吉林省绿豆品种遗传多样性与光合生产性能研究
摘要
绿豆(Vigna radiate)是豇豆属(Vigna)亚洲豇豆亚属(Ceratotropis)的主要栽培豆种,在我国具有悠久的栽培历史,也是我国传统的出口农产品,在农业生产和人民生活中具有独特的作用。绿豆富含蛋白质、维生素、矿质元素等营养物质,且具有药用价值,是广受欢迎的医食两用作物。
吉林省是我国绿豆主产省份之一,以白城市(洮南、通榆、镇赉)和松原市(前郭、乾安、长岭)等干旱盐碱地区种植面积最大。近年来,随着国家对绿豆等食用豆类科研资助力度的不断加强,吉林省绿豆育种单位选育了一批优良品种,并在生产中发挥着积极作用。为进一步明确吉林省绿豆育种新目标,研究了吉林省绿豆品种农艺性状遗传多样性,开展了吉林省近年来育成绿豆品种重要农艺性状的变化研究,以大面积推广的“吉绿3号”为研究对象开展了绿豆不同种植密度效应研究,分析了盛花期、结荚盛期及鼓粒盛期高、中、低产绿豆品种各器官干物质积累及部分光合性能的变化,为吉林省绿豆高产育种和指导栽培实践提供了理论依据。同时,开展了绿豆抗旱性早期鉴定方法研究,为开展绿豆抗旱育种奠定了基础。主要研究结果和结论如下：
1、对吉林省21个绿豆品种的16个形态性状进行了分析,结果表明所有绿豆品种的生长习性、荚色、粒色无多样性,生长习性均为半蔓生,荚色均为褐色,粒色均为绿色。单株产量的多样性指数最高为1.520,荚形的多样性指数最低为0.736。应适当选育直立生长习性的绿豆品种,以满足机械化收获的需要。仅有2个绿豆品种的百粒重超过6.8g,因此还应加大对大粒型绿豆品种的选育。吉林省绿豆品种亲缘关系较近,从目前吉林省育成绿豆品种的亲本来看,以大鹦哥绿系列为主,群体遗传基础狭窄,应拓展亲本来源,改善群体结构。
2、依据吸水后24h的发芽率对25个绿豆种质材料进行抗旱性分级,继而在萌发期、营养生长期和生殖生长期进行盆栽控水试验,根据抗旱等级验证绿豆植株的抗旱性。结果表明,绿豆品种间抗旱性存在显著差异。种子吸水量与抗旱性无关,幼苗侧根数、幼苗主根长度与抗旱性达到极显著正相关,根干重与抗旱性达到显著正相关。对萌发后幼苗供水24h后,随即停水24h,反复干旱处理,抗旱品种存活率显著高于普通品种。在营养生长期对盆栽植株进行暂时萎蔫(土壤含水量为9%-11%)的水分胁迫处理,发现停水后普通品种叶片首先发生萎蔫,且株高、茎直径及叶面积下降的程度均高于抗旱品种。水分胁迫下,抗旱品种株高、茎直径和叶片面积均显著高于普通品种,其中茎直径和叶片面积达到极显著差异水平。在结荚期暂时萎蔫的水分胁迫下,抗旱品种根的生物量和分枝的生物量显著高于普通品种。鼓粒期普通品种发生永久萎蔫、植株死亡,而抗旱品种仍能保持生长能力。因此,绿豆种子24h发芽率可作为绿豆品种抗旱性的鉴定和筛选方法,鼓粒期绿豆对水分胁迫最敏感。
3、以吉林省1986年至2011年育成的23个绿豆品种为试验材料,研究了绿豆产量及与产量相关农艺性状的变化。结果表明,吉林省绿豆产量从1986年到2011年间的品种改良过程中提高了22.99%,单株荚数、单荚粒数和单株产量都显著增加,说明随着育成年代的推进,新育成绿豆品种的库容在扩大。单株荚数、单荚粒数、单株产量、荚长与产量呈显著正相关,其中单株荚数与产量呈极显著正相关,表明单株荚数是决定产量的主要因素,因此吉林省绿豆品种改良过程中库容的扩大是产量增加的主要原因。叶片长与叶片宽随育成年代的推移变化不显著,但叶片宽与产量呈显著正相关。株高、主茎节数和分枝数随育成年代的推移而显著降低,其中主茎节数呈极显著相关,且株高和主茎节数与产量呈显著负相关,分枝数与产量呈不显著正相关。上述结果表明,吉林省绿豆品种在遗传改良过程中,叶片长和叶片宽没有发生明显的变化,但叶片宽度的增加有利于产量的提高,即吉林省绿豆品种的“源”没有明显变化。因此,吉林省绿豆高产育种目标应放在增“源”扩“库”上,在适当增加百粒重的基础上,选择荚多、荚长的新品种,同时注重株型的改善。
4、为明确种植密度对绿豆产量等性状的影响,于2007年和2008年分别设置5个密度水平(10.5万株/公顷、11.8万株/公顷、13.8万株/公顷、16.7万株/公顷、20万株/公顷),在吉林省农业科学院作物育种研究所试验田进行田间试验。结果表明,株高、主茎节数、产量性状在两年内不同密度条件下均无显著性差异,百粒重在2007年不同密度条件下达到了极显著差异,但在2008年差异不显著。分枝数、单株荚数和单株产量在两年内都达到了显著或极显著差异。2007年在16.7万株/公顷密度条件下产量达到最大值,2008年在13.8万株/公顷密度条件下产量达到最大值,说明吉绿3号在中、高密度条件下产量较高。通径分析表明,在不同密度条件下,对产量影响较大的直接作用因子不同,应根据绿豆品种自身性状特点选取合适种植密度范围,达到绿豆高产目标。
5、探讨了高产、中产及低产绿豆品种在开花盛期、结荚盛期、鼓粒盛期部分光合性能及各器官干物质的变化及与产量的关系。结果表明,(1)高、中产绿豆品种光合速率在结荚盛期有所下降,在鼓粒盛期有所上升,而低产品种在鼓粒盛期有所下降,降幅为6.93%。在盛花期、结荚盛期高、中、低产品种光合速率的差异不明显,而鼓粒盛期高、中产品种的光合速率分别极显著、显著高于低产品种。因此,绿豆品种间光合速率的差异主要存在于生育后期,说明高产绿豆品种在生育后期仍能保持较高的光合速率。盛花期、鼓粒盛期光合速率与产量分别呈极显著、显著正相关,而在结荚盛期光合速率与产量呈不显著正相关。在生产上应选育叶片衰老较慢、光合速率较高的绿豆品种,并采用外源物质,结合水肥管理等有效调控措施延缓叶片衰老和维持高光合性能,以提高籽粒产量。(2)不同产量绿豆品种总干物质的积累在3个生育时期均呈现先升高后略有下降的变化趋势。结荚盛期,根干重大幅度降低(降幅范围为50%-54%),茎干重大幅度增加(增幅范围为75%-107%),叶片干重有所增加(增幅范围为18%-30%)。鼓粒盛期,茎干重与叶片干重有较大幅度的降低(降幅分别为31%-41%,4%-28%),荚干重有较大幅度的增加(增幅为36%-47%)。上述结果表明,绿豆植株干物质在各器官的分配比例是随生长中心的转变而变化的。鼓粒盛期,高产品种荚干重增加46.92%,中、低产品种分别增加36.48%、38.35%,说明高产品种在籽粒生产部位光合产物的积累速率远大于中、低产品种；(3)相关分析与通径分析表明,在盛花期,茎干重对绿豆产量有着密切的直接和间接正向效应(直接通径系数P=0.61781,相关系数r=0.734),叶柄干重对产量的直接和间接负效应较大(直接通径系数P=-0.35515)。在结荚盛期,叶片干重对绿豆产量有着直接和间接正向效应(直接通径系数P=0.41421,相关系数r=0.371),茎干重对产量的直接和间接负效应较大(直接通径系数P=-0.15817)。在鼓粒盛期,荚干重对绿豆产量有着密切的直接和间接正向效应(直接通径系数P=0.31494,相关系数r=0.518),叶柄干重对产量的直接负效应较大(直接通径系数P=-0.12406)。因此,绿豆籽粒产量的形成过程实际上是植株干物质积累与分配的过程,在一定时间内分配到生殖器官籽粒中的干物质越多,产量就越高。绿豆开花期、结荚期、鼓粒期是籽粒产量形成的关键时期,但由于茎、叶、叶柄、花荚之间存在着激烈的竞争,因此协调好源库关系,促进干物质向库器官分配是提高产量的关键。
Mungbean(Vigna radiate) is one of the main cultigen among subgenus Ceratotropis genus Vigna, and play a particular role in people's lives. Mungbean cultivated long time ago is tranditional export agricultural product in China, and it is a popular crop with both nutrient including rich portein, vitamin, and mineral elements and medicinal value.
Mungbean is planted widely in Jilin province, especially in Baicheng city(Taonan county-level city, Tongyu city, and Zhenlai county) and Songyuan city(Qianguo county, Qianan county, and Changling county). Nowadays, mungbean breeding units in Jilin province have bred a few varieties with good traits which played an import role in production. In order to confirm the new breeding goal, we researched the change of main agoromic characters of mungbean varieties released in recent years, the change of organs dry matter and partial photosynthetic performance of high, intermediate, and low yield varieties at R2stage, R4stage, and R6stage, and the diversity based on agoromic characters of mungbean varieties released in Jilin province, we also researched the influence of plant density with Jilu3. Moreover, we researched the early identification method of drought-tolerance of mungbean cultivars. The main results are as follows:
1、16morphological traits of21mungbean varieties released in Jilin province were analysed, the results showed that the growth habit, pod color, and seed color were monomorphic. The Shannon-Weaver's information index of yield per plant and pod shape was the highest and lowest, respectively. All mungbean varieties were clustered into6groups. The relationship among all mungbean varieties was closer, so the diversity of parents should be increased in order to improve the population structure of mungbean varieties.
2、A method for identifying drought-tolerance of mungbean varieties was discussed in order to provide a theoretical basis for drought-tolerance breeding of mungbean. A simple method of germination rate at24h-after-water-absorption was used and verified to investigate mungbean drought-tolerance. The drought-tolerance of25mungbean germplasms were graded according to seed germination rate at the germination stage, and then in pot water-control trails at vegetative growth stage and reproductive growth stage. It indicated that there were significant differences in drought-tolerance among mungbean materials. Water absorption made no difference to drought-tolerance. However, seedling branch root number and main root length had significant positive correlation with drought-tolerance, and root dry weight had positive correlation with drought-tolerance. Under repeated stress of supplying water for24h after germination and then no water for24h, the survival rate of drought-tolerant cultivars was higher than those of ordinary ones. At the vegetative growth stage, temporary wilting(under soil moisture of9%to11%)treatment led to leaf wilting of ordinary cultivars, with reduced plant height, stem diameter and leaf area. Among the traits, the changes of stem diameter and leaf area were highly significant. During the reproductive growth stage, temporary wilting led to significantly lower root biomass and branch biomass in ordinary cultivars. When moved to the seed filling stage, ordinary cultivars wilted without recovery. On the contrary, the drought-tolerant cultivars still maintained ability to grow. These results indicated that24h-germination-rate of mungbean seeds could be used as a method in drought resistance identification and screening. They also showed that mungbean plants at seed filling stage were most sensitive to water stress.
3、We researched the change of yield and other main agronomic characters with23mungbean varieties released from1986to2011in Jilin province. The yield increased22.99%from1986to2011during the mungbean variety improvement in Jilin province. Number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, and yield per plant increased significantly, which indicated the storage capacity of new varieties had enlarged as the released year went. There was a positive correlation between yield and number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, yield per plant, and pod length. Especially, there was an extremely significant positive correlation between yield and number of pods per plant, which indicated number of pods per plant was the main factor influencing mungbean yield. Both leaf blade length and leaf blade width did not change significantly, but there was a significant positive correlation between leaf blade width and yield. Plant height, node number of main stem, and number of branches decreased significantly, ang there was a significant negative correlation between yield and plant height and node number of main stem. The results showed that the source of mungbean variety did not change significantly during the variety improvement. So the key of high yield breeding goal was to increase source and enlarge storage capacity, we should select the new variety with more pods, long pod and large seed. Meanwhile, we should pay attention to improve the plant type.
4、In order to confirm the influence of plant density to yield and other characters, the field experiment was carried out under five levels of plant density(10.5×104 plants/hm2,11.8×104plants/hm2,13.8×104plants/hm2,16.7×104plants/hm2,20×104plants/hm2) in both2007and2008. Plant height, node number of main stem, and yield were not significantly different under different plant densities in both year,100-seed weight had extremely significant diffenrence and significant diffenrence in2007and2008, expectively. Number of branches, number of pods per plant, and yield had extremely significant diffenrence or significant diffenrence in both years. The yield was the highest at16.7×104plants/hm2in2007, and13.8×104plants/hm2in2008, which showed Jilu3could get high yield at middle-high plant density. Path analysis showed that the direct factors which had great influence to yield were different at different plant density, so we should choose a right plant density based on variety's characters to improve mungbean yield.
5、We researched the change of partial photosynthetic performance and organs dry matter, also discussed the relationship between yiled and partial photosynthetic performance and organs dry matter of high, intermediate, and low yield varieties at R2stage, R4stage, and R6stage.(1)The photosynthetic rate of high, intermediate yield varieties decreased at R4stage, increased at R6stage. The photosynthetic rate of low yield varieties decreased by6.93%at R6stage. There was no significant difference in photosynthetic rate of three kinds of yield varieties at R2, R4stage, but photosynthetic rate of high yield varieties were extremely significant higher than low yield varieties, and photosynthetic rate of intermediate yield varieties were significant higher than low yield varieties at R6stage. There were extremely significant positive correlation and significant positive correlation between yield and photosynthetic rate at R2, R6expectively.However, there was no significant positive correlation at R4stage.(2)The trend of total dry matter change of different yield varieties was all higher first, lower second at three growth stage. At R4stage, root dry matter decreased greatly by50-54%, stem dry matter increased greatly by75%-107%, leaf dry matter increased by18%-30%. At R6stage, both stem dry matter and leaf dry matter decreased greatly by31%-41%,4%-28%, expectively. And pod dry matter increased greatly by36%-47%. The pod dry matter of high yield varieties increased by46.92%, and the pod dry matter of intermediate, low yield varieties increased by36.48%,38.35%, expectively.(3)At R2stage, stem dry matter had closely positive direct and indirect influence on mungbean yield(P=0.61781, r=0.734), and petiole dry matter had negtive direct and indirec influence on yield(P=-0.35515). At R4stage, leaf dry matter had closely positive direct and indirect influence on mungbean yield(P=0.41421, r=0.371), and stem dry matter had negtive direct and indirec influence on yield(P=-0.15817). At R6stage, pod dry matter had closely positive direct and indirect influence on mungbean yield(P=0.31494, r=0.518), and petiole dry matter had negtive direct influence on yield(P=-0.12406). Therefore, it was the accumulation and distribution of the dry matter to form grain yield of mungbean. The more the dry matter distributed to the grain, the higher the yield was.
吉林省是我国绿豆主产省份之一,以白城市(洮南、通榆、镇赉)和松原市(前郭、乾安、长岭)等干旱盐碱地区种植面积最大。近年来,随着国家对绿豆等食用豆类科研资助力度的不断加强,吉林省绿豆育种单位选育了一批优良品种,并在生产中发挥着积极作用。为进一步明确吉林省绿豆育种新目标,研究了吉林省绿豆品种农艺性状遗传多样性,开展了吉林省近年来育成绿豆品种重要农艺性状的变化研究,以大面积推广的“吉绿3号”为研究对象开展了绿豆不同种植密度效应研究,分析了盛花期、结荚盛期及鼓粒盛期高、中、低产绿豆品种各器官干物质积累及部分光合性能的变化,为吉林省绿豆高产育种和指导栽培实践提供了理论依据。同时,开展了绿豆抗旱性早期鉴定方法研究,为开展绿豆抗旱育种奠定了基础。主要研究结果和结论如下：
1、对吉林省21个绿豆品种的16个形态性状进行了分析,结果表明所有绿豆品种的生长习性、荚色、粒色无多样性,生长习性均为半蔓生,荚色均为褐色,粒色均为绿色。单株产量的多样性指数最高为1.520,荚形的多样性指数最低为0.736。应适当选育直立生长习性的绿豆品种,以满足机械化收获的需要。仅有2个绿豆品种的百粒重超过6.8g,因此还应加大对大粒型绿豆品种的选育。吉林省绿豆品种亲缘关系较近,从目前吉林省育成绿豆品种的亲本来看,以大鹦哥绿系列为主,群体遗传基础狭窄,应拓展亲本来源,改善群体结构。
2、依据吸水后24h的发芽率对25个绿豆种质材料进行抗旱性分级,继而在萌发期、营养生长期和生殖生长期进行盆栽控水试验,根据抗旱等级验证绿豆植株的抗旱性。结果表明,绿豆品种间抗旱性存在显著差异。种子吸水量与抗旱性无关,幼苗侧根数、幼苗主根长度与抗旱性达到极显著正相关,根干重与抗旱性达到显著正相关。对萌发后幼苗供水24h后,随即停水24h,反复干旱处理,抗旱品种存活率显著高于普通品种。在营养生长期对盆栽植株进行暂时萎蔫(土壤含水量为9%-11%)的水分胁迫处理,发现停水后普通品种叶片首先发生萎蔫,且株高、茎直径及叶面积下降的程度均高于抗旱品种。水分胁迫下,抗旱品种株高、茎直径和叶片面积均显著高于普通品种,其中茎直径和叶片面积达到极显著差异水平。在结荚期暂时萎蔫的水分胁迫下,抗旱品种根的生物量和分枝的生物量显著高于普通品种。鼓粒期普通品种发生永久萎蔫、植株死亡,而抗旱品种仍能保持生长能力。因此,绿豆种子24h发芽率可作为绿豆品种抗旱性的鉴定和筛选方法,鼓粒期绿豆对水分胁迫最敏感。
3、以吉林省1986年至2011年育成的23个绿豆品种为试验材料,研究了绿豆产量及与产量相关农艺性状的变化。结果表明,吉林省绿豆产量从1986年到2011年间的品种改良过程中提高了22.99%,单株荚数、单荚粒数和单株产量都显著增加,说明随着育成年代的推进,新育成绿豆品种的库容在扩大。单株荚数、单荚粒数、单株产量、荚长与产量呈显著正相关,其中单株荚数与产量呈极显著正相关,表明单株荚数是决定产量的主要因素,因此吉林省绿豆品种改良过程中库容的扩大是产量增加的主要原因。叶片长与叶片宽随育成年代的推移变化不显著,但叶片宽与产量呈显著正相关。株高、主茎节数和分枝数随育成年代的推移而显著降低,其中主茎节数呈极显著相关,且株高和主茎节数与产量呈显著负相关,分枝数与产量呈不显著正相关。上述结果表明,吉林省绿豆品种在遗传改良过程中,叶片长和叶片宽没有发生明显的变化,但叶片宽度的增加有利于产量的提高,即吉林省绿豆品种的“源”没有明显变化。因此,吉林省绿豆高产育种目标应放在增“源”扩“库”上,在适当增加百粒重的基础上,选择荚多、荚长的新品种,同时注重株型的改善。
4、为明确种植密度对绿豆产量等性状的影响,于2007年和2008年分别设置5个密度水平(10.5万株/公顷、11.8万株/公顷、13.8万株/公顷、16.7万株/公顷、20万株/公顷),在吉林省农业科学院作物育种研究所试验田进行田间试验。结果表明,株高、主茎节数、产量性状在两年内不同密度条件下均无显著性差异,百粒重在2007年不同密度条件下达到了极显著差异,但在2008年差异不显著。分枝数、单株荚数和单株产量在两年内都达到了显著或极显著差异。2007年在16.7万株/公顷密度条件下产量达到最大值,2008年在13.8万株/公顷密度条件下产量达到最大值,说明吉绿3号在中、高密度条件下产量较高。通径分析表明,在不同密度条件下,对产量影响较大的直接作用因子不同,应根据绿豆品种自身性状特点选取合适种植密度范围,达到绿豆高产目标。
5、探讨了高产、中产及低产绿豆品种在开花盛期、结荚盛期、鼓粒盛期部分光合性能及各器官干物质的变化及与产量的关系。结果表明,(1)高、中产绿豆品种光合速率在结荚盛期有所下降,在鼓粒盛期有所上升,而低产品种在鼓粒盛期有所下降,降幅为6.93%。在盛花期、结荚盛期高、中、低产品种光合速率的差异不明显,而鼓粒盛期高、中产品种的光合速率分别极显著、显著高于低产品种。因此,绿豆品种间光合速率的差异主要存在于生育后期,说明高产绿豆品种在生育后期仍能保持较高的光合速率。盛花期、鼓粒盛期光合速率与产量分别呈极显著、显著正相关,而在结荚盛期光合速率与产量呈不显著正相关。在生产上应选育叶片衰老较慢、光合速率较高的绿豆品种,并采用外源物质,结合水肥管理等有效调控措施延缓叶片衰老和维持高光合性能,以提高籽粒产量。(2)不同产量绿豆品种总干物质的积累在3个生育时期均呈现先升高后略有下降的变化趋势。结荚盛期,根干重大幅度降低(降幅范围为50%-54%),茎干重大幅度增加(增幅范围为75%-107%),叶片干重有所增加(增幅范围为18%-30%)。鼓粒盛期,茎干重与叶片干重有较大幅度的降低(降幅分别为31%-41%,4%-28%),荚干重有较大幅度的增加(增幅为36%-47%)。上述结果表明,绿豆植株干物质在各器官的分配比例是随生长中心的转变而变化的。鼓粒盛期,高产品种荚干重增加46.92%,中、低产品种分别增加36.48%、38.35%,说明高产品种在籽粒生产部位光合产物的积累速率远大于中、低产品种；(3)相关分析与通径分析表明,在盛花期,茎干重对绿豆产量有着密切的直接和间接正向效应(直接通径系数P=0.61781,相关系数r=0.734),叶柄干重对产量的直接和间接负效应较大(直接通径系数P=-0.35515)。在结荚盛期,叶片干重对绿豆产量有着直接和间接正向效应(直接通径系数P=0.41421,相关系数r=0.371),茎干重对产量的直接和间接负效应较大(直接通径系数P=-0.15817)。在鼓粒盛期,荚干重对绿豆产量有着密切的直接和间接正向效应(直接通径系数P=0.31494,相关系数r=0.518),叶柄干重对产量的直接负效应较大(直接通径系数P=-0.12406)。因此,绿豆籽粒产量的形成过程实际上是植株干物质积累与分配的过程,在一定时间内分配到生殖器官籽粒中的干物质越多,产量就越高。绿豆开花期、结荚期、鼓粒期是籽粒产量形成的关键时期,但由于茎、叶、叶柄、花荚之间存在着激烈的竞争,因此协调好源库关系,促进干物质向库器官分配是提高产量的关键。
Mungbean(Vigna radiate) is one of the main cultigen among subgenus Ceratotropis genus Vigna, and play a particular role in people's lives. Mungbean cultivated long time ago is tranditional export agricultural product in China, and it is a popular crop with both nutrient including rich portein, vitamin, and mineral elements and medicinal value.
Mungbean is planted widely in Jilin province, especially in Baicheng city(Taonan county-level city, Tongyu city, and Zhenlai county) and Songyuan city(Qianguo county, Qianan county, and Changling county). Nowadays, mungbean breeding units in Jilin province have bred a few varieties with good traits which played an import role in production. In order to confirm the new breeding goal, we researched the change of main agoromic characters of mungbean varieties released in recent years, the change of organs dry matter and partial photosynthetic performance of high, intermediate, and low yield varieties at R2stage, R4stage, and R6stage, and the diversity based on agoromic characters of mungbean varieties released in Jilin province, we also researched the influence of plant density with Jilu3. Moreover, we researched the early identification method of drought-tolerance of mungbean cultivars. The main results are as follows:
1、16morphological traits of21mungbean varieties released in Jilin province were analysed, the results showed that the growth habit, pod color, and seed color were monomorphic. The Shannon-Weaver's information index of yield per plant and pod shape was the highest and lowest, respectively. All mungbean varieties were clustered into6groups. The relationship among all mungbean varieties was closer, so the diversity of parents should be increased in order to improve the population structure of mungbean varieties.
2、A method for identifying drought-tolerance of mungbean varieties was discussed in order to provide a theoretical basis for drought-tolerance breeding of mungbean. A simple method of germination rate at24h-after-water-absorption was used and verified to investigate mungbean drought-tolerance. The drought-tolerance of25mungbean germplasms were graded according to seed germination rate at the germination stage, and then in pot water-control trails at vegetative growth stage and reproductive growth stage. It indicated that there were significant differences in drought-tolerance among mungbean materials. Water absorption made no difference to drought-tolerance. However, seedling branch root number and main root length had significant positive correlation with drought-tolerance, and root dry weight had positive correlation with drought-tolerance. Under repeated stress of supplying water for24h after germination and then no water for24h, the survival rate of drought-tolerant cultivars was higher than those of ordinary ones. At the vegetative growth stage, temporary wilting(under soil moisture of9%to11%)treatment led to leaf wilting of ordinary cultivars, with reduced plant height, stem diameter and leaf area. Among the traits, the changes of stem diameter and leaf area were highly significant. During the reproductive growth stage, temporary wilting led to significantly lower root biomass and branch biomass in ordinary cultivars. When moved to the seed filling stage, ordinary cultivars wilted without recovery. On the contrary, the drought-tolerant cultivars still maintained ability to grow. These results indicated that24h-germination-rate of mungbean seeds could be used as a method in drought resistance identification and screening. They also showed that mungbean plants at seed filling stage were most sensitive to water stress.
3、We researched the change of yield and other main agronomic characters with23mungbean varieties released from1986to2011in Jilin province. The yield increased22.99%from1986to2011during the mungbean variety improvement in Jilin province. Number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, and yield per plant increased significantly, which indicated the storage capacity of new varieties had enlarged as the released year went. There was a positive correlation between yield and number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, yield per plant, and pod length. Especially, there was an extremely significant positive correlation between yield and number of pods per plant, which indicated number of pods per plant was the main factor influencing mungbean yield. Both leaf blade length and leaf blade width did not change significantly, but there was a significant positive correlation between leaf blade width and yield. Plant height, node number of main stem, and number of branches decreased significantly, ang there was a significant negative correlation between yield and plant height and node number of main stem. The results showed that the source of mungbean variety did not change significantly during the variety improvement. So the key of high yield breeding goal was to increase source and enlarge storage capacity, we should select the new variety with more pods, long pod and large seed. Meanwhile, we should pay attention to improve the plant type.
4、In order to confirm the influence of plant density to yield and other characters, the field experiment was carried out under five levels of plant density(10.5×104 plants/hm2,11.8×104plants/hm2,13.8×104plants/hm2,16.7×104plants/hm2,20×104plants/hm2) in both2007and2008. Plant height, node number of main stem, and yield were not significantly different under different plant densities in both year,100-seed weight had extremely significant diffenrence and significant diffenrence in2007and2008, expectively. Number of branches, number of pods per plant, and yield had extremely significant diffenrence or significant diffenrence in both years. The yield was the highest at16.7×104plants/hm2in2007, and13.8×104plants/hm2in2008, which showed Jilu3could get high yield at middle-high plant density. Path analysis showed that the direct factors which had great influence to yield were different at different plant density, so we should choose a right plant density based on variety's characters to improve mungbean yield.
5、We researched the change of partial photosynthetic performance and organs dry matter, also discussed the relationship between yiled and partial photosynthetic performance and organs dry matter of high, intermediate, and low yield varieties at R2stage, R4stage, and R6stage.(1)The photosynthetic rate of high, intermediate yield varieties decreased at R4stage, increased at R6stage. The photosynthetic rate of low yield varieties decreased by6.93%at R6stage. There was no significant difference in photosynthetic rate of three kinds of yield varieties at R2, R4stage, but photosynthetic rate of high yield varieties were extremely significant higher than low yield varieties, and photosynthetic rate of intermediate yield varieties were significant higher than low yield varieties at R6stage. There were extremely significant positive correlation and significant positive correlation between yield and photosynthetic rate at R2, R6expectively.However, there was no significant positive correlation at R4stage.(2)The trend of total dry matter change of different yield varieties was all higher first, lower second at three growth stage. At R4stage, root dry matter decreased greatly by50-54%, stem dry matter increased greatly by75%-107%, leaf dry matter increased by18%-30%. At R6stage, both stem dry matter and leaf dry matter decreased greatly by31%-41%,4%-28%, expectively. And pod dry matter increased greatly by36%-47%. The pod dry matter of high yield varieties increased by46.92%, and the pod dry matter of intermediate, low yield varieties increased by36.48%,38.35%, expectively.(3)At R2stage, stem dry matter had closely positive direct and indirect influence on mungbean yield(P=0.61781, r=0.734), and petiole dry matter had negtive direct and indirec influence on yield(P=-0.35515). At R4stage, leaf dry matter had closely positive direct and indirect influence on mungbean yield(P=0.41421, r=0.371), and stem dry matter had negtive direct and indirec influence on yield(P=-0.15817). At R6stage, pod dry matter had closely positive direct and indirect influence on mungbean yield(P=0.31494, r=0.518), and petiole dry matter had negtive direct influence on yield(P=-0.12406). Therefore, it was the accumulation and distribution of the dry matter to form grain yield of mungbean. The more the dry matter distributed to the grain, the higher the yield was.
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