-institutional analysis of long-term outcome for stages T1-T2 prostate cancer treated with permanent seed implanation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,2007,67:327-333.
[65]汤钊猷.现代肿瘤学.上海：复旦大学出版社,2011：1181,1191.
[66]May Abdel-Wahab Orlando E.Silva原著.周利群主译.前列腺癌实用指南.北京：人民军医出版社,2010：55.
[67]Zhang HF, Wang HL, Xu N, et al. Mass screening of 12 027 elderly men for prostate carcinoma by measuring serum prostate specific antigen. Chin Med J (Engl),2004, 117:67-70.
[68]王振林,闫靖中,刘士怡等.前列腺特异性抗原的非特异性研究进展.中华泌尿外科杂志,2000,21(7)：435-436.
[1]丁永锋,张亚大,朱子军等.77例前列腺癌中医证型特点与临床相关因素分析,中国中西医结合外科杂志,2006,12(6)：528-530.
[2]张亚大,张犁,卢子杰等.良性前列腺增生伴慢性前列腺炎中医证型与临床客观指标相关性分析.南京中医药大学学报,2008,24(4)：229-232.
[3]王伊光,王代韦,孟建等.前列腺癌中医证型与临床理化指标的相关性研究.中国中医基础医学杂志,2012,18(3)：287.
[4]范洪力.良性前列腺增生症证候临床研究.中国医药指南,2008,6(2)：401-402.
[5]朱晓光.D期前列腺癌中医辨证分型方式及中西医结合治疗初探.广州中医药大学博士学位论文.2006：1-6.
[6]林兆丰,陈志强.利湿祛瘀法对Ⅲ型前列腺炎相关免疫学因素及PSA的影响.广州中医药大学博士学位论文.2010：2.
[7]吕立国.扶正抑瘤法对前列腺癌D2期骨转移患者生存质量及PSA、骨转移灶的影响.广州中医药大学博士学位论文.2007：237-38.
[8]汤桂兴.扶正抑瘤法对前列腺癌内分泌治疗的影响.广州中医药大学硕士学位论文.2011：14-19.
[9]古炽明,吕立国,王昭辉等.中西医结合治疗前列腺癌的临床观察.广东药学院学报,2007,23(1)：92-93.
[10]陈润东,严夏,李小燕.王琦教授治疗老年前列腺增生症经验介绍.新中医,2012,44(3)：150.
[11]吕立国,代密欣,王昭辉等.陈志强教授扶正抑瘤法治疗晚期前列腺癌临床经验介绍.新中医,2007,539(5)：91-92.
[12]宋竖旗,卢建新,李灿等.晚期前列腺癌的临床特点与中医药治疗.中国中医基础医学杂志,2011,17(11)：1229.
[13]丁永锋,张亚大.前列腺癌中医证治进展.黑龙江中医药,2004,(5)：63.
[14]朱晓光,朱玲玲,李煜罡.中医药疗法在晚期前列腺癌中的运用.新中医,2010,42(11)：120.
[15]孔令青,叶晨,焦拥政等.前列腺癌的中医诊疗现状,2002,9(11)：90.
[16]黎豪,张永华.尿畅舒胶囊对气虚毒癖型晚期前列腺癌的临床增效研究.成都中医药大学硕士研究生学位论文.2011：2-24.
[17]庞然,高筱松,卢建新等.前列消癥汤治疗激素难治性前列腺癌临床观察.北京中医药,2010,29(12)：918.
[18]刘浩,刘硕,王辉.健脾益肾颗粒对前列腺癌去势术后患者生活质量及免疫功能的影响.中国中医药信息杂志,2012,19(6)：77-78.
[19]陈铭,肖玮琳,刘冬等.消瘀散结抑癌灌肠剂治疗晚期前列腺癌的临床研究.广州中医药大学学报,2010,27(5)：470-473.
[20]吴燕敏,马国花,魏睦新等.知柏地黄汤加味治疗早期前列腺癌38例.时珍国医国药,2009,20(4)：951-952.
[21]马国花,吴燕敏,魏睦新.魏睦新采用中医待机疗法治疗早期前列腺癌经验.中国中医药信息杂志,2008,15(9)：89.
[22]张蜀武,张培海,常德贵.人参胡核汤对人前列腺癌PC-3细胞增殖的抑制作用.中国男科学杂志,2007,21(6)：7.
[23]李其信,区显维,远庚彦.通癃启闭汤治疗良性前列腺增生的临床研究.中华中医药学刊,2011,29(6)：1441-1442.
[24]苏淼毅,程惠华.中医药治疗前列腺癌的新进展.环球中医药,2012,5(2)：154.
[25]南勋义,贺大林,党建功等.鸦胆子油乳治疗中、晚期前列腺癌疗效观察.临床泌尿外科杂,1998,13(12)：531.
[26]杨磊,陈立军,谢红等.姜黄素对前列腺癌LNCaP细胞PSA生成及AR表达的影响.武警医学院学报,2006,15(2)：85.
[27]谌科,胡志全,王涛等.苦参碱对雄激素依赖性前列腺癌细胞的影响.临床泌尿外科杂志,2009,24(4)：300.
[28]黄智峰,赖海标,曾晔等.肿节风注射液对中晚期前列腺癌26例PSA、F-PSA的影响.中医研究,2006,19(11)：25.
[29]纪闻.华夏长寿.最新医疗信息4则,1999,(10)：20.
[30]徐建国.前列腺癌汤配合针刺治愈前列腺癌验案.吉林中医药,2004,24(9)：55.
[1]汤钊猷.现代肿瘤学.上海：复旦大学出版社,2011：350.
[2]万文徽.肿瘤标志临床应用与研究(第二版).北京：北京大学医学出版社,2007：78.
[3]宋乃光.刘完素医学全书.北京：中国中医药出版社,2006：42.
[4]贾英杰.中西医结合肿瘤学.武汉：华中科技大学出版社,2009：425.
[5]明·徐春甫.古今医统大全精华本.北京：科学出版社,1998：690.
[6]田代华整理.黄帝内经素问.北京：人民卫生出版社,2005：49.
[7]明·朱棣.普济方.北京：人民卫生出版社,1959：3262.
[8]明·董宿.奇效良方.北京：中国中医药出版社,1995：271.
[9]清·廖润鸿.勉学堂针灸集成.北京：中国中医药出版社,1998：88.
[10]清·尤怡.金匮要略心典.北京：中国中医药出版社,1992：26.
[11]明·周之干.周慎斋医学全书.海口：海南出版社,2010：210.
[12]吴旭泽.浅述前列腺在中医脏腑学说中的定位.中华中医药学会第十届男科学术大会论文集,2010：321.
[13]明·朱棣.普济方.北京：人民卫生出版社,1959：3237.
[14]汤钊猷.现代肿瘤学.上海：复旦大学出版社,2011：359.
[15]曹洪欣,赵凯维,王乐.中医治疗肿瘤标记物异常探讨.中医杂志,2012,53(17)：1458.
[16]陈家旭.中医诊断学研究.北京：高等教育出版社,2008：67-68.
[17]李中梓原著,唐俊琪解析.医宗必读校注.西安：三秦出版社,2005：228.
[18]彭述宪.杂病论治精要.北京：中国医药科技出版社,2003：104.
[19]田思胜.杂病源流犀烛.北京：人民卫生出版社,2006：534.
[20]冉雪峰.冉雪峰医著全集.北京：京华出版社,2004：67.
[21]元·朱震亨原著,高新彦等解析.丹溪心法评注.西安：三秦出版社,2005：131.
[22]宋·李杲.医学发明.北京：人民卫生出版社,1959：15.
[23]清·吴谦.医宗金鉴.北京：人民卫生出版社,1963：38.
[24]明·王肯堂.北京：人民卫生出版社,1991：587.
[25]上海市中医文献研究馆编.癃闭专辑.上海：上海科技卫生出版社,1959：10.
[26]明·龚延贤.寿世保元.沈阳：辽宁科学技术出版社,1997：97.
[27]赵佶敕.圣济总录精华本.北京：科学出版社,1998：153.
[28]清·汪宏.望诊遵经.太原：山西科学技术出版社,2011：150.
[29]陆拯.近代中医珍本集·针灸按摩分册.杭州：浙江科学技术出版社,2003：993.
[30]于智敏.永炎医说.北京：人民卫生出版社,2011：162.
[31]于智敏.中医药之毒.北京：科学技术文献出版社,2007：41.
[32]曹炳章原辑,高萍校.中国医学大成温病分册.北京：中国中医药出版社,1997：13.
[33]曹洪欣.中医心悟.北京：中国中医药出版社,2013：465.
[34]曹洪欣.中医优势病种临床研究的战略思考与实践.中医杂志,2009,50(1)：12.
[35]Sturgeon C, Hammond E, Ch'ng SL et al. National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Guidelines on quality requirements for the use of Tumor Markers, NACB:Practice guidelines and recommendations use of tumor markers in the clinic. (section 2), 2005.
[36]Flersher M, Dnistrian AM, Sturgeon CM, et al. Practice guidelines and recommendations for use tumor markers in the clinic. Washington DC:AACC Press, 2002.
[37]中华医学会检验医学分会肿瘤标志专家委员会.肿瘤标志临床检测的基本原则(建议稿).中华检验医学杂志,2004,27(6)：393.
[38]邓铁涛,郭振球.中医诊断学(第五版).上海：上海科学技术出版社,2002.
[39]赵金铎.《中医证候鉴别诊断学》.北京：人民卫生出版社,1987.
[40]李春海.肿瘤标志学.北京：军事医学科学出版社,2008：236.
[41]庞然,高筱松,卢建新等.前列消癞汤治疗激素难治性前列腺癌临床观察.北京中医药,2010,29(12)：918.
[42]张湖德,王铁民.黄帝内经养心养性养生.北京：中国物资出版社,2009：146.
[43]田代华整理.黄帝内经素问.北京：人民卫生出版社,2005：2.
[44]何清湖,杨荣臣,周慎.专科专病名医临证实录丛书-前列腺炎前列腺增生.长沙：湖南科学技术出版社,2011：322.
[45]田代华整理.黄帝内经素问.北京：人民卫生出版社,2005：12.
[46]王金荣.重用熟地治癃闭.浙江中医杂志,1999,(11)：495.
[47]曲兰.《来自老父老母的生存报告》.北京：北京十月文艺出版社,2003：194.
[48]李乃民.中国舌诊大全.北京：学苑出版社,1994：430.
[49]贾英杰.中西医结合肿瘤学.武汉：华中科技大学出版社,2009：31.
[50]陈熠.肿瘤中医证治精要.上海：上海科学技术出版社,2007：62.
[51]叶显纯等选编.本草经典补遗.上海：上海中医药大学出版社,1997：295.
[52]明·张介宾.景岳全书.上海：第二军医大学出版社,2006：1121.
[53]清·汪昂.本草备要.北京：人民卫生出版社,1965：142.
[54]郑金生.海外回归中医善本古籍丛书第5册.北京：人民卫生出版社,2003：390.
[55]张瑞贤.本草名著集成.北京：华夏出版社,1998：41.
[56]贾英杰.中西医结合肿瘤学.武汉：华中科技大学出版社,2009：613.
[57]明·李时珍.本草纲目.北京：中国中医药出版社,1998：313.
[58]李笑然.中药学.苏州：苏州大学出版社,2004：76.
[59]李家庚,屈松柏.实用中医肿瘤学.北京：科学技术文献出版社,2001：828.
[60]清·顾观光辑.神农本草经.长沙：湖南科学技术出版社,2008：183.
[61]贾英杰.中西医结合肿瘤学.武汉：华中科技大学出版社,2009：629.
[62]汪涌.前列腺癌细胞系LNCaP雄激素依赖性转化相关研究.第四军医大学博士学位论文,2005：30.
[63]李润军,汤秀英,郝晓蕊等.EGCG联合比卡鲁胺对前列腺癌LNCaP细胞增殖凋亡的影响及其机制的初步研究.中国男科学杂志,2010：24(6)：32.
[64]方习武.雄激素受体及其亚型在前列腺癌进展中的实验研究.复旦大学博士学位论文,2004：7.
[65]纪家涛.前列腺癌细胞LNCaP激素非依赖性转变过程中microRNA的变化研究.第二军医大学博士学位论文,2008：33.
[66]玄绪军,孙鹏,赵勇等.小檗胺和氟他胺联合应用对前列腺癌LNCaP细胞株的抑制作用.中华泌尿外科杂志,2009,30(9)：626.
[2]Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, et al. Global cancer statistics,2002. CA Cancer J Clin,2005,55:74-108.
[3]汤钊猷.现代肿瘤学.上海：复旦大学出版社,2011：1170.
[4]汤钊猷.现代肿瘤学.上海：复旦大学出版社,2011：360.
[5]Hsu CY, Joniau S, Oyen R, et al. Outcome of surgery for clinical unilateral T3a prostate cancer:a single-institution experience. Eur Urol,2007,51:121-128.
[6]Henttu P et al. Int J Cancer,1990,45:654-660.
[7]Riegman PHJ et al. Biochem Biophys Res Comm,1989,159:95-102.
[8]McCormack RT et al. Urology,1995,45:729-744.
[9]Baffa R et al.Urology,1996,47:795-800.
[10]Young CY, Montgomery BT, Andrews PE. Hormonal regulation of prostate-specific antigen messenger RNA in human prostatic adenocarcinoma cell line LNCaP. Cancer Res,1991,51(14):3748-3752.
[11]Montgomery BT, Young CY, Bilhartz DL, et al. Hormonal regulation of prostate-specific antigen(PSA)glycoprotein in the human prostatic adenocarcinoma cell line, LNCaP. Prostate,1992,21(1):63-73.
[12]凌世淦,马贤凯.前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)生物学特性研究进展.《国外医学》泌尿系统分册,1997,17(6)：245.
[13]Weiss-Messer E, Merom O, Adi A, et al. Growth hormone(GH)receptors in psostate cancer:gene expression in human tissues and cell lines and characterization, GH signaling and androgen receptor regulation in LNCaP cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol, 2004,220(1-2):109-123.
[14]方习武.雄激素受体及其亚型在前列腺癌进展中的实验研究.博士学位论文,2004：6.
[15]Gleave ME et al. Cancer Res,1992,52:1598-1605.
[16]Gleave ME et al. Cancer Res,1992,52:1606.
[17]Henttu P et al. Cancer Res,1993,53:1051-1058.
[18]Gurova KV, Roklin OW, Krivokrysenko VI, et al. Expression of prostatespecific antigen (PSA) is negatively regulated by p53. Oncogene 2002 Jan 3,21(1):153.
[19]李春海.肿瘤标志学基础与临床.北京：军事医学科学出版社,2008：48.
[20]李卫鹏,郑佐娅.前列腺特异抗原研究进展.放射免疫学杂志,2003,16(1)：59.
[21]万文徽.肿瘤标志临床应用与研究(第二版).北京：北京大学医学出版社,2007：57.
[22]李卫鹏,郑佐娅.前列腺特异抗原研究进展.放射免疫学杂志,2003,16(1)：59.
[23]万文徽.肿瘤标志临床应用与研究(第二版).北京：北京大学医学出版社,2007：95.
[24]Catalona WJ, Partin AW, Finlay JA, et al.Use of percentage of free prostate-specific antigen to identify men at high risk of prostate cancetr when PSA levels are 2.51 to 4.0 ng/ml and digital rectal examination is not suspicious for prostate cancerran alternative model.Urology,1999,54:220-224.
[25]Okegawa T, Noda H, Nutahara K, et al. Comparision of two investigative assays for the complexed prostate-specific antigen in total prostate-specific antigen between 4.1 and 10.0ng/ml. Urology,2000,55:700-704.
[26]LukesM, UrbanM, ZaleskyM, et al. Prostate-specific antigen:current status. Folia Biol (Praha) 2001,47(2):41.
[27]Woodrum D, French C, Shamel LB. Stability of free prostate-specific antigen in serum samples under a variety of sample collection and sample storage conditions. Urology,1996,48(6A):33-39.
[28]Brawer MK. Clinical usefulness of assays for complexed proatate-specific antigen. Urol Clin North Am,2002,29:193-203.
[29]万文徽.肿瘤标志临床应用与研究(第二版).北京：北京大学医学出版社,2007：58.
[30]Smith DS, Catalona WJ. Rate of change in serum proatate specific antigen levels as a method for prostate cancer detection. J Urol,1994,152:1163-1167.
[31]李卫鹏,郑佐娅.前列腺特异抗原研究进展.放射免疫学杂志,2003,16(1)：60.
[32]Sasaki R, Habuchi T, Sato K, et al. The clinical utility of measuringtotat PSA, PSAdensity, gamma-seminoprotein and gamma-seminoprotein/total PSA in prostate cancer prediction. Jpn J Clin Oncol,2000,30(8):337.
[33]Jain S, Bhojwani AG, Mellon JK. Improving the utility of psostate specific antigen(PSA) in the diagnosis of prostate cancer:the use of PSA derivatives and novel markers. Postgrad Med J,2002,78:646-650.
[34]Wolff JM, Brehmer B, Borchers H, et al.Are age-specific referenceranges for prostate specific antigen population specific. Anticancer Res 2000Nov-Dec, 20 (6D):4981.
[35]Lee SE, Kwak C, ParkMS, et al. Ethnic differences in the agerelated distribution of serumprostate-specific antigen values:a study in a healthykorean male population. Urology,2000,56 (6):1007.
[36]汤钊猷.现代肿瘤学.上海：复旦大学出版社,2011：1170,360.
[37]Catalona WJ, Southwick PC, Slawin KM, et al. Comparision of percent free PSA, PSA density and age-specific PSA cutoffs for prostate cancer detection and staging. Urology,2000,56:255-260.
[38]汤钊猷.现代肿瘤学.上海：复旦大学出版社,2011：1177.
[39]韩莉.前列腺特异性抗原早期诊断前列腺癌的研究进展.人民军医,2001,44(12)：701.
[40]韩莉.前列腺特异性抗原早期诊断前列腺癌的研究进展.人民军医,2001,44(12)：702.
[41]Thompson IM, Ankerst DP. Prostate-specific antigen in the early detection of prostate cancer. CMAJ,2007,176(13):1853-1858.
[42]马荣,李晓兰,董枫.探究PSA在Pca及BPH鉴别诊断中的价值.放射免疫学杂志,2012,25(2)：235-236.
[43]汤钊猷.现代肿瘤学.上海：复旦大学出版社,2011：358.
[44]李斌,郝晓柯,苏明权.PSA激活的前体药物疗法治疗前列腺癌研究进展.中国肿瘤生物治疗杂志,2004,11(2)：154-156.
[45]Smith DS, Catalona WJ, Herschman JD. Longitudinal screening or prostate cancer with prostate-specific antigen. JAMA,1996,276:1309-1315.
[46]Schroder FH, van DCOK I, de Konging HJ, et al. Prostate cancer detection at low proatate-specific antigen. J Urol,2000,163:806-812.
[47]Partin AW, Kattan MW, Subong EN, et al. Combination of prostate-specific antigen, clinical stage and Gleason score to predict pathological stage of localized prostate cancer. A multi-institutional update. JAMA,1997,277:1445-1451.
[48]Taneja SS,Hsu El, Cheli CD, et al. Complexed prostate specific antigen as a staging tool:results based on a multicenter prospective evaluation of complexed prostate-specific antigen in cancer diagnosis.Urology.2002,60(suppl 4A):10-17.
[49]孟宪琴,杜万红.血清前列腺特异性抗原与前列腺疾病相关性研究进展.山西医药杂志,2011,40(2)：146,147.
[50]Gupta A, Aragaki C, Gotoh M, et al. Relationship between prostate specific antigen and indexes of prostate voume in Japanese men. J Urol,2005,173(2):503-506.
[51]黄晓萍,陈磊,张金福等.血清PSA及其相关指标在良性前列腺增生诊断中的应用.临床检验杂志,2009,27(2)：135-136.
[52]武建国.前列腺特异抗原的几个临床应用问题.临床检验杂志,2006,24(1)：1-3.
[53]Fitzpatrick JM, Schulman C, Zlottar AR, et al. Prostate cancer:aserious disease suitable for prevention. BJU Int,2009,103(7):864-870.
[54]孟宪琴,杜万红.血清前列腺特异性抗原与前列腺疾病相关性研究进展.山西医药杂志,2011,40(2)：146.
[55]满立波,李贵忠,黄广林等.Ⅳ型前列腺炎炎症分级和范围与前列腺特异性抗原之间的关系.中华男科学杂志,2012,18(8)：714.
[56]万文徽.肿瘤标志临床应用与研究(第二版).北京：北京大学医学出版社,2007：59.
[57]杨航燕,岑小鹏等.前列腺癌的实验室检测指标回顾及进展.临床检验及实验室设备,2004,1：31-34.
[58]Small EJ, Roach M. Prostate-specific antigen in prostate cancer:a case study in the development of a tumor marker to monitor recurrence and assess response. Semin Oncol,2002,29:264-273.
[59]Ornstein DK, Pruthi RS. Prostate-specific antigen. Exp Opin Pharmacother,2000, 1:1399-1411.
[60]Balk SP, Ko YJ, Bubley GJ. Biology of prostate-specific antigen.J Clin Oncol,2003,21:383-391.
[61]汤钊猷.现代肿瘤学.上海：复旦大学出版社,2011：358.
[62]Han M, Partin AW, Pound CR, et al. Long-term biochemical disease-free and cancer-specific survival following anatomic radical retropubic prostatectomy. The 15-years Johns Hopkins experience. Urol Clin North Am,2001, 28:555-565.
[63]汤钊猷.现代肿瘤学.上海：复旦大学出版社,2011：1181,1191.
[64]Zelefsky MJ, Kuban DA, Levy LB, et al. Multi-institutional analysis of long-term outcome for stages T1-T2 prostate cancer treated with permanent seed implanation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,2007,67:327-333.
[65]汤钊猷.现代肿瘤学.上海：复旦大学出版社,2011：1181,1191.
[66]May Abdel-Wahab Orlando E.Silva原著.周利群主译.前列腺癌实用指南.北京：人民军医出版社,2010：55.
[67]Zhang HF, Wang HL, Xu N, et al. Mass screening of 12 027 elderly men for prostate carcinoma by measuring serum prostate specific antigen. Chin Med J (Engl),2004, 117:67-70.
[68]王振林,闫靖中,刘士怡等.前列腺特异性抗原的非特异性研究进展.中华泌尿外科杂志,2000,21(7)：435-436.
[1]丁永锋,张亚大,朱子军等.77例前列腺癌中医证型特点与临床相关因素分析,中国中西医结合外科杂志,2006,12(6)：528-530.
[2]张亚大,张犁,卢子杰等.良性前列腺增生伴慢性前列腺炎中医证型与临床客观指标相关性分析.南京中医药大学学报,2008,24(4)：229-232.
[3]王伊光,王代韦,孟建等.前列腺癌中医证型与临床理化指标的相关性研究.中国中医基础医学杂志,2012,18(3)：287.
[4]范洪力.良性前列腺增生症证候临床研究.中国医药指南,2008,6(2)：401-402.
[5]朱晓光.D期前列腺癌中医辨证分型方式及中西医结合治疗初探.广州中医药大学博士学位论文.2006：1-6.
[6]林兆丰,陈志强.利湿祛瘀法对Ⅲ型前列腺炎相关免疫学因素及PSA的影响.广州中医药大学博士学位论文.2010：2.
[7]吕立国.扶正抑瘤法对前列腺癌D2期骨转移患者生存质量及PSA、骨转移灶的影响.广州中医药大学博士学位论文.2007：237-38.
[8]汤桂兴.扶正抑瘤法对前列腺癌内分泌治疗的影响.广州中医药大学硕士学位论文.2011：14-19.
[9]古炽明,吕立国,王昭辉等.中西医结合治疗前列腺癌的临床观察.广东药学院学报,2007,23(1)：92-93.
[10]陈润东,严夏,李小燕.王琦教授治疗老年前列腺增生症经验介绍.新中医,2012,44(3)：150.
[11]吕立国,代密欣,王昭辉等.陈志强教授扶正抑瘤法治疗晚期前列腺癌临床经验介绍.新中医,2007,539(5)：91-92.
[12]宋竖旗,卢建新,李灿等.晚期前列腺癌的临床特点与中医药治疗.中国中医基础医学杂志,2011,17(11)：1229.
[13]丁永锋,张亚大.前列腺癌中医证治进展.黑龙江中医药,2004,(5)：63.
[14]朱晓光,朱玲玲,李煜罡.中医药疗法在晚期前列腺癌中的运用.新中医,2010,42(11)：120.
[15]孔令青,叶晨,焦拥政等.前列腺癌的中医诊疗现状,2002,9(11)：90.
[16]黎豪,张永华.尿畅舒胶囊对气虚毒癖型晚期前列腺癌的临床增效研究.成都中医药大学硕士研究生学位论文.2011：2-24.
[17]庞然,高筱松,卢建新等.前列消癥汤治疗激素难治性前列腺癌临床观察.北京中医药,2010,29(12)：918.
[18]刘浩,刘硕,王辉.健脾益肾颗粒对前列腺癌去势术后患者生活质量及免疫功能的影响.中国中医药信息杂志,2012,19(6)：77-78.
[19]陈铭,肖玮琳,刘冬等.消瘀散结抑癌灌肠剂治疗晚期前列腺癌的临床研究.广州中医药大学学报,2010,27(5)：470-473.
[20]吴燕敏,马国花,魏睦新等.知柏地黄汤加味治疗早期前列腺癌38例.时珍国医国药,2009,20(4)：951-952.
[21]马国花,吴燕敏,魏睦新.魏睦新采用中医待机疗法治疗早期前列腺癌经验.中国中医药信息杂志,2008,15(9)：89.
[22]张蜀武,张培海,常德贵.人参胡核汤对人前列腺癌PC-3细胞增殖的抑制作用.中国男科学杂志,2007,21(6)：7.
[23]李其信,区显维,远庚彦.通癃启闭汤治疗良性前列腺增生的临床研究.中华中医药学刊,2011,29(6)：1441-1442.
[24]苏淼毅,程惠华.中医药治疗前列腺癌的新进展.环球中医药,2012,5(2)：154.
[25]南勋义,贺大林,党建功等.鸦胆子油乳治疗中、晚期前列腺癌疗效观察.临床泌尿外科杂,1998,13(12)：531.
[26]杨磊,陈立军,谢红等.姜黄素对前列腺癌LNCaP细胞PSA生成及AR表达的影响.武警医学院学报,2006,15(2)：85.
[27]谌科,胡志全,王涛等.苦参碱对雄激素依赖性前列腺癌细胞的影响.临床泌尿外科杂志,2009,24(4)：300.
[28]黄智峰,赖海标,曾晔等.肿节风注射液对中晚期前列腺癌26例PSA、F-PSA的影响.中医研究,2006,19(11)：25.
[29]纪闻.华夏长寿.最新医疗信息4则,1999,(10)：20.
[30]徐建国.前列腺癌汤配合针刺治愈前列腺癌验案.吉林中医药,2004,24(9)：55.
[1]汤钊猷.现代肿瘤学.上海：复旦大学出版社,2011：350.
[2]万文徽.肿瘤标志临床应用与研究(第二版).北京：北京大学医学出版社,2007：78.
[3]宋乃光.刘完素医学全书.北京：中国中医药出版社,2006：42.
[4]贾英杰.中西医结合肿瘤学.武汉：华中科技大学出版社,2009：425.
[5]明·徐春甫.古今医统大全精华本.北京：科学出版社,1998：690.
[6]田代华整理.黄帝内经素问.北京：人民卫生出版社,2005：49.
[7]明·朱棣.普济方.北京：人民卫生出版社,1959：3262.
[8]明·董宿.奇效良方.北京：中国中医药出版社,1995：271.
[9]清·廖润鸿.勉学堂针灸集成.北京：中国中医药出版社,1998：88.
[10]清·尤怡.金匮要略心典.北京：中国中医药出版社,1992：26.
[11]明·周之干.周慎斋医学全书.海口：海南出版社,2010：210.
[12]吴旭泽.浅述前列腺在中医脏腑学说中的定位.中华中医药学会第十届男科学术大会论文集,2010：321.
[13]明·朱棣.普济方.北京：人民卫生出版社,1959：3237.
[14]汤钊猷.现代肿瘤学.上海：复旦大学出版社,2011：359.
[15]曹洪欣,赵凯维,王乐.中医治疗肿瘤标记物异常探讨.中医杂志,2012,53(17)：1458.
[16]陈家旭.中医诊断学研究.北京：高等教育出版社,2008：67-68.
[17]李中梓原著,唐俊琪解析.医宗必读校注.西安：三秦出版社,2005：228.
[18]彭述宪.杂病论治精要.北京：中国医药科技出版社,2003：104.
[19]田思胜.杂病源流犀烛.北京：人民卫生出版社,2006：534.
[20]冉雪峰.冉雪峰医著全集.北京：京华出版社,2004：67.
[21]元·朱震亨原著,高新彦等解析.丹溪心法评注.西安：三秦出版社,2005：131.
[22]宋·李杲.医学发明.北京：人民卫生出版社,1959：15.
[23]清·吴谦.医宗金鉴.北京：人民卫生出版社,1963：38.
[24]明·王肯堂.北京：人民卫生出版社,1991：587.
[25]上海市中医文献研究馆编.癃闭专辑.上海：上海科技卫生出版社,1959：10.
[26]明·龚延贤.寿世保元.沈阳：辽宁科学技术出版社,1997：97.
[27]赵佶敕.圣济总录精华本.北京：科学出版社,1998：153.
[28]清·汪宏.望诊遵经.太原：山西科学技术出版社,2011：150.
[29]陆拯.近代中医珍本集·针灸按摩分册.杭州：浙江科学技术出版社,2003：993.
[30]于智敏.永炎医说.北京：人民卫生出版社,2011：162.
[31]于智敏.中医药之毒.北京：科学技术文献出版社,2007：41.
[32]曹炳章原辑,高萍校.中国医学大成温病分册.北京：中国中医药出版社,1997：13.
[33]曹洪欣.中医心悟.北京：中国中医药出版社,2013：465.
[34]曹洪欣.中医优势病种临床研究的战略思考与实践.中医杂志,2009,50(1)：12.
[35]Sturgeon C, Hammond E, Ch'ng SL et al. National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Guidelines on quality requirements for the use of Tumor Markers, NACB:Practice guidelines and recommendations use of tumor markers in the clinic. (section 2), 2005.
[36]Flersher M, Dnistrian AM, Sturgeon CM, et al. Practice guidelines and recommendations for use tumor markers in the clinic. Washington DC:AACC Press, 2002.
[37]中华医学会检验医学分会肿瘤标志专家委员会.肿瘤标志临床检测的基本原则(建议稿).中华检验医学杂志,2004,27(6)：393.
[38]邓铁涛,郭振球.中医诊断学(第五版).上海：上海科学技术出版社,2002.
[39]赵金铎.《中医证候鉴别诊断学》.北京：人民卫生出版社,1987.
[40]李春海.肿瘤标志学.北京：军事医学科学出版社,2008：236.
[41]庞然,高筱松,卢建新等.前列消癞汤治疗激素难治性前列腺癌临床观察.北京中医药,2010,29(12)：918.
[42]张湖德,王铁民.黄帝内经养心养性养生.北京：中国物资出版社,2009：146.
[43]田代华整理.黄帝内经素问.北京：人民卫生出版社,2005：2.
[44]何清湖,杨荣臣,周慎.专科专病名医临证实录丛书-前列腺炎前列腺增生.长沙：湖南科学技术出版社,2011：322.
[45]田代华整理.黄帝内经素问.北京：人民卫生出版社,2005：12.
[46]王金荣.重用熟地治癃闭.浙江中医杂志,1999,(11)：495.
[47]曲兰.《来自老父老母的生存报告》.北京：北京十月文艺出版社,2003：194.
[48]李乃民.中国舌诊大全.北京：学苑出版社,1994：430.
[49]贾英杰.中西医结合肿瘤学.武汉：华中科技大学出版社,2009：31.
[50]陈熠.肿瘤中医证治精要.上海：上海科学技术出版社,2007：62.
[51]叶显纯等选编.本草经典补遗.上海：上海中医药大学出版社,1997：295.
[52]明·张介宾.景岳全书.上海：第二军医大学出版社,2006：1121.
[53]清·汪昂.本草备要.北京：人民卫生出版社,1965：142.
[54]郑金生.海外回归中医善本古籍丛书第5册.北京：人民卫生出版社,2003：390.
[55]张瑞贤.本草名著集成.北京：华夏出版社,1998：41.
[56]贾英杰.中西医结合肿瘤学.武汉：华中科技大学出版社,2009：613.
[57]明·李时珍.本草纲目.北京：中国中医药出版社,1998：313.
[58]李笑然.中药学.苏州：苏州大学出版社,2004：76.
[59]李家庚,屈松柏.实用中医肿瘤学.北京：科学技术文献出版社,2001：828.
[60]清·顾观光辑.神农本草经.长沙：湖南科学技术出版社,2008：183.
[61]贾英杰.中西医结合肿瘤学.武汉：华中科技大学出版社,2009：629.
[62]汪涌.前列腺癌细胞系LNCaP雄激素依赖性转化相关研究.第四军医大学博士学位论文,2005：30.
[63]李润军,汤秀英,郝晓蕊等.EGCG联合比卡鲁胺对前列腺癌LNCaP细胞增殖凋亡的影响及其机制的初步研究.中国男科学杂志,2010：24(6)：32.
[64]方习武.雄激素受体及其亚型在前列腺癌进展中的实验研究.复旦大学博士学位论文,2004：7.
[65]纪家涛.前列腺癌细胞LNCaP激素非依赖性转变过程中microRNA的变化研究.第二军医大学博士学位论文,2008：33.
[66]玄绪军,孙鹏,赵勇等.小檗胺和氟他胺联合应用对前列腺癌LNCaP细胞株的抑制作用.中华泌尿外科杂志,2009,30(9)：626.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |