劳动生产率分解理论及其在我国工业领域的应用研究
|
摘要
生产率是人类经济活动的永恒主题,是经济发展活动中最重要的变量之一。劳动生产率具有含义直观、计算方便、收集数据简单等优势,是在经济管理的理论和实践中运用最广的生产率指标。中国的工业化之路,对中国工业劳动生产率产生了深远影响,劳动生产率的改善也为中国工业迈入“制造业大国”奠定了厚实的基础,但中国的工业化之路还很漫长,中国进军“制造强国”的道路也充满坎坷。在此背景下,我们需要洞悉中国工业劳动生产率变动的真正原因,总结其优势和不足,为进一步改善中国工业竞争力提供建议。
基于以上考虑,本文以揭示劳动生产率背后影响因素的劳动生产率分解为研究出发点,从省域工业视角,分析技术进步、管理水平、投资等因素对劳动生产率及其分解因素的影响,总结省域工业劳动生产率及其分解因素收敛趋势,揭示省域工业劳动生产率差异的原因,并通过案例研究将劳动生产率分解方法运用于企业管理实践,
本研究的成果和创新点主要有:
(一)在劳动生产率变动三重分解基础上,利用数据包络分析的规模报酬不变的C~2R模型和规模报酬可变的BC~2模型,将劳动生产率指标分解为技术效率、纯技术进步、人均资本的规模效率和资本强度效率四个部分,为更好使用劳动生产率指标提供了个新视角。利用劳动生产率四重分解对中国省域工业1988-2006年统计数据的分析表明,该分解方法是合理和可行的,有助于更深入了解劳动生产率变动背后的影响因素,更有针对性地提出促进劳动生产率改善的对策和建议。
(二)以人均资本作为度量资本深化的指标,利用劳动生产率分解和计量相关方法深入探讨了人均资本与中国省域劳动生产率及其影响因素的关系。研究认为中国省域工业存在资本深化的趋势,资本深化通过提高资本强度效率,促进了劳动生产率的提高,其中当期人均资本的净增长1%则当期资本强度效率的净增长将增加0.45%,前一期人均资本的净增长1%,则当期资本强度效率的净增长将增加0.23%。但资本深化对人均资本规模效率表现为阻碍作用,其中当期人均资本的净增长1%,则当期人均资本规模效率的净增长将下降0.017%,前一期人均资本的净增长1%则当期人均资本规模效率的净增长将下降0.012%。而影响劳动生产率变动的其他两因素技术效率和纯技术进步与人均资本不存在稳定的协整关系,这也导致了人均资本与劳动生产率不存在稳定的协整关系。综合资本深化对影响劳动生产率的四个因素可以知道,中国省域工业的人均资本的增加(资本深化),提高了省域工业劳动生产率,但劳动生产率增长的速度小于人均资本增长的速度,其原因为资本深化导致人均资本规模效率的降低和资本强度作用的减弱。研究也发现,“人均资本是人均资本规模效率和资本强度效率的Granger因”,即由于人均占有资本的增加对提高劳动生产率确实具有直接的效果,而企业在追求劳动生产率提高的过程中,也间接导致了资本深化,但中国工业的资本深化对纯技术进步和技术效率并没产生实质的影响。
(三)综合利用截面方法和时间序列方法两种收敛性分析的优势,获得了省域劳动生产率及其影响因素指标的相对客观和全面的收敛趋势特征。对中国省域工业劳动生产率及其影响因素和人均资本的收敛性分析表明,由于国内技术市场壁垒的消除,1988-2006年期间,我国省域工业的纯技术进步存在显著的收敛,而且由于市场竞争压力企业都有提高自身生产技术水平的动力,并且工艺生产设备等方面的技术进步促进了省域劳动生产率的收敛。相对工业劳动生产率,和纯技术进步两项指标,资本强度效率和人均资本的收敛趋势相对更弱些。人均资本的收敛趋势弱于这两项指标的可能的原因在于,由于生产水平相发达的省份为保持某产业的优势,用更先进的生产技术设备,投入也需要相应增加,而相对落后的省份依靠自身的要素禀赋优势,采用相对成熟的生产技术设备,可降低生产投资。这也导致了纯技术进步的收敛趋势比人均资本的收敛趋势更显著,这一现象也证明了相对落后的省份在利用“后发优势”,以实现经济赶超。资本强度效率和人均资本紧密相关,所以两者的收敛趋势也具有一致性。而这期间技术效率和人均资本规模效率存在显著趋异,省域间技术效率的趋异说明,省域间工业企业的经营管理水平还存在很大的差距,这也是缩小劳动生产率绝对差距应该努力的方向。人均资本规模效率的趋异来自于各省之间由于产业结构、生产技术水平的差异。所有指标都没有出现σ-收敛,这表明虽然落后省份部分指标的增长速度快于相对发达省份,但省域间各项指标的实际值并没有缩小,虽然出现了工业劳动生产率落后的省份追赶发达省份的趋势,但缩短区域差距还需要一个较长的过程。
对区域技术发展的路径依赖分析说明,技术发展是一个依赖既定道路的过程,由于不同省域间竞争的存在,要提高劳动生产率就需要考虑自身资源要素禀赋和需求状况特征,发展自己与从不同的能力。
本文以工业净产值、工业增加值和从业人数计算的劳动生产率,和用省域总人口数计算的人均GDP相比,各省之间以工业从业人数计算的劳动生产率增长率的差距也大大缩小,所以以两类指标分析的收敛性结论也存在很大的差异。本研究认为两种截然不同的结果背后的原因,来源于我国省域间工业企业的劳动生产率增长率出现了相对的β-收敛,但由于各省工业规模的不同,这一收敛趋势并没推动省域经济增长的收敛。
(四)本文利用决策树分类和规则提取方法,提取了劳动生产率各影响因素对省域工业劳动生产率增长差异的影响,影响方式以及规则。研究显示,影响省域工业劳动生产率差异最主要的因素是资本强度效率、其次是技术效率、再次是人均资本的规模效率,而纯技术进步几乎不对省域中国工业劳动生产率差异产生影响,即省域间工业劳动生产率差异的决定因素是投资,1988-2006年期间,中国工业增长仍然是依靠外延的扩展,而非依靠技术、管理等方面提升的内涵式增长。
(五)本文分别对财务数据和定额管理数据,构建了企业可操作的两个劳动生产率指标的分解模型。基于财务数据的劳动生产率分解模型,将劳动生产率的变化分为,单纯投入资源的人均占有率变动对劳动生产率的影响和单纯技术管理水平提高对劳动生产率的影响两个方面。基于定额管理数据劳动生产率指标的分解模型将劳动生产率的变化分为:产品组合结构、产品标准工时等因素影响:和生产系统的管理效率变化对劳动生产率的影响两个方面。通过两家企业的应用分析发现,两模型对两企业不同时期劳动生产率变动的因素的分析与企业经营管理情况相符。两模型也为企业更好利用劳动生产率,改善经营管理水平提供了分析工具。
Productivity is the eternal theme of people's economic activity and one of the most economic variables.As the advantage of easily understanding and calculating, labor productivity is extensively used in the field of economy and management.The way of industrialization in China is profoundly affecting labor productivity of Chin's industry,and the improvement of labor productivity for China's industry also pushes China's industry entering "Powerful Manufacturing Country".However,the way of industrialization is long in China.To increase the competition of China's industry,we must know about the reason of change for Chin's industrial labor productivity,and summarize its advantages and disadvantages.
The labor productivity's decomposition that can disclose factor to affect labor productivity is jump-off point of this research.The paper analyzes how technology, management and investment to effect labor productivity and its decomposition factors. Then,the paper summarizes convergence trends of provincial industrial labor productivity and its decomposition factors,and exposes the reasons of provincial industrial labor productivity's difference.At last,model of labor productivity's decomposition is used enterprise management by case means.
The main contents of this paper are organized as follows:
(1) In this paper,based on data envelop analysis's model of C~2R to denoted constant returns to scale and BC~2 to denoted variable returns to scale,labor productivity is decomposed to technical efficiency,pure technical progress,changes of scale efficiency of capital per labor and efficiency of capital intensity.Analyzing results that quadruplicate decomposition of labor productivity was used China's provincial industrial statistical data from 1988 to 2006 show that this decomposed means is reasonably and feasible.What's more.Quadruplicate decomposition of labor productivity is helpful to understand influencing factors that affect labor productivity. Based on those influencing factors,we can put better forward suggestions to improve labor productivity.
(2) Used capital per labor as index to measure capital deepening,the relationship was analyzed between capital per labor and China's provincial industrial labor productivity by the means of decomposition for labor productivity and econometrics. Research shows that china's provincial industry appears the trend of capital deepening, and capital deepening increases the efficiency of capital intensity that promotes labor productivity.If current period's capital per labor increases 1%,capital intensity efficiency of current period increases 0.45%and If prior period's capital per labor increased 1%,capital intensity efficiency of current period increases 0.23%.However, capital deepening blocks the improvement of scale efficiency of capital per labor.If current period's capital per labor increases 1%,scale efficiency of capital per labor current period declines 0.017%,and If prior period's capital per labor increases 1%, scale efficiency of capital per labor of prior period declines 0.012%.Technical efficiency and pure technical progress don't exhibit steady co-intergation's relationship with capital per labor,and that result to that co-intergation's relationship exists between capital per labor and labor productivity.In general,China's provincial industrial capital deepening increases China's provincial industrial labor productivity, but the growth rate of labor productivity is less than growth rate of capital deepening because capital deepening declines scale efficiency of capital per labor and weakens efficiency of capital intensity.Research shows capital per labor is Granger cause of scale efficiency for capital per labor and efficiency for capital intensity,which means increasing capital per labor can enhance labor productivity,and the process of pursuing the improvement of labor productivity leads to capital deepening.However, capital deepening in China's provincial industrial doesn't really affect pure technical progress and technical efficiency.
(3) The paper gets convergence's character of China's provincial industrial labor productivity by the means of section analysis and time series analysis.The result of convergence analysis to China's provincial industrial labor productivity,its affecting factors and capital per labor show that pure technical progress in China's provincial industry exists distinctly convergence during 1988 and 2006 because technical barrier eliminated in China's technical market.Market's competition makes enterprises to improve technical level which also promotes convergence of China's provincial industrial labor productivity.Convergence trend of efficiency for intensity capital and capital per labor is weaker than labor productivity and pure technical progress.The reasons of capital per labor's weak convergence could be that more advanced manufacture equipments which usually means high prices are invest to keep industrial advantages in developed provinces,but developing provinces that depend on the advantages of factor endowment can adopt equipments of relatively ripe technology that would decrease investment.This situation also proves that developing provinces' economy can overtake developed provinces' by advantage of backwardness.The convergence's trend of efficiency of capital intensity and efficiency of capital per labor is coherent because these two variables have high correlation.However,technical efficiency and scale efficiency of capital per labor is distinct divergence during 1988 and 2006.Those two variables' divergence shows that management's level is very different among provincial industry.If difference of labor productivity would be decreased among provinces,technical efficiency should firstly be decreased among provinces.Divergence of scale efficiency for capital per labor results from difference of industrial structure and level of production technology among provinces.All indexes don't showσ-convergence,which can think that growth rates of some indexes in developing provinces are higher than developed provinces',but absolute value of those indexes don't decrease.In the sum,the trend of pursuing has came forth industrial labor productivity between developing provinces and developed provinces,but the pursuing course is long.The analysis of technical selection's path dependence shows that technical selection is the course of depending on definite path.If labor productivity should be improved,different ability should be developed,which depended on the advantages of factor endowment and character of requirement because of provincial competition.
In the paper,differences of labor productivity's growth rate that is computed through net value of industrial products or industrial added value and number of employee are much less compared per capita gdp's that is computed through total population of provinces.As the result,the convergence's conclusions that are computed through those two means are different.The reasons of different conclusions are that provincial industrial labor productivity existsβ-convergence,but the trend of convergence doesn't promote convergence of provincial economical growth because of difference among provincial industrial scale.
(4) In the paper,rule extraction based on decision tree classification algorithms is used to get the effect of labor productivity's affecting factors how to affect provincial industrial labor productivity.The research finds that the most affecting factor to provincial industrial labor productivity is efficiency of capital intensity. second factor is technical efficiency,and next factor is scale efficiency of capital per labor.Pure technical progress doesn't almost affect the difference of provincial industrial labor productivity.The determinant of industrial labor productivity is investment.In China,industrial development still depended on extensional development,and didn't depend on connotative promotion that means improvement technology and management.
基于以上考虑,本文以揭示劳动生产率背后影响因素的劳动生产率分解为研究出发点,从省域工业视角,分析技术进步、管理水平、投资等因素对劳动生产率及其分解因素的影响,总结省域工业劳动生产率及其分解因素收敛趋势,揭示省域工业劳动生产率差异的原因,并通过案例研究将劳动生产率分解方法运用于企业管理实践,
本研究的成果和创新点主要有:
(一)在劳动生产率变动三重分解基础上,利用数据包络分析的规模报酬不变的C~2R模型和规模报酬可变的BC~2模型,将劳动生产率指标分解为技术效率、纯技术进步、人均资本的规模效率和资本强度效率四个部分,为更好使用劳动生产率指标提供了个新视角。利用劳动生产率四重分解对中国省域工业1988-2006年统计数据的分析表明,该分解方法是合理和可行的,有助于更深入了解劳动生产率变动背后的影响因素,更有针对性地提出促进劳动生产率改善的对策和建议。
(二)以人均资本作为度量资本深化的指标,利用劳动生产率分解和计量相关方法深入探讨了人均资本与中国省域劳动生产率及其影响因素的关系。研究认为中国省域工业存在资本深化的趋势,资本深化通过提高资本强度效率,促进了劳动生产率的提高,其中当期人均资本的净增长1%则当期资本强度效率的净增长将增加0.45%,前一期人均资本的净增长1%,则当期资本强度效率的净增长将增加0.23%。但资本深化对人均资本规模效率表现为阻碍作用,其中当期人均资本的净增长1%,则当期人均资本规模效率的净增长将下降0.017%,前一期人均资本的净增长1%则当期人均资本规模效率的净增长将下降0.012%。而影响劳动生产率变动的其他两因素技术效率和纯技术进步与人均资本不存在稳定的协整关系,这也导致了人均资本与劳动生产率不存在稳定的协整关系。综合资本深化对影响劳动生产率的四个因素可以知道,中国省域工业的人均资本的增加(资本深化),提高了省域工业劳动生产率,但劳动生产率增长的速度小于人均资本增长的速度,其原因为资本深化导致人均资本规模效率的降低和资本强度作用的减弱。研究也发现,“人均资本是人均资本规模效率和资本强度效率的Granger因”,即由于人均占有资本的增加对提高劳动生产率确实具有直接的效果,而企业在追求劳动生产率提高的过程中,也间接导致了资本深化,但中国工业的资本深化对纯技术进步和技术效率并没产生实质的影响。
(三)综合利用截面方法和时间序列方法两种收敛性分析的优势,获得了省域劳动生产率及其影响因素指标的相对客观和全面的收敛趋势特征。对中国省域工业劳动生产率及其影响因素和人均资本的收敛性分析表明,由于国内技术市场壁垒的消除,1988-2006年期间,我国省域工业的纯技术进步存在显著的收敛,而且由于市场竞争压力企业都有提高自身生产技术水平的动力,并且工艺生产设备等方面的技术进步促进了省域劳动生产率的收敛。相对工业劳动生产率,和纯技术进步两项指标,资本强度效率和人均资本的收敛趋势相对更弱些。人均资本的收敛趋势弱于这两项指标的可能的原因在于,由于生产水平相发达的省份为保持某产业的优势,用更先进的生产技术设备,投入也需要相应增加,而相对落后的省份依靠自身的要素禀赋优势,采用相对成熟的生产技术设备,可降低生产投资。这也导致了纯技术进步的收敛趋势比人均资本的收敛趋势更显著,这一现象也证明了相对落后的省份在利用“后发优势”,以实现经济赶超。资本强度效率和人均资本紧密相关,所以两者的收敛趋势也具有一致性。而这期间技术效率和人均资本规模效率存在显著趋异,省域间技术效率的趋异说明,省域间工业企业的经营管理水平还存在很大的差距,这也是缩小劳动生产率绝对差距应该努力的方向。人均资本规模效率的趋异来自于各省之间由于产业结构、生产技术水平的差异。所有指标都没有出现σ-收敛,这表明虽然落后省份部分指标的增长速度快于相对发达省份,但省域间各项指标的实际值并没有缩小,虽然出现了工业劳动生产率落后的省份追赶发达省份的趋势,但缩短区域差距还需要一个较长的过程。
对区域技术发展的路径依赖分析说明,技术发展是一个依赖既定道路的过程,由于不同省域间竞争的存在,要提高劳动生产率就需要考虑自身资源要素禀赋和需求状况特征,发展自己与从不同的能力。
本文以工业净产值、工业增加值和从业人数计算的劳动生产率,和用省域总人口数计算的人均GDP相比,各省之间以工业从业人数计算的劳动生产率增长率的差距也大大缩小,所以以两类指标分析的收敛性结论也存在很大的差异。本研究认为两种截然不同的结果背后的原因,来源于我国省域间工业企业的劳动生产率增长率出现了相对的β-收敛,但由于各省工业规模的不同,这一收敛趋势并没推动省域经济增长的收敛。
(四)本文利用决策树分类和规则提取方法,提取了劳动生产率各影响因素对省域工业劳动生产率增长差异的影响,影响方式以及规则。研究显示,影响省域工业劳动生产率差异最主要的因素是资本强度效率、其次是技术效率、再次是人均资本的规模效率,而纯技术进步几乎不对省域中国工业劳动生产率差异产生影响,即省域间工业劳动生产率差异的决定因素是投资,1988-2006年期间,中国工业增长仍然是依靠外延的扩展,而非依靠技术、管理等方面提升的内涵式增长。
(五)本文分别对财务数据和定额管理数据,构建了企业可操作的两个劳动生产率指标的分解模型。基于财务数据的劳动生产率分解模型,将劳动生产率的变化分为,单纯投入资源的人均占有率变动对劳动生产率的影响和单纯技术管理水平提高对劳动生产率的影响两个方面。基于定额管理数据劳动生产率指标的分解模型将劳动生产率的变化分为:产品组合结构、产品标准工时等因素影响:和生产系统的管理效率变化对劳动生产率的影响两个方面。通过两家企业的应用分析发现,两模型对两企业不同时期劳动生产率变动的因素的分析与企业经营管理情况相符。两模型也为企业更好利用劳动生产率,改善经营管理水平提供了分析工具。
Productivity is the eternal theme of people's economic activity and one of the most economic variables.As the advantage of easily understanding and calculating, labor productivity is extensively used in the field of economy and management.The way of industrialization in China is profoundly affecting labor productivity of Chin's industry,and the improvement of labor productivity for China's industry also pushes China's industry entering "Powerful Manufacturing Country".However,the way of industrialization is long in China.To increase the competition of China's industry,we must know about the reason of change for Chin's industrial labor productivity,and summarize its advantages and disadvantages.
The labor productivity's decomposition that can disclose factor to affect labor productivity is jump-off point of this research.The paper analyzes how technology, management and investment to effect labor productivity and its decomposition factors. Then,the paper summarizes convergence trends of provincial industrial labor productivity and its decomposition factors,and exposes the reasons of provincial industrial labor productivity's difference.At last,model of labor productivity's decomposition is used enterprise management by case means.
The main contents of this paper are organized as follows:
(1) In this paper,based on data envelop analysis's model of C~2R to denoted constant returns to scale and BC~2 to denoted variable returns to scale,labor productivity is decomposed to technical efficiency,pure technical progress,changes of scale efficiency of capital per labor and efficiency of capital intensity.Analyzing results that quadruplicate decomposition of labor productivity was used China's provincial industrial statistical data from 1988 to 2006 show that this decomposed means is reasonably and feasible.What's more.Quadruplicate decomposition of labor productivity is helpful to understand influencing factors that affect labor productivity. Based on those influencing factors,we can put better forward suggestions to improve labor productivity.
(2) Used capital per labor as index to measure capital deepening,the relationship was analyzed between capital per labor and China's provincial industrial labor productivity by the means of decomposition for labor productivity and econometrics. Research shows that china's provincial industry appears the trend of capital deepening, and capital deepening increases the efficiency of capital intensity that promotes labor productivity.If current period's capital per labor increases 1%,capital intensity efficiency of current period increases 0.45%and If prior period's capital per labor increased 1%,capital intensity efficiency of current period increases 0.23%.However, capital deepening blocks the improvement of scale efficiency of capital per labor.If current period's capital per labor increases 1%,scale efficiency of capital per labor current period declines 0.017%,and If prior period's capital per labor increases 1%, scale efficiency of capital per labor of prior period declines 0.012%.Technical efficiency and pure technical progress don't exhibit steady co-intergation's relationship with capital per labor,and that result to that co-intergation's relationship exists between capital per labor and labor productivity.In general,China's provincial industrial capital deepening increases China's provincial industrial labor productivity, but the growth rate of labor productivity is less than growth rate of capital deepening because capital deepening declines scale efficiency of capital per labor and weakens efficiency of capital intensity.Research shows capital per labor is Granger cause of scale efficiency for capital per labor and efficiency for capital intensity,which means increasing capital per labor can enhance labor productivity,and the process of pursuing the improvement of labor productivity leads to capital deepening.However, capital deepening in China's provincial industrial doesn't really affect pure technical progress and technical efficiency.
(3) The paper gets convergence's character of China's provincial industrial labor productivity by the means of section analysis and time series analysis.The result of convergence analysis to China's provincial industrial labor productivity,its affecting factors and capital per labor show that pure technical progress in China's provincial industry exists distinctly convergence during 1988 and 2006 because technical barrier eliminated in China's technical market.Market's competition makes enterprises to improve technical level which also promotes convergence of China's provincial industrial labor productivity.Convergence trend of efficiency for intensity capital and capital per labor is weaker than labor productivity and pure technical progress.The reasons of capital per labor's weak convergence could be that more advanced manufacture equipments which usually means high prices are invest to keep industrial advantages in developed provinces,but developing provinces that depend on the advantages of factor endowment can adopt equipments of relatively ripe technology that would decrease investment.This situation also proves that developing provinces' economy can overtake developed provinces' by advantage of backwardness.The convergence's trend of efficiency of capital intensity and efficiency of capital per labor is coherent because these two variables have high correlation.However,technical efficiency and scale efficiency of capital per labor is distinct divergence during 1988 and 2006.Those two variables' divergence shows that management's level is very different among provincial industry.If difference of labor productivity would be decreased among provinces,technical efficiency should firstly be decreased among provinces.Divergence of scale efficiency for capital per labor results from difference of industrial structure and level of production technology among provinces.All indexes don't showσ-convergence,which can think that growth rates of some indexes in developing provinces are higher than developed provinces',but absolute value of those indexes don't decrease.In the sum,the trend of pursuing has came forth industrial labor productivity between developing provinces and developed provinces,but the pursuing course is long.The analysis of technical selection's path dependence shows that technical selection is the course of depending on definite path.If labor productivity should be improved,different ability should be developed,which depended on the advantages of factor endowment and character of requirement because of provincial competition.
In the paper,differences of labor productivity's growth rate that is computed through net value of industrial products or industrial added value and number of employee are much less compared per capita gdp's that is computed through total population of provinces.As the result,the convergence's conclusions that are computed through those two means are different.The reasons of different conclusions are that provincial industrial labor productivity existsβ-convergence,but the trend of convergence doesn't promote convergence of provincial economical growth because of difference among provincial industrial scale.
(4) In the paper,rule extraction based on decision tree classification algorithms is used to get the effect of labor productivity's affecting factors how to affect provincial industrial labor productivity.The research finds that the most affecting factor to provincial industrial labor productivity is efficiency of capital intensity. second factor is technical efficiency,and next factor is scale efficiency of capital per labor.Pure technical progress doesn't almost affect the difference of provincial industrial labor productivity.The determinant of industrial labor productivity is investment.In China,industrial development still depended on extensional development,and didn't depend on connotative promotion that means improvement technology and management.
引文
[1]刘源张等,我国工业生产率的管理理论方法研究,研究报告。
[2]克鲁格曼,萧条经济学的回归(中译本)[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,1999。
[3]姆克基,印度经济增长质量超过中国(中译).华尔街日报,2004,2。
[4]约翰,鲍泰利,盖尔·福斯勒,劳动生产率仍是中国竞争力之源http://money.163.com/07/1128/03/3UBTTH4F002524SC.html。
[5]卢锋,我国劳动生产率增长及其国际比较,北京大学中国经济研究中心内部讨.论稿,2006.No.C2006004。
[6]约翰,鲍泰利,盖尔·福斯勒,劳动生产率仍是中国竞争力之源http://money.163.com/07/1128/03/3UBTTH4F002524SC.html。
[7]Kumar and R.Robert Russell.Technological Change,Technological Catch—up,and Capital Deepening:Relative Contributions to Growth and Convergences[J],American Economic Review,2002,June:527-548.
[8]陶洪、戴昌钧:中国工业劳动生产率增长率的省域比较:基于DEA的经验分析[J],数量经济技术经济研究,2007(10):100-107。
[9]陶洪、戴昌钧:我国省域纺织工业劳动生产率变化的比较,纺织学报,2008(7):132-136。
[10]Gary H.Jefferson,Thomas G.Rawski,Wang Li and Zheng Yuxin,Ownership,Productivity Change and Financial Performance in Chinese Industry[J].Journal of Comparative Economics.2000(28).786-813.
[11]张军,资本形成、投资效率与中国的经济增长——实证研究[M],北京:清华大学出版社,2005。
[12]李小平,朱钟棣,中国工业行业的全要素生产率测算[J],管理世界,2005(4):56-64.。
[13]保罗.萨谬尔森,威廉.诺德毫斯,经济学[M],北京:华夏出版社,2001。
[14]迈克.波特,国家竞争优势[M],北京:华夏出版社,2002。
[15]吴斐丹,张草纫,魁奈经济著作选集[M],北京:商务印书馆 1979。
[16]Kaplan,R and Cooper,R.,Cost And Effect-Using Integrated cost system to Drive Profitability and Performance[M]Harvard business School Press,Boston,1998:22.
[17]Moseng,B.and Rolstadas,A.,Success Factor in the Productivity Process,10~(th) World Productivity congress,2001.
[18]李京文 钟学义 中国生产率分析前沿[M],社会科学文献出版社,1998。
[19]Solow,R.M.,Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function[J],Review of Economics and Statistics 1957,39-61.
[20 Dension,,Why Growth rates differ[M],Washington,D.C Brookings Institute.1967.
[21]Farrell,M.J.The Measurement of Productive Efficiency[J],Journal of the Royal Statistic Society,1957,Ser.A 120.253-281.
[22]Leibenstein,H..Allocative Efficiency vs.'X-Efficiency[J],American Economic Review,1966,8:152-188.
[23]Nishimizu,M.and J.M.Page.Total Factor Productivity Growth,Technical Progress and Technical Efficiency Change:Dimensions of Productivity Change in Yugoslavia 1965-78[J].The Economic Journal,1982,92:929-936.
[24]Caves,D.W.,L.R.Christensen and W.E.Diewer.The Economic Theory of Index Numbers and the Measurement of Input,Output,and Productivity[J].Econometrical,1982,50:45-62.
[25]Fare,R.,S.Grosskopf,M.Norris,Z.Zhang.Productivity Growth,Technical Progress and Efficiency Changes in Industrialized Countries[J].American Economic Review.1994,(84) 150-162.
[26]Farrell,M.J.The Measurement of Productive Efficiency[J],Journal of the Royal Statistic Society,1957,Ser.A 120.253-281.
[27]Shephard,R.W.Cost and Production Functions[M],Princeton University Press,Princeton,N.J.,1953.
[28]Aigner,J.and Chu,S.F.On Estimating the Industry Production Function[J].American Economic Review,1968,13:568-598.
[29]Aigner,J.,Lovell,K.and Schmidt,P.Formulation and estimation of stochastic frontier production function models[J].Journal of Econometric,1977,Vol.6:21-37.
[30]Meeusen,W.Broeck,J.,van den.Efficiency estimation from Cobb-Douglas production functions with composed orror[J].International Economic Review,1977,Vol.18:435-444.
[31]Broeck,J.van den,Koop,G.,Osiewalski,J.and Steel,M.Stochastic Frontier Models:A Bayesian Perspective[J],Journal of Econometrics,1994,Vol.61:273-303.
[32]Drake,L.and Hall,M.J.B.,"Efficiency in Japanese Banking:An Empirical Analysis[J].Journal of Banking and Finance,2003(27) 891-917.
[33]经济合作与发展组织统计局,经合组织国家生产率测度面临的挑战http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/62/23/35249632.doc.
[34]Naodhaus,William D.,Alternative Methods for Measuring Productivity Growth,NBER working paper 8095,2001.
[35]Kumar and R.Robert Russell.Technological Change,Technological Catch—up,and Capital Deepening:Relative Contributions to Growth and Convergences[J],American Economic Review,2002.June,527-548.
[36]邹至庄,中国经济[M]天津:南开大学出版社 1984。
[37]史清淇,秦宝庭,陈警,衡量经济增长中技术进步作用的主要指标,转:张军《中国的工业改革与经济增长》,上海:上海三联书店,2003。
[38]K.Chen,H.Wang,Y.zheng,G.Jefferson and T.Rawski Productivity change in China Industry:1953-1985[J],Journal of Comparative Economics,1988 12570-591.
[39]郑玉歆,正确认识我国工业经济效益的总体趋势[J],中国工业经济研究1994(6):52-58。
[40]孙巍,叶正波,转轨时期中国工业的效率与生产率[J],中国管理科学,2002(4):38-45。
[41]朱仲棣、李小平.中国工业行业资本形成、全要素生产率变动及其趋异化[J],世界经济,2005(9):51-62。
[42]涂正革,肖耿,中国工业生产力革命[J],经济研究,2005(3):3-15。
[43]王争 郑京海,史晋川,中国地区工业生产绩效、结构差异、制度冲击及动态表现[J],经济研究,2006(11):48-59。
[44]郑玉歆,张晓,张思奇,技术效率,技术进步及其对生产率的贡献——沿海工业企业调查的初步分析[J].数量经济技术经济研究,1995(12):20-27。
[45]姚洋,非国有经济成分对我国工业企业技术效率的影响[J],经济研究,1998(12):13-20。
[46]谢千里,罗斯基,郑玉歆,王莉,所有制形式与中国工业生产率变动趋势数量经济技术经济研究,2001(3):5-17。
[47]张军,中国的工业改革与经济增长:问题与解释[M],上海上海人民出版社2003。
[48]Woo,W.Hal,Y.Jin,and G.Fan,How Successful Has Chinese Enterprise Reform Been? Pitfalls in Opposite Biases and Focus[J],Journal of Comparative Economies.1994(18):410-437.
[49]宋立刚,姚洋,改制对企业绩效的影响[J],中国社会科学,2005(3):16-31。
[50]G.Jefferson and T.Rawski Y.zheng,Growth,Efficiency and Convergence in China's State and Collective Industry[J],Economic Development and Cultural Change,40,1992 239-266.
[51]Y.Cao The Impact of Partially-Introduced market Mechanisms on the Efficiency of Chinese Industry:The Case of Iron and Steel Industry[J],Economic Systems 1994 18 335-362.
[52]郑京海,刘小玄,Arno Bigsten,1980 1994期间中国国有企业的效率、技术进步和最佳实践[J],经济学(季刊),2002(4):521-541。
[53]吕铁,制造业结构变化对生产率增长的影响研究[J],管理世界,2002(2):87-89。
[54]李治国,唐国兴,资本形成路径与资本存量调整模型[J],经济研究2003(2):34-43。
[55]陈勇,唐朱昌,中国工业的技术选择与技术进步:1985-2003[J],经济研究2006(9):50-61。
[56]黄先海,刘毅群,物化性技术进步与我国工业生产率增长[J],数量经济技术经济研究,2006(4):52-60。
[57]姚洋,章奇,中国工业企业技术效率分析[J],经济研究,2001(10):13-20。
[58]朱平芳,李磊,两种技术引进方式的直接效应研究[J],经济研究2006(3):90-102。
[59]张海洋,R&D两面性、外资活动与中国工业生产率增长[J],经济研究,2005(5):107-117。
[60]孔翔,Rorbert E.Marks,万广华,国有企业全要素生产率变化及其决定因素:1990—1994[J],经济研究,1999(7):40-48。
[61]郑京海、刘小玄、Bigsten,A,1980～1994期间中国国有企业的效率、技术进步和最佳实践[J],经济学季刊,2002(4):521-541。
[62]樊潇彦,中国工业资本收益率的测算与地区、行业结构分析[J],世界经济,2004(5):47-57。
[63]王德文,王美艳,陈兰,中国工业的结构调整、效率与劳动配置[J],经济研究,2004(4):41-49。
[64]李小平,朱钟棣,中国工业行业的全要素生产率测算[J].管理世界,2005(4):56-64。
[65]王燕梅,中国机床工业的高速增长:技术进步及其贡献分析[J],中国工业经济2006(5):15-22。
[66]吴玉鸣,李建霞,基于地理加权回归模型的省域工业全要素生产率分析[J],经济地理,2006(9):749-753。
[67]沈能,中国制造业全要素生产率地区空问差异的实证研究[J],中国软科学2006(6):101-110。
[68]Kumar and R.Robert Russell.Technological Change,Technological Catch—up,and Capital Deepening:Relative Contributions to Growth and Convergences[J],American Economic Review,June.,2002:527-548
[69]黄先海,中国各省劳动生产率变化的测度与比较[J],浙江社会科学,2005(5):32-37。
[70]杨文举,技术效率、技术进步、资本深化与经济增长[J],世界经济,2005(5):73-83。
[71]涂正革,肖耿,中国工业增长模式的转变[J],管理世界,2006(10):62-75。
[72]魏权龄,数据包络分析[M],北京,科学出版社,2004年版。
[73]Chames A.Cooper W W-Rhodes E.Measuring the efficiency decision making unites[J],Europeans Journal of Operational Research,1978,2(6):429-444.
[74]Banker,R.,Charnes,A.,Cooper,W.W.Some Models for Estimating Technical And Scale Inefficiencies in Data Envelopment Analysis[J].Management Science,1984,30(9):1078-1092.
[75]张军,吴桂英,张吉鹏,中国省际物质资本存量估算:1952—2000[J],2004(10):35-44。
[76]Coelli,T.A Guide to DEAP Version2.1:A Data Envelopment Analysis Program[DB/OL].Department Econometrics University of New England,Armadillo.[1996-05-23].http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/～econ380/DEAP.
[77]Edwin Burmeister,Stephen J.Turnovshy,1972,"Capital Deepening Response in an Economy with Heterogeneous Capital Goods",American Economic Review,Vol.62 No.5:842-853.
[78]Gary H.Jeferson,Thomas G.Rawski,Wang Li and Zheng Yuxin,,Ownership,Productivity Change,and Financial Performance in Chinese Industry[J],Journal of Comparative Economics,2000(28).786-813.
[79]Engle,R.F.and Granger,C.W.J..Cointegration and Error Correction:Representation,Estimation and Testing[J].Econometrica,1987(55):78-94.
[80]高铁梅,计量经济分析方法与建模 清华大学出版社 2006。
[81]Mark Funk,Jack Straus,The Long-run relationship Between Productivity and Capital[J],Economic Letters,2000,69:213-217.
[82]Gary H.Jefferson,Thomas G.Rawski,Wang Li and Zheng Yuxin,,Ownership,Productivity Change,and Financial Performance in Chinese Industry[J],Journal of Comparative Economics,2000 28.786-813.
[83]张军,资本形成、投资效率与中国的经济增长——实证研究[M],北京:清华大学出版社,2005。
[84]李小平,陈勇,劳动力流动、资本转移和生产率增长[J].统计研究,2007(7)22-28。
[85]陈建波,市场经济演进中乡镇企业的技术获得与技术选择[J],经济研究,1999(4):34-44。
[86]张军,增长、资本形成与技术选择:解释中国经济增长下降的长期因素[J],经济学(季刊),2002(1):301-338。
[87]郭为,刘宗华,回顾与反思:乡镇企业的技术选择路径和比较优势[J],《农业经济问题》2003年(10):30-35。
[88]金碚,中国工业的技术创新[J],中国工业经济,2004(5):5-14。
[89]刘乃全,郑秀君,贾彦利,中国区域发展战略政策演变及整体效应研究[J],财经研究,2005(1):25-37。
[90]Theil.H,Economics and Information Theory,Amsterdam,1967.
[91]刘夏明、魏英琪、李国平,收敛还是发散?——中国区域经济发展争论的文献综述[J],经济研究,2004(7):70-81。
[92]Arrow,Kenneth J.The Economic Implication of Learning by Doing[J],Review of Economic Studies,1962(29):155-173.
[93]Romer,Paul M."Increasing Returns and Long-Run Growth",The Journal of Political Economy,Vol.94,No.5,1986:1002-1037.
[94]Lucas,Robert E.,Jr."On the Mechanics of Economic Development",Journal of Monetary Economics,Vol.22,1988:3-42.
[95]Barro,Robert J.and Sala-i-Martin,Xavier."Technological Diffusion,Convergence,and Growth",N-BER Working Paper No.5151,1995.
[96]Mankiw,N.Gregory,Romer,David and Weil,David N.A Contribution to the Empides of Economic Growth[J],The Quarterly Journal of Economics,1992(2):135-154.
[97]Galor,Oded.Convergence? Inference from Theoretical Models",The Economic Journal,1996(106):91-127.
[98]Barro,Robert J.,Government Spending in a Simple Model of Endogenous Growth[J],Journal of Political Economy,1990,(10):103-125.
[99]Mankiw,N.Gregory,Romer,David and Weil,David N.A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth[J],The Quarterly Journal of Economics,1992(2):135-154.
[100]Barro,Robert J.and Sala-i-Martin,Xavier,Convergence[J],The Journal of Political Economy,1992.(2):223-251.
[101]Islam,Nazrul."Growth Empirics:A Panel Data Approach",The Quarterly Journal of Economics,1995(4):125-148.
[102]杨竹莘,聂彩云,中国地区差距的测度与演变研究综述[J],吉首大学学报(社会科学版),2006(9):162-148。
[103]Evans,P.,& Karras,G.,Convergence Revisited[J],Journal of Monetary Economics,1996(37):249-265.
[104]Bernard A.and Durlarf S.Convergence in International Output[J],Journal of Econometrics,1996(6),71-89.
[105]Maddala G.S and Wu S.,A Comparative Study of Unit Root Test with Panel Data and a New Simple Test[M],Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistic,1999(61):631-652.
[106]Fisher R.A.,Statistical Methods For Research Workers(4thed)[M],Edinburgh:Oliver and Boyd.1932.
[107]Freeman Donald G and Yerger David B.,Interpreting Cross-Section and Time-series Testof Convergence:the Case of Labor Productivity in Manufacturing[J],Journal of Economics and business,2004(53) 593-607.
[108]Levin,A.,and Lin,C.F.,Unit Root Tests in Panel Data:Asymptotic and Finite-samole Lewis Properties[J],Journal of Econometrics,2002,108:1-24
[109]Im,K.S.,Pesaran,M.H.,and Y.Shin,Testing for Unit Roots in Heterogeneous panels[J],Journal of Econometrics,2003,115:53-74
[110]袁志刚,范剑勇,1978年以来中国的工业化进程及其地区差异分析[J],管理世界,2003(7):59-66。
[111]Broadberry,S.N.and Crofts,N.F.R.(1996)British Economic Policy and Industrial Performance in the Early Postwar Period,Business History,38,65-91.
[112]David,P.A Clio and the Economics of QWERTY[J],American Economic Reviews Proceedings.1985,75,332-337.
[113]Jiawei Han,Micheline Kambr著.范明,孟小峰等译.数据挖掘概念与技术[M].北京机械工业出版社.2003
[114]邝英强,范中志,生产率管理—劳动生产率的测定与分析[J],华南理工大学学报(自然科学版),1997(5):63-66。
[2]克鲁格曼,萧条经济学的回归(中译本)[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,1999。
[3]姆克基,印度经济增长质量超过中国(中译).华尔街日报,2004,2。
[4]约翰,鲍泰利,盖尔·福斯勒,劳动生产率仍是中国竞争力之源http://money.163.com/07/1128/03/3UBTTH4F002524SC.html。
[5]卢锋,我国劳动生产率增长及其国际比较,北京大学中国经济研究中心内部讨.论稿,2006.No.C2006004。
[6]约翰,鲍泰利,盖尔·福斯勒,劳动生产率仍是中国竞争力之源http://money.163.com/07/1128/03/3UBTTH4F002524SC.html。
[7]Kumar and R.Robert Russell.Technological Change,Technological Catch—up,and Capital Deepening:Relative Contributions to Growth and Convergences[J],American Economic Review,2002,June:527-548.
[8]陶洪、戴昌钧:中国工业劳动生产率增长率的省域比较:基于DEA的经验分析[J],数量经济技术经济研究,2007(10):100-107。
[9]陶洪、戴昌钧:我国省域纺织工业劳动生产率变化的比较,纺织学报,2008(7):132-136。
[10]Gary H.Jefferson,Thomas G.Rawski,Wang Li and Zheng Yuxin,Ownership,Productivity Change and Financial Performance in Chinese Industry[J].Journal of Comparative Economics.2000(28).786-813.
[11]张军,资本形成、投资效率与中国的经济增长——实证研究[M],北京:清华大学出版社,2005。
[12]李小平,朱钟棣,中国工业行业的全要素生产率测算[J],管理世界,2005(4):56-64.。
[13]保罗.萨谬尔森,威廉.诺德毫斯,经济学[M],北京:华夏出版社,2001。
[14]迈克.波特,国家竞争优势[M],北京:华夏出版社,2002。
[15]吴斐丹,张草纫,魁奈经济著作选集[M],北京:商务印书馆 1979。
[16]Kaplan,R and Cooper,R.,Cost And Effect-Using Integrated cost system to Drive Profitability and Performance[M]Harvard business School Press,Boston,1998:22.
[17]Moseng,B.and Rolstadas,A.,Success Factor in the Productivity Process,10~(th) World Productivity congress,2001.
[18]李京文 钟学义 中国生产率分析前沿[M],社会科学文献出版社,1998。
[19]Solow,R.M.,Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function[J],Review of Economics and Statistics 1957,39-61.
[20 Dension,,Why Growth rates differ[M],Washington,D.C Brookings Institute.1967.
[21]Farrell,M.J.The Measurement of Productive Efficiency[J],Journal of the Royal Statistic Society,1957,Ser.A 120.253-281.
[22]Leibenstein,H..Allocative Efficiency vs.'X-Efficiency[J],American Economic Review,1966,8:152-188.
[23]Nishimizu,M.and J.M.Page.Total Factor Productivity Growth,Technical Progress and Technical Efficiency Change:Dimensions of Productivity Change in Yugoslavia 1965-78[J].The Economic Journal,1982,92:929-936.
[24]Caves,D.W.,L.R.Christensen and W.E.Diewer.The Economic Theory of Index Numbers and the Measurement of Input,Output,and Productivity[J].Econometrical,1982,50:45-62.
[25]Fare,R.,S.Grosskopf,M.Norris,Z.Zhang.Productivity Growth,Technical Progress and Efficiency Changes in Industrialized Countries[J].American Economic Review.1994,(84) 150-162.
[26]Farrell,M.J.The Measurement of Productive Efficiency[J],Journal of the Royal Statistic Society,1957,Ser.A 120.253-281.
[27]Shephard,R.W.Cost and Production Functions[M],Princeton University Press,Princeton,N.J.,1953.
[28]Aigner,J.and Chu,S.F.On Estimating the Industry Production Function[J].American Economic Review,1968,13:568-598.
[29]Aigner,J.,Lovell,K.and Schmidt,P.Formulation and estimation of stochastic frontier production function models[J].Journal of Econometric,1977,Vol.6:21-37.
[30]Meeusen,W.Broeck,J.,van den.Efficiency estimation from Cobb-Douglas production functions with composed orror[J].International Economic Review,1977,Vol.18:435-444.
[31]Broeck,J.van den,Koop,G.,Osiewalski,J.and Steel,M.Stochastic Frontier Models:A Bayesian Perspective[J],Journal of Econometrics,1994,Vol.61:273-303.
[32]Drake,L.and Hall,M.J.B.,"Efficiency in Japanese Banking:An Empirical Analysis[J].Journal of Banking and Finance,2003(27) 891-917.
[33]经济合作与发展组织统计局,经合组织国家生产率测度面临的挑战http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/62/23/35249632.doc.
[34]Naodhaus,William D.,Alternative Methods for Measuring Productivity Growth,NBER working paper 8095,2001.
[35]Kumar and R.Robert Russell.Technological Change,Technological Catch—up,and Capital Deepening:Relative Contributions to Growth and Convergences[J],American Economic Review,2002.June,527-548.
[36]邹至庄,中国经济[M]天津:南开大学出版社 1984。
[37]史清淇,秦宝庭,陈警,衡量经济增长中技术进步作用的主要指标,转:张军《中国的工业改革与经济增长》,上海:上海三联书店,2003。
[38]K.Chen,H.Wang,Y.zheng,G.Jefferson and T.Rawski Productivity change in China Industry:1953-1985[J],Journal of Comparative Economics,1988 12570-591.
[39]郑玉歆,正确认识我国工业经济效益的总体趋势[J],中国工业经济研究1994(6):52-58。
[40]孙巍,叶正波,转轨时期中国工业的效率与生产率[J],中国管理科学,2002(4):38-45。
[41]朱仲棣、李小平.中国工业行业资本形成、全要素生产率变动及其趋异化[J],世界经济,2005(9):51-62。
[42]涂正革,肖耿,中国工业生产力革命[J],经济研究,2005(3):3-15。
[43]王争 郑京海,史晋川,中国地区工业生产绩效、结构差异、制度冲击及动态表现[J],经济研究,2006(11):48-59。
[44]郑玉歆,张晓,张思奇,技术效率,技术进步及其对生产率的贡献——沿海工业企业调查的初步分析[J].数量经济技术经济研究,1995(12):20-27。
[45]姚洋,非国有经济成分对我国工业企业技术效率的影响[J],经济研究,1998(12):13-20。
[46]谢千里,罗斯基,郑玉歆,王莉,所有制形式与中国工业生产率变动趋势数量经济技术经济研究,2001(3):5-17。
[47]张军,中国的工业改革与经济增长:问题与解释[M],上海上海人民出版社2003。
[48]Woo,W.Hal,Y.Jin,and G.Fan,How Successful Has Chinese Enterprise Reform Been? Pitfalls in Opposite Biases and Focus[J],Journal of Comparative Economies.1994(18):410-437.
[49]宋立刚,姚洋,改制对企业绩效的影响[J],中国社会科学,2005(3):16-31。
[50]G.Jefferson and T.Rawski Y.zheng,Growth,Efficiency and Convergence in China's State and Collective Industry[J],Economic Development and Cultural Change,40,1992 239-266.
[51]Y.Cao The Impact of Partially-Introduced market Mechanisms on the Efficiency of Chinese Industry:The Case of Iron and Steel Industry[J],Economic Systems 1994 18 335-362.
[52]郑京海,刘小玄,Arno Bigsten,1980 1994期间中国国有企业的效率、技术进步和最佳实践[J],经济学(季刊),2002(4):521-541。
[53]吕铁,制造业结构变化对生产率增长的影响研究[J],管理世界,2002(2):87-89。
[54]李治国,唐国兴,资本形成路径与资本存量调整模型[J],经济研究2003(2):34-43。
[55]陈勇,唐朱昌,中国工业的技术选择与技术进步:1985-2003[J],经济研究2006(9):50-61。
[56]黄先海,刘毅群,物化性技术进步与我国工业生产率增长[J],数量经济技术经济研究,2006(4):52-60。
[57]姚洋,章奇,中国工业企业技术效率分析[J],经济研究,2001(10):13-20。
[58]朱平芳,李磊,两种技术引进方式的直接效应研究[J],经济研究2006(3):90-102。
[59]张海洋,R&D两面性、外资活动与中国工业生产率增长[J],经济研究,2005(5):107-117。
[60]孔翔,Rorbert E.Marks,万广华,国有企业全要素生产率变化及其决定因素:1990—1994[J],经济研究,1999(7):40-48。
[61]郑京海、刘小玄、Bigsten,A,1980～1994期间中国国有企业的效率、技术进步和最佳实践[J],经济学季刊,2002(4):521-541。
[62]樊潇彦,中国工业资本收益率的测算与地区、行业结构分析[J],世界经济,2004(5):47-57。
[63]王德文,王美艳,陈兰,中国工业的结构调整、效率与劳动配置[J],经济研究,2004(4):41-49。
[64]李小平,朱钟棣,中国工业行业的全要素生产率测算[J].管理世界,2005(4):56-64。
[65]王燕梅,中国机床工业的高速增长:技术进步及其贡献分析[J],中国工业经济2006(5):15-22。
[66]吴玉鸣,李建霞,基于地理加权回归模型的省域工业全要素生产率分析[J],经济地理,2006(9):749-753。
[67]沈能,中国制造业全要素生产率地区空问差异的实证研究[J],中国软科学2006(6):101-110。
[68]Kumar and R.Robert Russell.Technological Change,Technological Catch—up,and Capital Deepening:Relative Contributions to Growth and Convergences[J],American Economic Review,June.,2002:527-548
[69]黄先海,中国各省劳动生产率变化的测度与比较[J],浙江社会科学,2005(5):32-37。
[70]杨文举,技术效率、技术进步、资本深化与经济增长[J],世界经济,2005(5):73-83。
[71]涂正革,肖耿,中国工业增长模式的转变[J],管理世界,2006(10):62-75。
[72]魏权龄,数据包络分析[M],北京,科学出版社,2004年版。
[73]Chames A.Cooper W W-Rhodes E.Measuring the efficiency decision making unites[J],Europeans Journal of Operational Research,1978,2(6):429-444.
[74]Banker,R.,Charnes,A.,Cooper,W.W.Some Models for Estimating Technical And Scale Inefficiencies in Data Envelopment Analysis[J].Management Science,1984,30(9):1078-1092.
[75]张军,吴桂英,张吉鹏,中国省际物质资本存量估算:1952—2000[J],2004(10):35-44。
[76]Coelli,T.A Guide to DEAP Version2.1:A Data Envelopment Analysis Program[DB/OL].Department Econometrics University of New England,Armadillo.[1996-05-23].http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/～econ380/DEAP.
[77]Edwin Burmeister,Stephen J.Turnovshy,1972,"Capital Deepening Response in an Economy with Heterogeneous Capital Goods",American Economic Review,Vol.62 No.5:842-853.
[78]Gary H.Jeferson,Thomas G.Rawski,Wang Li and Zheng Yuxin,,Ownership,Productivity Change,and Financial Performance in Chinese Industry[J],Journal of Comparative Economics,2000(28).786-813.
[79]Engle,R.F.and Granger,C.W.J..Cointegration and Error Correction:Representation,Estimation and Testing[J].Econometrica,1987(55):78-94.
[80]高铁梅,计量经济分析方法与建模 清华大学出版社 2006。
[81]Mark Funk,Jack Straus,The Long-run relationship Between Productivity and Capital[J],Economic Letters,2000,69:213-217.
[82]Gary H.Jefferson,Thomas G.Rawski,Wang Li and Zheng Yuxin,,Ownership,Productivity Change,and Financial Performance in Chinese Industry[J],Journal of Comparative Economics,2000 28.786-813.
[83]张军,资本形成、投资效率与中国的经济增长——实证研究[M],北京:清华大学出版社,2005。
[84]李小平,陈勇,劳动力流动、资本转移和生产率增长[J].统计研究,2007(7)22-28。
[85]陈建波,市场经济演进中乡镇企业的技术获得与技术选择[J],经济研究,1999(4):34-44。
[86]张军,增长、资本形成与技术选择:解释中国经济增长下降的长期因素[J],经济学(季刊),2002(1):301-338。
[87]郭为,刘宗华,回顾与反思:乡镇企业的技术选择路径和比较优势[J],《农业经济问题》2003年(10):30-35。
[88]金碚,中国工业的技术创新[J],中国工业经济,2004(5):5-14。
[89]刘乃全,郑秀君,贾彦利,中国区域发展战略政策演变及整体效应研究[J],财经研究,2005(1):25-37。
[90]Theil.H,Economics and Information Theory,Amsterdam,1967.
[91]刘夏明、魏英琪、李国平,收敛还是发散?——中国区域经济发展争论的文献综述[J],经济研究,2004(7):70-81。
[92]Arrow,Kenneth J.The Economic Implication of Learning by Doing[J],Review of Economic Studies,1962(29):155-173.
[93]Romer,Paul M."Increasing Returns and Long-Run Growth",The Journal of Political Economy,Vol.94,No.5,1986:1002-1037.
[94]Lucas,Robert E.,Jr."On the Mechanics of Economic Development",Journal of Monetary Economics,Vol.22,1988:3-42.
[95]Barro,Robert J.and Sala-i-Martin,Xavier."Technological Diffusion,Convergence,and Growth",N-BER Working Paper No.5151,1995.
[96]Mankiw,N.Gregory,Romer,David and Weil,David N.A Contribution to the Empides of Economic Growth[J],The Quarterly Journal of Economics,1992(2):135-154.
[97]Galor,Oded.Convergence? Inference from Theoretical Models",The Economic Journal,1996(106):91-127.
[98]Barro,Robert J.,Government Spending in a Simple Model of Endogenous Growth[J],Journal of Political Economy,1990,(10):103-125.
[99]Mankiw,N.Gregory,Romer,David and Weil,David N.A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth[J],The Quarterly Journal of Economics,1992(2):135-154.
[100]Barro,Robert J.and Sala-i-Martin,Xavier,Convergence[J],The Journal of Political Economy,1992.(2):223-251.
[101]Islam,Nazrul."Growth Empirics:A Panel Data Approach",The Quarterly Journal of Economics,1995(4):125-148.
[102]杨竹莘,聂彩云,中国地区差距的测度与演变研究综述[J],吉首大学学报(社会科学版),2006(9):162-148。
[103]Evans,P.,& Karras,G.,Convergence Revisited[J],Journal of Monetary Economics,1996(37):249-265.
[104]Bernard A.and Durlarf S.Convergence in International Output[J],Journal of Econometrics,1996(6),71-89.
[105]Maddala G.S and Wu S.,A Comparative Study of Unit Root Test with Panel Data and a New Simple Test[M],Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistic,1999(61):631-652.
[106]Fisher R.A.,Statistical Methods For Research Workers(4thed)[M],Edinburgh:Oliver and Boyd.1932.
[107]Freeman Donald G and Yerger David B.,Interpreting Cross-Section and Time-series Testof Convergence:the Case of Labor Productivity in Manufacturing[J],Journal of Economics and business,2004(53) 593-607.
[108]Levin,A.,and Lin,C.F.,Unit Root Tests in Panel Data:Asymptotic and Finite-samole Lewis Properties[J],Journal of Econometrics,2002,108:1-24
[109]Im,K.S.,Pesaran,M.H.,and Y.Shin,Testing for Unit Roots in Heterogeneous panels[J],Journal of Econometrics,2003,115:53-74
[110]袁志刚,范剑勇,1978年以来中国的工业化进程及其地区差异分析[J],管理世界,2003(7):59-66。
[111]Broadberry,S.N.and Crofts,N.F.R.(1996)British Economic Policy and Industrial Performance in the Early Postwar Period,Business History,38,65-91.
[112]David,P.A Clio and the Economics of QWERTY[J],American Economic Reviews Proceedings.1985,75,332-337.
[113]Jiawei Han,Micheline Kambr著.范明,孟小峰等译.数据挖掘概念与技术[M].北京机械工业出版社.2003
[114]邝英强,范中志,生产率管理—劳动生产率的测定与分析[J],华南理工大学学报(自然科学版),1997(5):63-66。