中国西部农村教育成本、收益与家庭教育决策的实证研究
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摘要
改革开放以来,农村居民的收入经历了持续的增长。作为中国经济、文化最为落后的西部农村,虽然从时序上看,农民收入起步低、增长缓慢,但是同样经历着持续增长的趋势。随着农民生产经营自主性的增强,特别是城乡分割制度的松动,西部农村居民外出就业机会的增多,教育通过优化资源的配置、提高经济效率,从而在农村居民的收入增长和农村内部收入差距扩大的演变进程中发挥了重要作用,教育也被政府看作是促进西部地区经济发展、解决西部贫困的根本和长久之策。但是,由于西部经济落后,农村居民收入总体水平仍然很低,教育能否成为促进经济发展和解决贫困问题的有效手段,不仅依赖于政府对西部农村教育投资的水平,还取决于西部家庭教育决策的微观行为对教育发展的影响。贫困人口能否获得足以满足生产发展需要的教育水平和教育质量以及他们所接受的教育在劳动力市场上是否具有一定的竞争力就成为西部教育发展的根本目标。建立在西部家庭教育决策分析之上的政府合理干预就成为打破西部低经济水平-低教育程度-低经济水平的低水平均衡的关键。
本文利用“甘肃基础教育项目”2000年、2004年和2008年的甘肃农村住户调查数据,从教育投资的成本出发,探讨农村家庭决定送子女入学所承担的教育直接成本和机会成本及其变化。从教育投资的收益出发,估计了农村教育收益率,分析了其年度变化趋势以及将对家庭教育决策的影响。重点对农村家庭教育决策的影响因素进行计量分析。
本文的研究表明,从农村家庭直接教育成本看,义务教育阶段的家庭教育基本支出在2008年下降了,“两免一补”政策使农村家庭普遍得到实惠,特别是贫困家庭子女上学难的问题得到基本解决,但是家庭附属教育费用已成为义务教育阶段家庭教育支出项目中最高费用,而承担这一费用的绝大多数是经济条件更为落后偏远村庄的家庭,“补助困难学生生活费”政策又不能全面落实,因而加重了贫困家庭教育负担。相比下降了的义务教育阶段的基本教育成本,农村高中教育阶段的费用却在不断升高,贫困家庭子女更容易在这一阶段辍学,本文研究又表明,是否接受高中或中专及以上的教育对今后西部农村居民从事非农就业,增加收入来说,具有更加积极的影响。因此,子女是否上高中或中专及以上的教育将成为农村家庭教育决策面临的主要问题。
农村家庭收入对高中年龄阶段孩子教育的影响远远大于义务教育阶段的孩子。通过分性别的家庭教育决策方程估计,家庭收入对女孩就学的约束力超过男孩,特别在高中阶段,贫困家庭的女孩子辍学的可能性就更大了。教育的质量效应超过了价格效应。说明学校质量是影响农村孩子就学一个重要因素。通过辍学原因统计分析,发现西部农村学校(主要是小学和初中)的教育质量在农村教育影响因素中的地位越来越凸现,已成为制约农村居民教育水平从初等教育向中等教育发展的重要制约因素,成为农村教育发展的最为薄弱的环节。公共教育支出对农村家庭教育决策具有积极的正向影响,但这种影响作用的发挥需经一个长期积累的过程。除了小学与文盲的差异变小外,父母亲受教育程度对孩子就学概率的影响都为正。
本文研究的实践意义在于:首先、确立以中央为主的经费筹措方案,确保西部贫困寄宿生普遍享受足额的生活补贴。其次、农村义务教育阶段的质量影响着农村居民接受高中教育的数量和质量,中央财政要继续加大对西部义务教育的投资力度,重点放在教师队伍建设、提高农村义务教育质量上。再次、中等教育将成为西部农村家庭教育决策的主要阶段,家庭收入对高中就学的影响依然很大,公共财政可以通过补助高中寄宿生生活补贴的方式来鼓励农村高中教育的发展。最后、加大公共财政对职业中专的资金投入,降低私人教育分担比例,鼓励和引导农村居民选择职业化教育。
Rural residents in China has experienced continuous increase in income since reform and opening. West rural area, as a depressed area, develops slowly compared with other rural area in China. But household income per capita also increased continuously during the same period. Education has played an important role in increasing the income level of rural residents and changing the pattern of income distribution. And education has been as a fundamental and long-term measure to reduce poverty and develop economy of the west. Because of dropping behind, the west education development relies on not only lot of central investment, but also determination of education of rural households. Thus, the rational policy drawing from analysis of rural family education determination is a vital to break low income-low education level equilibrium.
Utilizing the 2000, 2004, 2008 rural household survey data conducted by Gansu basal education project study group, this thesis aims to analyze the educational costs which rural households born, contribution rate of education among rural incomes and main factors which affected the educational determination of rural households.
Our analysis suggests that the rural families, especially poor one, have an advantage from the policy of‘free tuition, free book and reduced board’. All of their children can receive compulsory education, but other free, such as traffic-fee, food-fee and room-rent, have gradually been a burden for the poor residents who generally live in the remote hamlet. Compared with compulsory education cost, senior high school fee increased very rapidly and poor children frequently have no chance to continue study in the senior high school. At the same time, our studies show that going to high school is more important for rural residents to look for job and earn more money. So, whether or not going to senior high school will be main problem for rural households to decide.
Estimated results show that household income per capita more affect on the enrollment rate of 16-18 years old than those of aged 7-15. Especially in high school, household income per capita has a larger impact on the enrollment rate of girls than of boys. The fact that quality-effect is larger than price-effect shows that education quality of primary and junior high school is playing a vital role in the educational requirements of west rural residents. More fiscal expenditures are necessary to west rural education, but it does not bring into play in a short time and needs accumulated process. Education degree of parents has a positive effect on enrollment probability of their children.
This thesis suggests that a subsidy should mostly come from center government in order to be obtained enough by all poor boarders. Public education fund should be increased to promote educational quality of west rural school. Rural residents should have living subsidy to encourage them to receive education in senior school. Government should encourage and attract rural residents to choose and receive vocational education by reducing school fee and investing more money in the professional training school.
本文利用“甘肃基础教育项目”2000年、2004年和2008年的甘肃农村住户调查数据,从教育投资的成本出发,探讨农村家庭决定送子女入学所承担的教育直接成本和机会成本及其变化。从教育投资的收益出发,估计了农村教育收益率,分析了其年度变化趋势以及将对家庭教育决策的影响。重点对农村家庭教育决策的影响因素进行计量分析。
本文的研究表明,从农村家庭直接教育成本看,义务教育阶段的家庭教育基本支出在2008年下降了,“两免一补”政策使农村家庭普遍得到实惠,特别是贫困家庭子女上学难的问题得到基本解决,但是家庭附属教育费用已成为义务教育阶段家庭教育支出项目中最高费用,而承担这一费用的绝大多数是经济条件更为落后偏远村庄的家庭,“补助困难学生生活费”政策又不能全面落实,因而加重了贫困家庭教育负担。相比下降了的义务教育阶段的基本教育成本,农村高中教育阶段的费用却在不断升高,贫困家庭子女更容易在这一阶段辍学,本文研究又表明,是否接受高中或中专及以上的教育对今后西部农村居民从事非农就业,增加收入来说,具有更加积极的影响。因此,子女是否上高中或中专及以上的教育将成为农村家庭教育决策面临的主要问题。
农村家庭收入对高中年龄阶段孩子教育的影响远远大于义务教育阶段的孩子。通过分性别的家庭教育决策方程估计,家庭收入对女孩就学的约束力超过男孩,特别在高中阶段,贫困家庭的女孩子辍学的可能性就更大了。教育的质量效应超过了价格效应。说明学校质量是影响农村孩子就学一个重要因素。通过辍学原因统计分析,发现西部农村学校(主要是小学和初中)的教育质量在农村教育影响因素中的地位越来越凸现,已成为制约农村居民教育水平从初等教育向中等教育发展的重要制约因素,成为农村教育发展的最为薄弱的环节。公共教育支出对农村家庭教育决策具有积极的正向影响,但这种影响作用的发挥需经一个长期积累的过程。除了小学与文盲的差异变小外,父母亲受教育程度对孩子就学概率的影响都为正。
本文研究的实践意义在于:首先、确立以中央为主的经费筹措方案,确保西部贫困寄宿生普遍享受足额的生活补贴。其次、农村义务教育阶段的质量影响着农村居民接受高中教育的数量和质量,中央财政要继续加大对西部义务教育的投资力度,重点放在教师队伍建设、提高农村义务教育质量上。再次、中等教育将成为西部农村家庭教育决策的主要阶段,家庭收入对高中就学的影响依然很大,公共财政可以通过补助高中寄宿生生活补贴的方式来鼓励农村高中教育的发展。最后、加大公共财政对职业中专的资金投入,降低私人教育分担比例,鼓励和引导农村居民选择职业化教育。
Rural residents in China has experienced continuous increase in income since reform and opening. West rural area, as a depressed area, develops slowly compared with other rural area in China. But household income per capita also increased continuously during the same period. Education has played an important role in increasing the income level of rural residents and changing the pattern of income distribution. And education has been as a fundamental and long-term measure to reduce poverty and develop economy of the west. Because of dropping behind, the west education development relies on not only lot of central investment, but also determination of education of rural households. Thus, the rational policy drawing from analysis of rural family education determination is a vital to break low income-low education level equilibrium.
Utilizing the 2000, 2004, 2008 rural household survey data conducted by Gansu basal education project study group, this thesis aims to analyze the educational costs which rural households born, contribution rate of education among rural incomes and main factors which affected the educational determination of rural households.
Our analysis suggests that the rural families, especially poor one, have an advantage from the policy of‘free tuition, free book and reduced board’. All of their children can receive compulsory education, but other free, such as traffic-fee, food-fee and room-rent, have gradually been a burden for the poor residents who generally live in the remote hamlet. Compared with compulsory education cost, senior high school fee increased very rapidly and poor children frequently have no chance to continue study in the senior high school. At the same time, our studies show that going to high school is more important for rural residents to look for job and earn more money. So, whether or not going to senior high school will be main problem for rural households to decide.
Estimated results show that household income per capita more affect on the enrollment rate of 16-18 years old than those of aged 7-15. Especially in high school, household income per capita has a larger impact on the enrollment rate of girls than of boys. The fact that quality-effect is larger than price-effect shows that education quality of primary and junior high school is playing a vital role in the educational requirements of west rural residents. More fiscal expenditures are necessary to west rural education, but it does not bring into play in a short time and needs accumulated process. Education degree of parents has a positive effect on enrollment probability of their children.
This thesis suggests that a subsidy should mostly come from center government in order to be obtained enough by all poor boarders. Public education fund should be increased to promote educational quality of west rural school. Rural residents should have living subsidy to encourage them to receive education in senior school. Government should encourage and attract rural residents to choose and receive vocational education by reducing school fee and investing more money in the professional training school.
引文
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8资料来源:《中国地区差异的经济学分析》,沙安文主编,人民出版社,2006年版,第147页
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12资料来源:新华社兰州1月1日电(记者卫韦华)http://www1.www.gov.cn/jrzg/2009-01/01/content_1193615.htm
13资料来源:周玲,农村免费义务教育经费保障新机制:任重而道远,2007年03月12日。http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/78779/78783/78789/5460156.html
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28邓对全国数据的研究表明, 1988年后性别因素对教育的作用不再显著,并在2002年显示为负值,即男性的非农收入开始低于女性
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