目的国制度对中国出口和对外投资区位选择影响研究
|
摘要
改革开放以来,我国经济实现了前所未有、世界罕见的持续快速增长,2012年经济总量已连续三年位居世界第二。自我国提出“走出去”发展战略以来,商品和资本相继走向国际市场,2012年我国成为世界第一货物出口贸易大国,世界第二进口贸易大国,世界第三资本输出国,中国已成为名副其实的贸易大国和投资大国。从宏观统计数据来看,我国出口贸易主要分布在制度质量较高的国家或地区,向制度质量较差国家或地区的出口较少。从对外投资地理结构来看,我国企业主要投资于和我国制度距离较小的国家或地区,对制度质量较高国家或地区的投资处于逐步发展趋势。有效的制度安排可以降低交易成本,提升产品竞争力,制度因素是国家富裕的最根本因素,远比资源、人口和资本等因素重要得多,制度是影响我国出口贸易和对外直接投资区位选择的关键因素,我国到商品输出和资本输出不仅偏好于经济发展水平比较高的国家或地区,而且偏好于制度质量比较高的国家或地区。制度安排对一国对外贸易和对外投资有重大影响,因此研究目的国制度对我国出口贸易和对外直接投资区位选择的影响具有非常重要的理论意义和现实意义。
本文在分析中国出口贸易和对外投资历史和现状的基础上,把制度分为正式制度和非正式制度两大类,阐释制度对出口贸易和对外投资的影响机理,通过设定相关指标构建制度的评价指标体系,建立制度安排和中国出口贸易与对外投资之间关系的数理模型,利用中国出口贸易和对外投资的相关统计数据从制度质量和制度距离等方面进行计量分析,分别研究制度对中国出口贸易和对外投资区位分布的影响,并对制度安排对中国出口贸易和对外投资模式选择的综合影响进行研究,是对国际贸易学和制度经济学交叉学科理论的补充和发展。本文的创新点主要表现在：
第一,从贸易引力模型的微观基础出发,利用效用函数把制度变量嵌入扩展贸易引力模型进行推导,并在此基础上构建计量模型,使用代表性国家或地区的宏观统计数据,分别研究整体制度质量、单项制度质量以及单项制度质量某一指标对中国出口贸易地理结构的影响,探求中国出口贸易地理分布的规律。本文对制度的分类更为精细,对制度对我国出口贸易影响的研究更为全面和深入。
第二,通过把制度变量嵌入扩展投资引力模型进行推导,并在此基础上构建计量模型,利用代表性国家或地区的宏观统计数据,分别实证研究整体制度质量、单项制度质量以及单项制度质量某一指标对中国对外直接投资区位选择的影响,探求中国对外直接投资区位分布的内在规律,本文对制度对我国对外直接投资区位选择影响的研究更为全面和深入。
第三,从交易成本的视角探讨中国出口贸易和对外直接投资区位选择关系,中国出口贸易和对外投资分布在全球近两百个国家或地区,但是这种分布相对集中而且具有一定的内在规律,现有文献主要关注经济因素的影响,本文试图分析制度因素对跨国经营者进行出口和投资模式选择的影响。
第四,借鉴关税同盟理论构建语言对我国出口贸易和对外投资影响的理论模型,使用语言的人力投入和资本投入作为语言成本的代理变量,实证研究语言交易成本对出口贸易和对外投资区位选择的影响,把语言经济学和国际贸易学结合起来研究,是对现有国际贸易理论的补充和发展。
通过理论分析和实证检验本文的主要结论为：
第一,我国出口贸易偏好于制度质量较高的国家或地区
进口国的制度质量越高意味着政府工作效率越高、国家对市场的监管越严,越能为我国出口贸易提供政治保证,对我国商品的引力越大。进口国高质量的经济制度意味着贸易政策更为自由,优胜劣汰的市场竞争环境更为公平,交易合约的签订程序简化,贸易壁垒相对较低,有利于降低交易成本提高产品竞争力,高质量的制度是吸引我国产品的重要因素。良好的法制运行环境能对交易中的违约行为进行有效惩处,保障合约的正常履行,保护进出口商的利益。因此我国的出口贸易不仅要考虑进口国的经济发展水平还要考虑进口国的制度质量。高质量的国家制度能为进出口商提供良好的制度环境,降低贸易中可能出现的风险和不确定性,有利于交易的顺利实现。在出口贸易中要注重进口国的制度质量,同时还应注意我国制度质量的世界排名还比较靠后,与经济较为发达的国家或地区相比还有一定差距,我国制度比较优势的发挥还有很大潜力,今后要进一步深化制度改革,健全和完善相关领域的法律法规,提升制度质量,促进制度比较优势向竞争优势的转化,发挥制度对我国国民经济的促进作用。
第二,我国对外直接投资偏好于制度质量较高的国家或地区
相对于出口贸易跨国公司的海外投资受东道国制度环境的影响更大,不仅销售环节在东道国而且生产环节也在东道国,跨国公司生产经营的制度合法性是成功经营的重要决定因素。较高制度质量的东道国能为资本的自由流动提供保障,跨国公司的本土化经营从原材料的采购、员工的雇佣、生产加工以及市场销售都要受东道国制度环境的影响,如果东道国能为投资者提供生产经营的制度支持,将有利于降低交易成本,符合投资者利润最大化的经营策略。相反,制度质量较差的东道国不仅不能为投资者提供良好的制度支持,政治风险的存在甚至使投资者面临资本灭失的风险。我国经过三十多年的改革开放,社会主义市场经济体制逐步健全和完善,但制度完善度还相对较低,是助推我国资本输出的重要原因。目前我国资本输出还处于较低层次的发展阶段,目标区域还不是很明确,存在-定的盲目性,国内的推力作用要大于国外的引力作用。
第三,企业在对高制度质量国家或地区进行跨国经营决策时,倾向于向制度距离较大的高制度质量国家或地区出口,向制度距离较小的高制度质量国家或地区投资
制度质量较高的国家或地区对我国出口贸易和对外直接投资都有较大的引力,目标国的制度质量较高意味着各项制度相对完善,可以为企业的跨国经营提供制度保障,降低交易成本。但并不是目标国的制度质量越高就一定有利于跨国经营的利润最大化,目标国的制度质量较高同时可能也意味着和我国的制度差异较大,较大的制度差异将使经营者面对更为陌生的制度环境,跨国交易与国内交易有所不同,经营者只有熟悉并适应这种环境才可能在目标国成功经营。企业在开展跨国业务时首先确定选择高制度质量的区域,其次对出口经营模式和投资经营模式进行选择,这种决策与制度距离存在密切关系,当制度距离较大时意味着经营者所付出的交易成本可能较大,这种情况下出口贸易模式更有利于企业利润最大化目标,当制度距离较小时意味着经营者所付出的交易成本可能较小,这种情况下跨国投资模式可能是经营者的最优决策。投资模式受东道国制度因素的影响较大,出口模式受进口国制度环境的约束相对较小,理性企业在对高制度质量国家或地区进行跨国经营决策时,倾向于向制度距离较大的高制度质量国家或地区出口,向制度距离较小的高制度质量国家或地区投资,这样有利于利润最大化目标的实现。
第四,非正式制度语言对出口贸易和对外投资有重要影响
改革开放特别是加入WTO以来我国商品输出和资本输出快速增长,货物出口贸易额位居世界首位,对外投资流量跃居世界第三,庞大的出口贸易额和对外投资量为我国经济增长做出很大贡献。在开展跨国业务时由于语言差异会产生沟通障碍,要解决这种沟通障碍一国必须学习另一国语言,而语言的学习需要成本。目前汉语还不是国际语言,我国与世界主要国家进行交易时往往要使用英语或其它国家语言,为此承担了很大的语言学习成本。本文通过研究语言对出口贸易和对外直接投资的影响,认为语言是一种交易成本。在开放经济条件下,小国是语言成本的主要承担者。随着本国学习国际通用语人数的增多,对外经贸关系的发展也会更快,但是学习通用语的人数比例有一个限额,如果超过该限额反而会阻碍国际贸易的发展。语言学习资本投入的提高也能促进对外经贸关系的发展,但目前我国语言学习的经费投入还存在某种程度的不合理现象。语言的国际推广有利于降低交易成本,如果世界上有了统一的国际语言,国际经贸往来就不再需要学习多种语言,语言学习的成本将大大降低,各国之间的沟通交流也会更加便利,有利于跨国交易和全球经济的发展。
Since the reform and opening up, China's economy has sustained rapid growth, the total economic output in2012has been ranked second in the world for three consecutive years. Since proposed the strategy of "going out", goods and capital have been moving toward the international market, in2012China has become the world's first exports of goods trade, the world's second big import country, the world's third big capital exporter.From China's macroeconomic statistics, China's export mainly in countries or regions with higher institutional quality, lower institutional quality countries or regions to export less. From the geographical structure of the outward foreign investment, Chinese enterprises invest in smaller institutional distance countries or regions, higher institutional quality countries or regions's investment is gradually developing. Effective institutional arrangements can reduce transaction costs, improve product competitiveness, institutional factor is the most basic factor of national wealth,far more than the resources, population, capital and other factors, the institutional is the key factor affecting China's export and outward foreign direct investment, China's commodity export and capital output not only prefer the economic highly developed countries or regions, but prefer the institutional of relatively high quality countries or regions. Institutional arrangements have a significant impact on a country's foreign trade and outward foreign investment, so study the impact of destination country's institutional to China's export and outward foreign direct investment location choice has very important theoretical and practical significance.
Based on the analysis of China's export and foreign investment's histoiy and current situation,the institutional is divided into the formal and informal institutional,explains the influence on export and outward foreign investment, by setting therelated index institutional to build the evaluation index institutional, build mathematical model of the relationship among nstitutional arrangements,Chinese export and outward foreign investment. Using the statistical data of the China export and outward foreign investment, from the institutional quality and institutional distance, study the institutional effect on the export and foreign investment location distribution, and study the institutional arrangements' comprehensive influence to China export and outward foreign investment choice, is supplement and the development of international trade theory and institutional economics theory. The innovation of this paper is mainly manifested in the:
First, starting from the microscopic foundation of gravity model, using the utility function embedded institutional variables in trade gravity model, and based on this model, using the representative countries or regions'statistical data, respectively to study the effect of whole institutional,individual institutional quality and single institutional quality of an index to geographic structure of China export,explore the law of the geographical distribution of China's export. In this paper, classification of the institutional in more detail, the research institutional on the impact of China's export trade is more comprehensive and in-depth.
Second, the institutional variables were embedded in the investment gravity model, and establish the econometric model,using the representative countries or regions'statistical data, respectively to study the effect of whole institutional,individual institutional quality and single institutional quality of an index to geographic structure of outward foreign investment,explore the inherent laws of location distribution of outward foreign direct investment.The research institutions on the impact of China's outward foreign direct investment location choice is more comprehensive and in-depth.
Third, to explore Chinese export and outward foreign direct investment location choice relationship from the perspective of transaction cost,Chinese export and outward foreign investment distributed in nearly two hundred countries or regions, but the distribution is relatively concentrated and the features of internal rules, the existing literature mainly focus on economic factors,this paper tries to analyze the institutional factors which influence export and investment decision.
Fourth, from the customs union theory, constructs a theoretical model to study the effect of language to our country's export trade and investment, using human input and capital input as the language cost's proxy variable, study the effect of language to export and outward foreign investment location choice, the language of economics and international trade together, is complementary and development to the existing international trade theory.
Through theoretical and empirical analysis main conclusions of this paper are:
First, China's export preferences for high quality institutional of the country or region
Higher institutional quality of the importing country means the government work efficiency is high, the state of the market more stringent regulation,can provide more political guarantee for exporter,so has greater gravity on China's commodity.High quality economic institutional means that trade and economic policy is more free, the market competition environment more equitable, trade barrier is relatively low, it is advantageous to reduce the transaction costs and improve the products' competitiveness,high quality institutional is an important factor in attracting Chinese products. Legal good running environment can effectively punish the transaction's breach of contract, protect the interests of import and export business.Therefore,the export should not only consider the country's level of economic development but also consider the institutional quality of the importing country. High quality national institutional can reduce the possible risk and uncertainty, is conducive to the transaction. We should pay attention to the institutional of quality of the importing country, at the same time, it should also be noted that China's institutional of quality world ranking is lower by comparison, there is a great potential for comparative advantage of our country's institutional.In the future to further deepen the institutional reform, improve institutional quality, promote the transformation of comparative advantage to the competitive advantage of the institutional, play the role of promoting the institutional of China's national economy.
Second, China's outward foreign direct investment preference for high quality institutional of the country or region
Compared to the export,the Multi-National Corporation's overseas investment is affected by the host country institutional environment more, not only sales in the host country, but production did in the host country.The Multi-National Corporation production of institutional legitimacy is an important determinant of business success factors.The higher quality institutional can provide guarantee for the free flow of capital, the localization management of Multi-National Corporation are subject to the impact of the host country institutional environment from raw materials procurement, production and processing as well as hiring, market sales.If the host can provide support to investors, will help to reduce the transaction cost, with investors profit maximization of the business strategy. On the contrary, the poor quality of the institutional can not only provide support good institutional investors, political risk exists even make investors face the risk of capital loss. After thirty years of reform and opening up, China's socialist market economic institutional gradually perfect, but the law degree is relatively low. is the important reason for boosting China's capital output. But at present, the capital output is still in the development stage of the lower level, the target region is not very clear, gravity force domestic than foreign.
Third, enterprises in transnational operation decision-making for high quality country or region, tend to the larger institutional distance countries or regions to export, institutional smaller countries or areas to investment
High quality institutional country or region has great attraction to our export and outward foreign direct investment, the higher the quality of the target country institutional means that the institutional is relatively perfect, can provide the institutional safeguard for the transnational operation of enterprises,reduce the transaction cost. But the institutional of the target is not the higher the necessarily conducive to maximize profits, at the same time higher institutional quality also means the institutional differences with China's larger difference, institutional will enable the operator to face more institutional environment strange.International trading is different from domestic trading, the operator must familiar with and adapt to the target country's environment can operate successfully. Enteiprise first identified in the transnational business choose high institutional quality area, then choose the export business model and the investment management mode, there is a close relationship between the policy and institutional distance, when institutional distance is big means transaction cost operators greater, export mode in this case for maximum profit, when the distance is small means transaction cost operators may be smaller, pattern of transnational investment in this case may be the optimal decision. Investment mode is greatly affected by the host country institutional factors, the export model from the importing country institutional environment constraints are relatively small, rational enterprises in transnational operation decision-making for high quality country or region, tend to the institutional away from the larger countries or regions to export, institutional distance smaller countries or areas of investment, which is beneficial to realize profit maximization.
Fourth, informal institutional language has an important impact on exports and investment
Since the reform and opening up, especially joining the WTO, China's output of goods and capital export growth, export volume ranked first in the world, the outward foreign investment flows has ranked third in the world, huge export and outward foreign investment to make a great contribution to the economic growth. In the development of transnational business,because of the language differences will have communication obstacles,to solve the communication obstacles, one country must learn another language, and the language learning needs cost. At present, Chinese is not the international language, China's trade with the major countries, often have to use English or other languages, so it takes a lot of language learning cost. In this paper, the study of language influence on export and foreign direct investment, that language is a kind of transaction cost. Under the condition of open economy, small is mainly responsible for the cost of the language. With the increase of the number of their learning international language, there is a limit number of this learning language proportion, if more than the limit it will hinder the development of international trade. Language learning capital increase can also promote the development of foreign trade and economic relations.Language international promotion to reduce transaction costs.If there is a unified international language in the world, the international economic and trade exchanges would no longer need to learn a variety of language, language learning costs will be greatly reduced, the communication between countries will be more convenient, is conducive to the development of international trade and the global economy.
本文在分析中国出口贸易和对外投资历史和现状的基础上,把制度分为正式制度和非正式制度两大类,阐释制度对出口贸易和对外投资的影响机理,通过设定相关指标构建制度的评价指标体系,建立制度安排和中国出口贸易与对外投资之间关系的数理模型,利用中国出口贸易和对外投资的相关统计数据从制度质量和制度距离等方面进行计量分析,分别研究制度对中国出口贸易和对外投资区位分布的影响,并对制度安排对中国出口贸易和对外投资模式选择的综合影响进行研究,是对国际贸易学和制度经济学交叉学科理论的补充和发展。本文的创新点主要表现在：
第一,从贸易引力模型的微观基础出发,利用效用函数把制度变量嵌入扩展贸易引力模型进行推导,并在此基础上构建计量模型,使用代表性国家或地区的宏观统计数据,分别研究整体制度质量、单项制度质量以及单项制度质量某一指标对中国出口贸易地理结构的影响,探求中国出口贸易地理分布的规律。本文对制度的分类更为精细,对制度对我国出口贸易影响的研究更为全面和深入。
第二,通过把制度变量嵌入扩展投资引力模型进行推导,并在此基础上构建计量模型,利用代表性国家或地区的宏观统计数据,分别实证研究整体制度质量、单项制度质量以及单项制度质量某一指标对中国对外直接投资区位选择的影响,探求中国对外直接投资区位分布的内在规律,本文对制度对我国对外直接投资区位选择影响的研究更为全面和深入。
第三,从交易成本的视角探讨中国出口贸易和对外直接投资区位选择关系,中国出口贸易和对外投资分布在全球近两百个国家或地区,但是这种分布相对集中而且具有一定的内在规律,现有文献主要关注经济因素的影响,本文试图分析制度因素对跨国经营者进行出口和投资模式选择的影响。
第四,借鉴关税同盟理论构建语言对我国出口贸易和对外投资影响的理论模型,使用语言的人力投入和资本投入作为语言成本的代理变量,实证研究语言交易成本对出口贸易和对外投资区位选择的影响,把语言经济学和国际贸易学结合起来研究,是对现有国际贸易理论的补充和发展。
通过理论分析和实证检验本文的主要结论为：
第一,我国出口贸易偏好于制度质量较高的国家或地区
进口国的制度质量越高意味着政府工作效率越高、国家对市场的监管越严,越能为我国出口贸易提供政治保证,对我国商品的引力越大。进口国高质量的经济制度意味着贸易政策更为自由,优胜劣汰的市场竞争环境更为公平,交易合约的签订程序简化,贸易壁垒相对较低,有利于降低交易成本提高产品竞争力,高质量的制度是吸引我国产品的重要因素。良好的法制运行环境能对交易中的违约行为进行有效惩处,保障合约的正常履行,保护进出口商的利益。因此我国的出口贸易不仅要考虑进口国的经济发展水平还要考虑进口国的制度质量。高质量的国家制度能为进出口商提供良好的制度环境,降低贸易中可能出现的风险和不确定性,有利于交易的顺利实现。在出口贸易中要注重进口国的制度质量,同时还应注意我国制度质量的世界排名还比较靠后,与经济较为发达的国家或地区相比还有一定差距,我国制度比较优势的发挥还有很大潜力,今后要进一步深化制度改革,健全和完善相关领域的法律法规,提升制度质量,促进制度比较优势向竞争优势的转化,发挥制度对我国国民经济的促进作用。
第二,我国对外直接投资偏好于制度质量较高的国家或地区
相对于出口贸易跨国公司的海外投资受东道国制度环境的影响更大,不仅销售环节在东道国而且生产环节也在东道国,跨国公司生产经营的制度合法性是成功经营的重要决定因素。较高制度质量的东道国能为资本的自由流动提供保障,跨国公司的本土化经营从原材料的采购、员工的雇佣、生产加工以及市场销售都要受东道国制度环境的影响,如果东道国能为投资者提供生产经营的制度支持,将有利于降低交易成本,符合投资者利润最大化的经营策略。相反,制度质量较差的东道国不仅不能为投资者提供良好的制度支持,政治风险的存在甚至使投资者面临资本灭失的风险。我国经过三十多年的改革开放,社会主义市场经济体制逐步健全和完善,但制度完善度还相对较低,是助推我国资本输出的重要原因。目前我国资本输出还处于较低层次的发展阶段,目标区域还不是很明确,存在-定的盲目性,国内的推力作用要大于国外的引力作用。
第三,企业在对高制度质量国家或地区进行跨国经营决策时,倾向于向制度距离较大的高制度质量国家或地区出口,向制度距离较小的高制度质量国家或地区投资
制度质量较高的国家或地区对我国出口贸易和对外直接投资都有较大的引力,目标国的制度质量较高意味着各项制度相对完善,可以为企业的跨国经营提供制度保障,降低交易成本。但并不是目标国的制度质量越高就一定有利于跨国经营的利润最大化,目标国的制度质量较高同时可能也意味着和我国的制度差异较大,较大的制度差异将使经营者面对更为陌生的制度环境,跨国交易与国内交易有所不同,经营者只有熟悉并适应这种环境才可能在目标国成功经营。企业在开展跨国业务时首先确定选择高制度质量的区域,其次对出口经营模式和投资经营模式进行选择,这种决策与制度距离存在密切关系,当制度距离较大时意味着经营者所付出的交易成本可能较大,这种情况下出口贸易模式更有利于企业利润最大化目标,当制度距离较小时意味着经营者所付出的交易成本可能较小,这种情况下跨国投资模式可能是经营者的最优决策。投资模式受东道国制度因素的影响较大,出口模式受进口国制度环境的约束相对较小,理性企业在对高制度质量国家或地区进行跨国经营决策时,倾向于向制度距离较大的高制度质量国家或地区出口,向制度距离较小的高制度质量国家或地区投资,这样有利于利润最大化目标的实现。
第四,非正式制度语言对出口贸易和对外投资有重要影响
改革开放特别是加入WTO以来我国商品输出和资本输出快速增长,货物出口贸易额位居世界首位,对外投资流量跃居世界第三,庞大的出口贸易额和对外投资量为我国经济增长做出很大贡献。在开展跨国业务时由于语言差异会产生沟通障碍,要解决这种沟通障碍一国必须学习另一国语言,而语言的学习需要成本。目前汉语还不是国际语言,我国与世界主要国家进行交易时往往要使用英语或其它国家语言,为此承担了很大的语言学习成本。本文通过研究语言对出口贸易和对外直接投资的影响,认为语言是一种交易成本。在开放经济条件下,小国是语言成本的主要承担者。随着本国学习国际通用语人数的增多,对外经贸关系的发展也会更快,但是学习通用语的人数比例有一个限额,如果超过该限额反而会阻碍国际贸易的发展。语言学习资本投入的提高也能促进对外经贸关系的发展,但目前我国语言学习的经费投入还存在某种程度的不合理现象。语言的国际推广有利于降低交易成本,如果世界上有了统一的国际语言,国际经贸往来就不再需要学习多种语言,语言学习的成本将大大降低,各国之间的沟通交流也会更加便利,有利于跨国交易和全球经济的发展。
Since the reform and opening up, China's economy has sustained rapid growth, the total economic output in2012has been ranked second in the world for three consecutive years. Since proposed the strategy of "going out", goods and capital have been moving toward the international market, in2012China has become the world's first exports of goods trade, the world's second big import country, the world's third big capital exporter.From China's macroeconomic statistics, China's export mainly in countries or regions with higher institutional quality, lower institutional quality countries or regions to export less. From the geographical structure of the outward foreign investment, Chinese enterprises invest in smaller institutional distance countries or regions, higher institutional quality countries or regions's investment is gradually developing. Effective institutional arrangements can reduce transaction costs, improve product competitiveness, institutional factor is the most basic factor of national wealth,far more than the resources, population, capital and other factors, the institutional is the key factor affecting China's export and outward foreign direct investment, China's commodity export and capital output not only prefer the economic highly developed countries or regions, but prefer the institutional of relatively high quality countries or regions. Institutional arrangements have a significant impact on a country's foreign trade and outward foreign investment, so study the impact of destination country's institutional to China's export and outward foreign direct investment location choice has very important theoretical and practical significance.
Based on the analysis of China's export and foreign investment's histoiy and current situation,the institutional is divided into the formal and informal institutional,explains the influence on export and outward foreign investment, by setting therelated index institutional to build the evaluation index institutional, build mathematical model of the relationship among nstitutional arrangements,Chinese export and outward foreign investment. Using the statistical data of the China export and outward foreign investment, from the institutional quality and institutional distance, study the institutional effect on the export and foreign investment location distribution, and study the institutional arrangements' comprehensive influence to China export and outward foreign investment choice, is supplement and the development of international trade theory and institutional economics theory. The innovation of this paper is mainly manifested in the:
First, starting from the microscopic foundation of gravity model, using the utility function embedded institutional variables in trade gravity model, and based on this model, using the representative countries or regions'statistical data, respectively to study the effect of whole institutional,individual institutional quality and single institutional quality of an index to geographic structure of China export,explore the law of the geographical distribution of China's export. In this paper, classification of the institutional in more detail, the research institutional on the impact of China's export trade is more comprehensive and in-depth.
Second, the institutional variables were embedded in the investment gravity model, and establish the econometric model,using the representative countries or regions'statistical data, respectively to study the effect of whole institutional,individual institutional quality and single institutional quality of an index to geographic structure of outward foreign investment,explore the inherent laws of location distribution of outward foreign direct investment.The research institutions on the impact of China's outward foreign direct investment location choice is more comprehensive and in-depth.
Third, to explore Chinese export and outward foreign direct investment location choice relationship from the perspective of transaction cost,Chinese export and outward foreign investment distributed in nearly two hundred countries or regions, but the distribution is relatively concentrated and the features of internal rules, the existing literature mainly focus on economic factors,this paper tries to analyze the institutional factors which influence export and investment decision.
Fourth, from the customs union theory, constructs a theoretical model to study the effect of language to our country's export trade and investment, using human input and capital input as the language cost's proxy variable, study the effect of language to export and outward foreign investment location choice, the language of economics and international trade together, is complementary and development to the existing international trade theory.
Through theoretical and empirical analysis main conclusions of this paper are:
First, China's export preferences for high quality institutional of the country or region
Higher institutional quality of the importing country means the government work efficiency is high, the state of the market more stringent regulation,can provide more political guarantee for exporter,so has greater gravity on China's commodity.High quality economic institutional means that trade and economic policy is more free, the market competition environment more equitable, trade barrier is relatively low, it is advantageous to reduce the transaction costs and improve the products' competitiveness,high quality institutional is an important factor in attracting Chinese products. Legal good running environment can effectively punish the transaction's breach of contract, protect the interests of import and export business.Therefore,the export should not only consider the country's level of economic development but also consider the institutional quality of the importing country. High quality national institutional can reduce the possible risk and uncertainty, is conducive to the transaction. We should pay attention to the institutional of quality of the importing country, at the same time, it should also be noted that China's institutional of quality world ranking is lower by comparison, there is a great potential for comparative advantage of our country's institutional.In the future to further deepen the institutional reform, improve institutional quality, promote the transformation of comparative advantage to the competitive advantage of the institutional, play the role of promoting the institutional of China's national economy.
Second, China's outward foreign direct investment preference for high quality institutional of the country or region
Compared to the export,the Multi-National Corporation's overseas investment is affected by the host country institutional environment more, not only sales in the host country, but production did in the host country.The Multi-National Corporation production of institutional legitimacy is an important determinant of business success factors.The higher quality institutional can provide guarantee for the free flow of capital, the localization management of Multi-National Corporation are subject to the impact of the host country institutional environment from raw materials procurement, production and processing as well as hiring, market sales.If the host can provide support to investors, will help to reduce the transaction cost, with investors profit maximization of the business strategy. On the contrary, the poor quality of the institutional can not only provide support good institutional investors, political risk exists even make investors face the risk of capital loss. After thirty years of reform and opening up, China's socialist market economic institutional gradually perfect, but the law degree is relatively low. is the important reason for boosting China's capital output. But at present, the capital output is still in the development stage of the lower level, the target region is not very clear, gravity force domestic than foreign.
Third, enterprises in transnational operation decision-making for high quality country or region, tend to the larger institutional distance countries or regions to export, institutional smaller countries or areas to investment
High quality institutional country or region has great attraction to our export and outward foreign direct investment, the higher the quality of the target country institutional means that the institutional is relatively perfect, can provide the institutional safeguard for the transnational operation of enterprises,reduce the transaction cost. But the institutional of the target is not the higher the necessarily conducive to maximize profits, at the same time higher institutional quality also means the institutional differences with China's larger difference, institutional will enable the operator to face more institutional environment strange.International trading is different from domestic trading, the operator must familiar with and adapt to the target country's environment can operate successfully. Enteiprise first identified in the transnational business choose high institutional quality area, then choose the export business model and the investment management mode, there is a close relationship between the policy and institutional distance, when institutional distance is big means transaction cost operators greater, export mode in this case for maximum profit, when the distance is small means transaction cost operators may be smaller, pattern of transnational investment in this case may be the optimal decision. Investment mode is greatly affected by the host country institutional factors, the export model from the importing country institutional environment constraints are relatively small, rational enterprises in transnational operation decision-making for high quality country or region, tend to the institutional away from the larger countries or regions to export, institutional distance smaller countries or areas of investment, which is beneficial to realize profit maximization.
Fourth, informal institutional language has an important impact on exports and investment
Since the reform and opening up, especially joining the WTO, China's output of goods and capital export growth, export volume ranked first in the world, the outward foreign investment flows has ranked third in the world, huge export and outward foreign investment to make a great contribution to the economic growth. In the development of transnational business,because of the language differences will have communication obstacles,to solve the communication obstacles, one country must learn another language, and the language learning needs cost. At present, Chinese is not the international language, China's trade with the major countries, often have to use English or other languages, so it takes a lot of language learning cost. In this paper, the study of language influence on export and foreign direct investment, that language is a kind of transaction cost. Under the condition of open economy, small is mainly responsible for the cost of the language. With the increase of the number of their learning international language, there is a limit number of this learning language proportion, if more than the limit it will hinder the development of international trade. Language learning capital increase can also promote the development of foreign trade and economic relations.Language international promotion to reduce transaction costs.If there is a unified international language in the world, the international economic and trade exchanges would no longer need to learn a variety of language, language learning costs will be greatly reduced, the communication between countries will be more convenient, is conducive to the development of international trade and the global economy.
引文
陈飞翔.试论中国特色的自由贸易政策[J].国际贸易问题,1996(6)
陈立敏.贸易创造还是贸易替代——对外直接投资与对外贸易关系的研究综述[J].国际贸易问题,2010(4)
陈昊,陈小明.文化距离对出口贸易的影响——基于修正引力模型的实证检验[J].中国经济问题,2011(11)
陈晋文.制度变迁与近代中国的对外贸易——以1913-1926年北京政府时期的对外贸易为例[J].国际贸易问题,2009(1)
邓海滨,廖进中.制度质量与国际R&D溢出[J].国际贸易问题,2010(3)
丁辉侠,冯宗宪.制度与非制度因素对中国服务业利用FDI的影响——一个区位优势分析视角的实证分析[J].财经研究,2008(6)
冯伟.经济增长中的本土市场规模、对外贸易与制度差异：理论与实证[J].制度经济学研究,2011(4)
龚晓莺,杨小勇,王朝科.国际贸易与国际直接投资的三种关系——芒德尔贸易与投资替代模型引发的思考[J].国际商务——对外经济贸易大学学报,2006(4)
郭苏文,黄汉民.制度质量、制度稳定性与对外贸易：一项实证研究[J].国际经贸探索,2011(4)
郭苏文,黄汉民.制度距离对我国外向FDI的影响——基于动态面板模型的实证研究[J].国际经贸探索,2010(11)
郭艳茹.制度、权力与经济绩效：阿西莫格鲁(Acemoglu)理论评述[J].理论学刊,2010(5)
海闻.国际贸易理论的新发展[J].经济研究,1995(7)
韩士专.中国市场化程度的判断与预测——基于加拿大弗拉瑟研究所“世界经济自由度”的视角[J].统计与信息论坛,2008(9)
胡超,张捷.制度环境与服务贸易比较优势的形成：基于跨国截面数据的实证研究[J].南方经济,2011(2)
姜书竹,张旭昆.东盟贸易效应的引力模型[J].数量经济与技术经济研究, 2003(10)
阚大学,罗良文.文化差异与我国对外贸易流量的实证研究——基于贸易引力模型[J].中央财经大学学报,2011(7)
鲁明泓.制度因素与国际直接投资区位分布：一项实证研究[J].经济研究,1999(7)
卢荣善.市场经济制度：经济发展的首要因素[J].安徽师范大学学报,2004(1)
骆许蓓.论双边贸易研究中重力模型的距离因素[J].世界经济文汇,2003(2)
李尔博王.我国经济自由度的现状及分析[J].西南科技大学学报,2008(2)刘岩.贸易流量引力模型的理论研究综述[J].国际商务——对外经济贸易大学学报,2010(3)
李丽,徐明峰.转轨国家经济自由度与经济发展的相关性研究[J].世界经济研究,2006(7)
林玲,王炎.贸易引力模型对中国双边贸易的实证检验和政策含义[J].世界经济研究,2004(7)
林勇,宋金芳.语言经济学评述[J].经济学动态,2004(3)
刘志彪.国际贸易和直接投资：基于产业经济学的分析[J].南京大学学报,2002(3)
宁继鸣,王海兰.汉语国际推广的公共产品属性分析[J].东岳论从,2009(3)
宁继鸣,谢志平,王海兰.交易成本视角下的汉语国际推广对我国经济贸易的意义[J].山东社会科学,2008(5)
潘向东,廖进中,赖明勇.制度因素与双边贸易：一项基于中国的经验研究[J].世界经济,2004(5)
潘向东,廖进中,赖明勇.经济制度安排、国际贸易与经济增长影响机理的经验研究[J].经济研究,2005(11)
潘镇.制度距离与外商直接投资—项基于中国的经验研究[J].财贸经济,2006(6)
潘镇.制度质量、制度距离与双边贸易[J].中国工业经济,2006(7)丁辉侠,冯宗宪.正式与非正式制度对中国吸引外商直接投资的影响——以引力模型为基 础的实证分析[J].财贸经济,2005(12)
钱争鸣,邓明.文化距离、制度距离与自然人流动政策的溢出[J].国际贸易问题,2009(10)
邱立成,王风丽.我国对外直接投资主要宏观影响因素的实证研究[J].国际贸易问题,2008(6)
盛斌,廖明中.中国的贸易流量与出口潜力：引力模型的研究[J].世界经济,2004(2)
史朝兴,顾海英.贸易引力模型研究新进展及其在中国的应用[J].财贸研究,2005(3)
孙林.贸易流量零值情况下引力模型估计方法的优化选择——来自蒙特卡罗模拟的证据[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2011(3)
孙林.中国农产品贸易流量及潜力测算——基于引力模型的实证分析[J].经济学家,2008(6)
谭祖谊.我国对外贸易政策经济绩效的实证检验[J].国际商务——对外经济贸易大学学报,2009(4)
田晖,蒋辰春.国家文化距离对中国对外贸易的影响——基于31个国家和地区贸易数据的引力模型分析[J].国际贸易问题,2012(11)
田贞余.我国大陆与香港地区贸易的引力模型分析[J].财经科学,2005(3)
王海兰,宁继鸣.作为人力资本的语言技能：一个经济学的分析框架[J].制度经济学研究,2012(1)
王璐瑶,罗伟.中国“文化赤字”的影响因素——基于引力模型和面板数据的实证分析[J].国际经济合作,2010(5)
王世春.差异与评估——中国、印度、俄罗斯三国经济自由度比较[J].国际贸易,2003(11)
魏浩,何晓琳,赵春明.制度水平、制度差距与发展中国家的对外贸易发展——来自全球31个发展中国家的国家经验[J].南开经济研究,2010(5)
闻亭.不同文化距离下的态度与习得水平调查研究[J].语言教学与研究,2009(3)
吴丹.制度因素与东亚双边贸易：贸易引力模型的实证分析[J].经济经纬, 2008(3)
吴先明.国际贸易理论与国际直接投资理论的融合发展趋势[J].国际贸易问题,1999(7)
谢孟军.基于制度质量视角的我国出口贸易区位选择影响因素研究[J],国际贸易问题,2013(6)
谢孟军,郭艳茹.语言交易成本对中国出口贸易的影响[J],现代财经,2013(5)
谢孟军,郭艳茹.法律制度质量对中国对外直接投资区位选择影响研究[J],国际经贸探索,2013(6)
谢孟军,王立勇.经济制度质量对我国出口贸易影响的实证研究[J],财贸研究,2013(6)
熊峰,黄汉民.贸易政策的制度质量分析——基于制度稳定性视角的研究评述[J].中南财经政法大学学报,2009(5)
熊贤良.国际贸易中的交易成本[J].南开经济研究,1993(3)
许云鹰.跨国公司的内部化对我国企业的启示[J].财经研究,1992(8)
姚利民,孙春媛.中国逆向性FDI决定因素的实证分析[-J].国际贸易问题,2007(4)
阎大颖.国际经验、文化距离与中国企业海外并购的经营绩效[J].经济评论,2009(1)
阎大颖,任兵,赵奇伟.跨国并购抑或合资新建——基于制度视角的中国企业对外直接投资模式决策分析[J].山西财经大学学报,2010(12)
殷华方,鲁明泓.文化距离和国际直接投资流向：S型曲线假说[J].南方经济,2011(1)
余淼杰.发展中国家间的民主进步能促进其双边贸易吗——基于引力模型的一个实证研究[J].经济学(季刊),2008(7)
余淼杰.中国的贸易自由化与制造业企业生产率[J].经济研究,2010(12)
赵金锁.现行国有企业制度变迁分析——基于经济自由度视角[J].甘肃社会科学,2011(6)
张海森,谢杰.中国——非洲农产品贸易的决定因素与潜力——基于引力模 型的实证研究[J].国际贸易问题,201 1(3)
张为付,武齐.我国企业对外直接投资的理论分析与实证检验[J].国际贸易问题,2007(5)
张卫国.语言的经济学分析：一个综述[J].经济评论,2011(4)
张晓晶.中国市场化进程报告：现状分析与未来预测[J].管理世界,2004(3)
张雨,戴翔.政治风险影响了我国企业“走出去”吗[J].国际经贸探索,2013(5)
宗芳宇,路江涌,武常岐.双边投资协定、制度环境和企业对外直接投资区位选择[J].经济研究,2012(5)
Acemoglu, D., S. Johnson, and J. Robinson. Institutions as the Fundamental Cause of Long-run Growth[R]. NBER Working Paper, No.10481,2004.
Anderson, J. A Theoretical Foundation for the Gravity Equation[J]. American Economic Review,1979,69(1).
Anderson, J.E., and E. Van Wincoop. Trade Costs[J]. Journal of Economic Literature,2004,42(3).
Acemoglou,D., Johnson, S. and Robinson J. A.,2005,"Institutions as the Fundamental Cause of Long-Run Growth", http://econ-www.mit.edu.
Acemoglou, D.,2005,"The Form of Property Rights:Oligarchic vs. Democratic Societies", http://www.nber.org/papers/w10037.
Arrow, Kenneth J.,1962,"The Economic Implication of Learning by Doing",Review of Economic Studies,29,155-173.
Austen-Smith,D. and Banks,J.S.,1999,Positive Political Theoryl:Collective Preference, Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Press.
Bao S., Chang G. H., Sachs J. D. and Woo W. T. Geographic factors and China's regional development under market reforms,1978-1998, China Economic Review.2002(13),89-111.
Belderbos R. and Carree M. The location of Japanese investment in China: Agglomeration effects, keiretsu, and firm heterogeneity, Journal of Japanese and International Economies.2002 (16),194-211.
Ben-akiva M. and Lerman S. R. Discrete Choice Analysis:Theory and Application. MIT Press, Cambridge.1985
Blonigen B. A., Ells C. J. and Fausten D. Industrial groupings and foreign direct investment, Journal of International Economics.2005 (65),75-91.
Braunerhjelm P. and Svensson R. Host country characteristics and agglomeration in foreign direct investment, Applied Economics.1996 (28),833-40.
Barro, Robert J. and Lee,1993/'International Comparison of Educational Attainment",Journal ofMonetary Economics,32(3).
Barzel, Y.,1989,Economic Analysis of Property Rights, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Becker, Gary S. and Murphy, K.1992,"The Division of Labor, Coordination Costs, and Knowledge",Quarterly Journal ofEconomics,107,1137-1160.
Coase Ronald H.1937,'The Nature of the Firm",Economics, (4):386-405.
Carlton D. W. The location and employment choices of new firms:An econometric model with discrete and continuous endogenous variables. Review of Economics and Statistics.1983 (65),440-9.
Caves R. E. Multinational Enterprises and Economic Analysis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.1996
Chang S.-J. and Park S. Types of firms generating network externalities and MNCs'co-location decisions, Strategic Management Journal.2005 (26),595-615.
Chen C.-H. Regional determinants of foreign direct investment in mainland China, Journal of Economic Studies.199623,18-30.
Chen C. Provincial characteristics and foreign direct investment location decision within China, Chinese Economic Research Centre Working Paper no.97/16, The University of Adelaide.1997
Chen G. S.-K. Agglomeration Economies and the Location of Foreign Direct Investment:A Study of the Regional Distribution of Taiwanese Investment in China, PhD Thesis, Department of Economics, Monash University, Clayton.2008
Chen H. and Chen T.-J. Network linkages and locational choice in foreign direct investment, Journal of International Business Studies.1998 (29), 445-68.
Chen T.-J. (Ed) Taiwanese Firms in Southeast Asia:Networking Across Borders. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK.1998
Chen T.-J. and KU Y.-H. The effect of foreign direct investment on firm growth: The case of Taiwan's manufacturers, Japan and the World Economy.2000 (12), 153-72.
Cheng S. The role of labour cost in the location choices of Japanese investors in China, Papers in Regional Science.2006 (85),121-38.
Cheng S. Structure of firm location choices:an examination of Japanese greenfield investment in China, Asian Economic Journal.2007 (1),47-73.
Cheng S. How can western China attract FDI? A case of Japanese investment, Annals of Regional Science.2008a (42),357-74.
Cheng S. Location decision variations of Japanese investors in China, Review of Regional Studies.2008b (38),395-415.
Cheng S. and Stough R. R. Location decisions of Japanese new manufacturing plants in China:a discrete-choice analysis, Annals of Regional Science 2006 (40),369-87.
Crozet M., Mayer T. and Mucchielli J. L. How do firms agglomerate? A study of FDI in France, Regional Science and Urban Economics,2004,(34),27-54.
De Groot, H., G. M. Linders, P. Rietveld, and U. Subramanian.The Institutional Determinants of Bilateral TradePatterns[J]. Kyklos,2004,57(1).
Deardorff, A.V. Determinants of Bilateral Trade:Does Gravity Work in a Neoclassical World [A], in J. Frankel(ed.), The Regionalization of the World Economy [C]. Chicago University of Chicago Press,1998.
Deardorff, A.V. Local Comparative Advantage:Trade Costs and the Pattern of Trade [R]. Research Seminar in International Economics Discussion Paper, University of Michigan,2004.
Dollar, D., and A. Kraay. Institutions, Trade and Growth[J]. Journal of Monetary Economics,2003,50(1).
De Long.J.Bradford and Shleifer, A."Princes and Merchants:City Growth before the Industrial Revolution",Journal of Law and Economics,1993,36(2),671-702.
Djankov, S., La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes,F. and Shleifer, A."Courts",QuarterlyJournal ofEconomics,2003(118),453-517.
Easterly, W. and Levine,R. "Tropics, Germs and Crops:HowEndowments Influence Economic Development" Journal ofMonetary Economics,2003,50(1), 3-39.
Eggertsson,T.Imperfect Institutions:Possibilities andLimits ofReform, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.2005
Easterly, W., and R. Levine. Tropics, Germs, and Crops:How Endowments Influence Economic Development J]. Journal of Monetary Economics,2003,50(1).
Frankel, J. A. and Romer,D."DoesTrade Cause Growth?",The American Economic Review,1999(6),379-399.
Ghironi F., and M. Melitz. International Trade and Macroeconomic Dynamics with Heterogeneous Firms [J].Quarterly Journal of Economics,2005,120(3).
Glaeser.E. L..Porta,Rafael La.Lopez-de-Silanes,Florencio and Shleifer,A."Do Institutions Cause Growth?"http://www.nber.org/papers/w10568.2004
Goodfriend, M. and J. McDermott"Early Development",American Economic Review,1995(85),116-133.
Greif,A.,"Cultural Beliefs and the Organization of Society:A Historical and Theoretical Reflection on Collectivist and Individualist Societies",Journal ofPolitical Economy,1994(102),912-950.
Haber,S."It Wasn't All Prebisch's Fault:The Political Economy of Latin American Industrialization",Stanford UniversityMimeo.2003
Haber,S. Razo,A. and Maurer,N.The Politics ofProperty Rights:Political Instability,Credible Commitment and Economic Growth in Mexico1876-1929, Cambridge UK:Cambridge University Press.2003
Hall, R. E. and Jones C. I."Why Do Some CountriesProduct SoMuchMore Output perWorker than Others?",Quarterly Journal ofEconomics,1999,114(1), 83-116.
Klenow, P. and Rodriguez-Clare, A."The Neoclassical Revival in Growth Economics:Has It GoneToo Far?", In Ben S. Bernanke and Julio J. Rotemberg, eds.,NBERMacroeconomics Annual 1997, Cambridge, MA:MITPress,1997,73-103.
Levine, R., Loayza, N. and Beck.T.Financial Intermediation and Growth:"Causality and Causes",Journal of Monetary Economics,2000(46),31-77.
Lucas, R. On the Mechanism of Economic Development[J]. Journal of Monetary Economics,1988,22(1).
Lucas, Robert E. Jr.,,"On the Mechanism of Economic Development",Journal ofMonetary Economics,1988(22),3-22.
Mauro, P. Corruption and Growth [J]. Quarterly Journal of Economics,1995, 110(3).
Mulligan,C, Gil,R.and Sala-I-Martin,X.,"Do Democracies Have Different Public Policies than Nondemocracies?", Journal of Economic Perspectives,2004,18(1), 51-74.
North D. C. and Thomas R. P.,1973,The Rise ofthe Western World, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1973.
North, D. C.,1981,Structure and Change in EconomicHistory, New York:WW, Norton&Company, Inc..
North, Douglass C., and R. Thomas. The Rise of the Western World:A New Economic History [M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1973.
Poyhonen, P. A Tentative Model for the Volume of Trade between Countries [J]. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv,1963,90(1).
Qu T. and Green M. B. Chinese Foreign Direct Investment:A Subnational Perspective on Location. Ashgate, Aldershot.1997
Rosenthal S. S. and Strange W. C. Evidence on the nature and sources of agglomeration economies, in HENDERSON V. and THISSE J.-F. (Eds) Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics, Volume IV. North-Holland, Amsterdam.2004
Romer, P. Endogenous Technological Change [J]. Journal of Political Economy, 1990,98(5). [67]
Tinbergen, J. Suggestions for an International Economic Policy [M]. New York: The Twentieth Century Fund,1962.
Sun Q., Tong W. and Yu Q. Determinants of foreign direct investment across China, Journal of International Money and Finance.2002 (21),79-113.
Train K. E. Discrete Choice Methods with Simulation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.2003
Tung C. and NG L. F. Y. Manufacturing agglomeration as incentives to Asian FDI in China after WTO, Journal of Asian Economics.2004 (15),673-93.
Tung C.-Y. China's Economic Leverage and Taiwan's Security Concerns With Respect to Cross-Strait Economic Relations, PhD Thesis, School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore.2000
Tung C.-Y. Cross-Strait Economic Relations in the Era of Globalization (in Chinese). Sheng-Chih, Taipei.2003
Wade R. Governing the Market:Economic Theory and the Role of Government in East Asian Industrialization. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.1992
Wakasugi R. The effects of Chinese regional conditions on the location choice of Japanese affiliates, Japanese Economic Review.2005 (56),390-407.
Wei Y. and Liu X. Foreign Direct Investment in China:Determinants and Impact. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.2001
Wei, S.J. Natural Openness and Good Government [R]. NBER Working Paper, 2000.
Wei Y, Liu X., Parker D. and Vaidyak K. The regional distribution of foreign direct investment in China, Regional Studies1999 (33),857-67.
陈立敏.贸易创造还是贸易替代——对外直接投资与对外贸易关系的研究综述[J].国际贸易问题,2010(4)
陈昊,陈小明.文化距离对出口贸易的影响——基于修正引力模型的实证检验[J].中国经济问题,2011(11)
陈晋文.制度变迁与近代中国的对外贸易——以1913-1926年北京政府时期的对外贸易为例[J].国际贸易问题,2009(1)
邓海滨,廖进中.制度质量与国际R&D溢出[J].国际贸易问题,2010(3)
丁辉侠,冯宗宪.制度与非制度因素对中国服务业利用FDI的影响——一个区位优势分析视角的实证分析[J].财经研究,2008(6)
冯伟.经济增长中的本土市场规模、对外贸易与制度差异：理论与实证[J].制度经济学研究,2011(4)
龚晓莺,杨小勇,王朝科.国际贸易与国际直接投资的三种关系——芒德尔贸易与投资替代模型引发的思考[J].国际商务——对外经济贸易大学学报,2006(4)
郭苏文,黄汉民.制度质量、制度稳定性与对外贸易：一项实证研究[J].国际经贸探索,2011(4)
郭苏文,黄汉民.制度距离对我国外向FDI的影响——基于动态面板模型的实证研究[J].国际经贸探索,2010(11)
郭艳茹.制度、权力与经济绩效：阿西莫格鲁(Acemoglu)理论评述[J].理论学刊,2010(5)
海闻.国际贸易理论的新发展[J].经济研究,1995(7)
韩士专.中国市场化程度的判断与预测——基于加拿大弗拉瑟研究所“世界经济自由度”的视角[J].统计与信息论坛,2008(9)
胡超,张捷.制度环境与服务贸易比较优势的形成：基于跨国截面数据的实证研究[J].南方经济,2011(2)
姜书竹,张旭昆.东盟贸易效应的引力模型[J].数量经济与技术经济研究, 2003(10)
阚大学,罗良文.文化差异与我国对外贸易流量的实证研究——基于贸易引力模型[J].中央财经大学学报,2011(7)
鲁明泓.制度因素与国际直接投资区位分布：一项实证研究[J].经济研究,1999(7)
卢荣善.市场经济制度：经济发展的首要因素[J].安徽师范大学学报,2004(1)
骆许蓓.论双边贸易研究中重力模型的距离因素[J].世界经济文汇,2003(2)
李尔博王.我国经济自由度的现状及分析[J].西南科技大学学报,2008(2)刘岩.贸易流量引力模型的理论研究综述[J].国际商务——对外经济贸易大学学报,2010(3)
李丽,徐明峰.转轨国家经济自由度与经济发展的相关性研究[J].世界经济研究,2006(7)
林玲,王炎.贸易引力模型对中国双边贸易的实证检验和政策含义[J].世界经济研究,2004(7)
林勇,宋金芳.语言经济学评述[J].经济学动态,2004(3)
刘志彪.国际贸易和直接投资：基于产业经济学的分析[J].南京大学学报,2002(3)
宁继鸣,王海兰.汉语国际推广的公共产品属性分析[J].东岳论从,2009(3)
宁继鸣,谢志平,王海兰.交易成本视角下的汉语国际推广对我国经济贸易的意义[J].山东社会科学,2008(5)
潘向东,廖进中,赖明勇.制度因素与双边贸易：一项基于中国的经验研究[J].世界经济,2004(5)
潘向东,廖进中,赖明勇.经济制度安排、国际贸易与经济增长影响机理的经验研究[J].经济研究,2005(11)
潘镇.制度距离与外商直接投资—项基于中国的经验研究[J].财贸经济,2006(6)
潘镇.制度质量、制度距离与双边贸易[J].中国工业经济,2006(7)丁辉侠,冯宗宪.正式与非正式制度对中国吸引外商直接投资的影响——以引力模型为基 础的实证分析[J].财贸经济,2005(12)
钱争鸣,邓明.文化距离、制度距离与自然人流动政策的溢出[J].国际贸易问题,2009(10)
邱立成,王风丽.我国对外直接投资主要宏观影响因素的实证研究[J].国际贸易问题,2008(6)
盛斌,廖明中.中国的贸易流量与出口潜力：引力模型的研究[J].世界经济,2004(2)
史朝兴,顾海英.贸易引力模型研究新进展及其在中国的应用[J].财贸研究,2005(3)
孙林.贸易流量零值情况下引力模型估计方法的优化选择——来自蒙特卡罗模拟的证据[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2011(3)
孙林.中国农产品贸易流量及潜力测算——基于引力模型的实证分析[J].经济学家,2008(6)
谭祖谊.我国对外贸易政策经济绩效的实证检验[J].国际商务——对外经济贸易大学学报,2009(4)
田晖,蒋辰春.国家文化距离对中国对外贸易的影响——基于31个国家和地区贸易数据的引力模型分析[J].国际贸易问题,2012(11)
田贞余.我国大陆与香港地区贸易的引力模型分析[J].财经科学,2005(3)
王海兰,宁继鸣.作为人力资本的语言技能：一个经济学的分析框架[J].制度经济学研究,2012(1)
王璐瑶,罗伟.中国“文化赤字”的影响因素——基于引力模型和面板数据的实证分析[J].国际经济合作,2010(5)
王世春.差异与评估——中国、印度、俄罗斯三国经济自由度比较[J].国际贸易,2003(11)
魏浩,何晓琳,赵春明.制度水平、制度差距与发展中国家的对外贸易发展——来自全球31个发展中国家的国家经验[J].南开经济研究,2010(5)
闻亭.不同文化距离下的态度与习得水平调查研究[J].语言教学与研究,2009(3)
吴丹.制度因素与东亚双边贸易：贸易引力模型的实证分析[J].经济经纬, 2008(3)
吴先明.国际贸易理论与国际直接投资理论的融合发展趋势[J].国际贸易问题,1999(7)
谢孟军.基于制度质量视角的我国出口贸易区位选择影响因素研究[J],国际贸易问题,2013(6)
谢孟军,郭艳茹.语言交易成本对中国出口贸易的影响[J],现代财经,2013(5)
谢孟军,郭艳茹.法律制度质量对中国对外直接投资区位选择影响研究[J],国际经贸探索,2013(6)
谢孟军,王立勇.经济制度质量对我国出口贸易影响的实证研究[J],财贸研究,2013(6)
熊峰,黄汉民.贸易政策的制度质量分析——基于制度稳定性视角的研究评述[J].中南财经政法大学学报,2009(5)
熊贤良.国际贸易中的交易成本[J].南开经济研究,1993(3)
许云鹰.跨国公司的内部化对我国企业的启示[J].财经研究,1992(8)
姚利民,孙春媛.中国逆向性FDI决定因素的实证分析[-J].国际贸易问题,2007(4)
阎大颖.国际经验、文化距离与中国企业海外并购的经营绩效[J].经济评论,2009(1)
阎大颖,任兵,赵奇伟.跨国并购抑或合资新建——基于制度视角的中国企业对外直接投资模式决策分析[J].山西财经大学学报,2010(12)
殷华方,鲁明泓.文化距离和国际直接投资流向：S型曲线假说[J].南方经济,2011(1)
余淼杰.发展中国家间的民主进步能促进其双边贸易吗——基于引力模型的一个实证研究[J].经济学(季刊),2008(7)
余淼杰.中国的贸易自由化与制造业企业生产率[J].经济研究,2010(12)
赵金锁.现行国有企业制度变迁分析——基于经济自由度视角[J].甘肃社会科学,2011(6)
张海森,谢杰.中国——非洲农产品贸易的决定因素与潜力——基于引力模 型的实证研究[J].国际贸易问题,201 1(3)
张为付,武齐.我国企业对外直接投资的理论分析与实证检验[J].国际贸易问题,2007(5)
张卫国.语言的经济学分析：一个综述[J].经济评论,2011(4)
张晓晶.中国市场化进程报告：现状分析与未来预测[J].管理世界,2004(3)
张雨,戴翔.政治风险影响了我国企业“走出去”吗[J].国际经贸探索,2013(5)
宗芳宇,路江涌,武常岐.双边投资协定、制度环境和企业对外直接投资区位选择[J].经济研究,2012(5)
Acemoglu, D., S. Johnson, and J. Robinson. Institutions as the Fundamental Cause of Long-run Growth[R]. NBER Working Paper, No.10481,2004.
Anderson, J. A Theoretical Foundation for the Gravity Equation[J]. American Economic Review,1979,69(1).
Anderson, J.E., and E. Van Wincoop. Trade Costs[J]. Journal of Economic Literature,2004,42(3).
Acemoglou,D., Johnson, S. and Robinson J. A.,2005,"Institutions as the Fundamental Cause of Long-Run Growth", http://econ-www.mit.edu.
Acemoglou, D.,2005,"The Form of Property Rights:Oligarchic vs. Democratic Societies", http://www.nber.org/papers/w10037.
Arrow, Kenneth J.,1962,"The Economic Implication of Learning by Doing",Review of Economic Studies,29,155-173.
Austen-Smith,D. and Banks,J.S.,1999,Positive Political Theoryl:Collective Preference, Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Press.
Bao S., Chang G. H., Sachs J. D. and Woo W. T. Geographic factors and China's regional development under market reforms,1978-1998, China Economic Review.2002(13),89-111.
Belderbos R. and Carree M. The location of Japanese investment in China: Agglomeration effects, keiretsu, and firm heterogeneity, Journal of Japanese and International Economies.2002 (16),194-211.
Ben-akiva M. and Lerman S. R. Discrete Choice Analysis:Theory and Application. MIT Press, Cambridge.1985
Blonigen B. A., Ells C. J. and Fausten D. Industrial groupings and foreign direct investment, Journal of International Economics.2005 (65),75-91.
Braunerhjelm P. and Svensson R. Host country characteristics and agglomeration in foreign direct investment, Applied Economics.1996 (28),833-40.
Barro, Robert J. and Lee,1993/'International Comparison of Educational Attainment",Journal ofMonetary Economics,32(3).
Barzel, Y.,1989,Economic Analysis of Property Rights, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Becker, Gary S. and Murphy, K.1992,"The Division of Labor, Coordination Costs, and Knowledge",Quarterly Journal ofEconomics,107,1137-1160.
Coase Ronald H.1937,'The Nature of the Firm",Economics, (4):386-405.
Carlton D. W. The location and employment choices of new firms:An econometric model with discrete and continuous endogenous variables. Review of Economics and Statistics.1983 (65),440-9.
Caves R. E. Multinational Enterprises and Economic Analysis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.1996
Chang S.-J. and Park S. Types of firms generating network externalities and MNCs'co-location decisions, Strategic Management Journal.2005 (26),595-615.
Chen C.-H. Regional determinants of foreign direct investment in mainland China, Journal of Economic Studies.199623,18-30.
Chen C. Provincial characteristics and foreign direct investment location decision within China, Chinese Economic Research Centre Working Paper no.97/16, The University of Adelaide.1997
Chen G. S.-K. Agglomeration Economies and the Location of Foreign Direct Investment:A Study of the Regional Distribution of Taiwanese Investment in China, PhD Thesis, Department of Economics, Monash University, Clayton.2008
Chen H. and Chen T.-J. Network linkages and locational choice in foreign direct investment, Journal of International Business Studies.1998 (29), 445-68.
Chen T.-J. (Ed) Taiwanese Firms in Southeast Asia:Networking Across Borders. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK.1998
Chen T.-J. and KU Y.-H. The effect of foreign direct investment on firm growth: The case of Taiwan's manufacturers, Japan and the World Economy.2000 (12), 153-72.
Cheng S. The role of labour cost in the location choices of Japanese investors in China, Papers in Regional Science.2006 (85),121-38.
Cheng S. Structure of firm location choices:an examination of Japanese greenfield investment in China, Asian Economic Journal.2007 (1),47-73.
Cheng S. How can western China attract FDI? A case of Japanese investment, Annals of Regional Science.2008a (42),357-74.
Cheng S. Location decision variations of Japanese investors in China, Review of Regional Studies.2008b (38),395-415.
Cheng S. and Stough R. R. Location decisions of Japanese new manufacturing plants in China:a discrete-choice analysis, Annals of Regional Science 2006 (40),369-87.
Crozet M., Mayer T. and Mucchielli J. L. How do firms agglomerate? A study of FDI in France, Regional Science and Urban Economics,2004,(34),27-54.
De Groot, H., G. M. Linders, P. Rietveld, and U. Subramanian.The Institutional Determinants of Bilateral TradePatterns[J]. Kyklos,2004,57(1).
Deardorff, A.V. Determinants of Bilateral Trade:Does Gravity Work in a Neoclassical World [A], in J. Frankel(ed.), The Regionalization of the World Economy [C]. Chicago University of Chicago Press,1998.
Deardorff, A.V. Local Comparative Advantage:Trade Costs and the Pattern of Trade [R]. Research Seminar in International Economics Discussion Paper, University of Michigan,2004.
Dollar, D., and A. Kraay. Institutions, Trade and Growth[J]. Journal of Monetary Economics,2003,50(1).
De Long.J.Bradford and Shleifer, A."Princes and Merchants:City Growth before the Industrial Revolution",Journal of Law and Economics,1993,36(2),671-702.
Djankov, S., La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes,F. and Shleifer, A."Courts",QuarterlyJournal ofEconomics,2003(118),453-517.
Easterly, W. and Levine,R. "Tropics, Germs and Crops:HowEndowments Influence Economic Development" Journal ofMonetary Economics,2003,50(1), 3-39.
Eggertsson,T.Imperfect Institutions:Possibilities andLimits ofReform, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.2005
Easterly, W., and R. Levine. Tropics, Germs, and Crops:How Endowments Influence Economic Development J]. Journal of Monetary Economics,2003,50(1).
Frankel, J. A. and Romer,D."DoesTrade Cause Growth?",The American Economic Review,1999(6),379-399.
Ghironi F., and M. Melitz. International Trade and Macroeconomic Dynamics with Heterogeneous Firms [J].Quarterly Journal of Economics,2005,120(3).
Glaeser.E. L..Porta,Rafael La.Lopez-de-Silanes,Florencio and Shleifer,A."Do Institutions Cause Growth?"http://www.nber.org/papers/w10568.2004
Goodfriend, M. and J. McDermott"Early Development",American Economic Review,1995(85),116-133.
Greif,A.,"Cultural Beliefs and the Organization of Society:A Historical and Theoretical Reflection on Collectivist and Individualist Societies",Journal ofPolitical Economy,1994(102),912-950.
Haber,S."It Wasn't All Prebisch's Fault:The Political Economy of Latin American Industrialization",Stanford UniversityMimeo.2003
Haber,S. Razo,A. and Maurer,N.The Politics ofProperty Rights:Political Instability,Credible Commitment and Economic Growth in Mexico1876-1929, Cambridge UK:Cambridge University Press.2003
Hall, R. E. and Jones C. I."Why Do Some CountriesProduct SoMuchMore Output perWorker than Others?",Quarterly Journal ofEconomics,1999,114(1), 83-116.
Klenow, P. and Rodriguez-Clare, A."The Neoclassical Revival in Growth Economics:Has It GoneToo Far?", In Ben S. Bernanke and Julio J. Rotemberg, eds.,NBERMacroeconomics Annual 1997, Cambridge, MA:MITPress,1997,73-103.
Levine, R., Loayza, N. and Beck.T.Financial Intermediation and Growth:"Causality and Causes",Journal of Monetary Economics,2000(46),31-77.
Lucas, R. On the Mechanism of Economic Development[J]. Journal of Monetary Economics,1988,22(1).
Lucas, Robert E. Jr.,,"On the Mechanism of Economic Development",Journal ofMonetary Economics,1988(22),3-22.
Mauro, P. Corruption and Growth [J]. Quarterly Journal of Economics,1995, 110(3).
Mulligan,C, Gil,R.and Sala-I-Martin,X.,"Do Democracies Have Different Public Policies than Nondemocracies?", Journal of Economic Perspectives,2004,18(1), 51-74.
North D. C. and Thomas R. P.,1973,The Rise ofthe Western World, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1973.
North, D. C.,1981,Structure and Change in EconomicHistory, New York:WW, Norton&Company, Inc..
North, Douglass C., and R. Thomas. The Rise of the Western World:A New Economic History [M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1973.
Poyhonen, P. A Tentative Model for the Volume of Trade between Countries [J]. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv,1963,90(1).
Qu T. and Green M. B. Chinese Foreign Direct Investment:A Subnational Perspective on Location. Ashgate, Aldershot.1997
Rosenthal S. S. and Strange W. C. Evidence on the nature and sources of agglomeration economies, in HENDERSON V. and THISSE J.-F. (Eds) Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics, Volume IV. North-Holland, Amsterdam.2004
Romer, P. Endogenous Technological Change [J]. Journal of Political Economy, 1990,98(5). [67]
Tinbergen, J. Suggestions for an International Economic Policy [M]. New York: The Twentieth Century Fund,1962.
Sun Q., Tong W. and Yu Q. Determinants of foreign direct investment across China, Journal of International Money and Finance.2002 (21),79-113.
Train K. E. Discrete Choice Methods with Simulation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.2003
Tung C. and NG L. F. Y. Manufacturing agglomeration as incentives to Asian FDI in China after WTO, Journal of Asian Economics.2004 (15),673-93.
Tung C.-Y. China's Economic Leverage and Taiwan's Security Concerns With Respect to Cross-Strait Economic Relations, PhD Thesis, School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore.2000
Tung C.-Y. Cross-Strait Economic Relations in the Era of Globalization (in Chinese). Sheng-Chih, Taipei.2003
Wade R. Governing the Market:Economic Theory and the Role of Government in East Asian Industrialization. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.1992
Wakasugi R. The effects of Chinese regional conditions on the location choice of Japanese affiliates, Japanese Economic Review.2005 (56),390-407.
Wei Y. and Liu X. Foreign Direct Investment in China:Determinants and Impact. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.2001
Wei, S.J. Natural Openness and Good Government [R]. NBER Working Paper, 2000.
Wei Y, Liu X., Parker D. and Vaidyak K. The regional distribution of foreign direct investment in China, Regional Studies1999 (33),857-67.