循环流化床锅炉双喷动床式冷渣器研究
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摘要
循环流化床（CFB）锅炉技术凭借其燃料适应性广、燃烧效率高、污染物排放量少等优点在世界范围内取得了迅猛发展。作为CFB锅炉的重要辅机，冷渣器（BAC）的运行性能直接关系到CFB锅炉的连续、安全、经济运行。相较于国内CFB锅炉朝着大容量、高参数方向的快速发展，冷渣器的发展相对滞后，现有的冷渣器已经无法满足CFB锅炉的连续、安全、经济运行需求。在国内CFB锅炉燃煤现状无法改善的情况下，如何有效解决现有冷渣器存在的运行故障，高效回收底渣热量以及提高冷渣器的运行性能现已成为目前在国内CFB锅炉技术的发展道路上亟待解决的关键问题之一。
为了克服现有冷渣器技术的不足，本文结合冷渣器的发展需求，提出了一种适用于处理国内CFB锅炉底渣的双喷动床式冷渣器专利技术。通过试验研究、理论计算和数值模拟等方法对构成双喷动床式冷渣器的基本结构单元即准矩形喷动床的流化特性、颗粒混合特性以及水冷换热管束的灰侧传热特性等在双喷动床式冷渣器的研发设计过程中需要掌握的关键问题进行了系统深入的研究。除此之外，考虑到锅炉排渣控制设备的运行性能直接关系到CFB锅炉及流化床式冷渣器的安全、稳定运行，本文还以国内某CFB电站锅炉底渣处理系统中实际配用的L型灰控阀为原型，试验研究了L型灰控阀的底渣输送特性。本文主要研究内容包括：
①准矩形喷动床流化特性的研究：
在自行设计、搭建的准矩形喷动床小尺寸试验系统上，对准矩形喷动床的冷态流化特性进行了系统的试验研究，详细考察了静止床层高度、锥顶角、床料粒径和气体入口段宽度对流化特性的影响。并在此基础之上，建立了适用于描述和预测入口表观气速与床层压降对应变化关系的理论计算模型和经验关联式。除此之外，还以商业软件Barracuda为计算平台，对准矩形喷动床内的气固两相流动进行了数值模拟，并通过与试验结果的对比验证了数值模拟结果的正确性。
②准矩形喷动床颗粒混合特性的研究：
针对双喷动床式冷渣器对底渣粒度的适应能力，试验研究了准矩形喷动床内二元粒径颗粒混合物的轴向混合特性和横向混合特性。系统考察了静止床层高度、床料粒径、入口表观气速和气体入口段宽度对床内示踪颗粒的轴向混合指数和横向扩散系数的影响。除此之外，还对比分析了具有相同上部截面的鼓泡床和准矩形喷动床内二元粒径颗粒混合物的轴向混合特性和横向混合特性。
③准矩形喷动床自由空域中水平管束的传热特性：
为了认识并掌握双喷动床式冷渣器内水冷换热管束的灰侧传热特性，在搭建的准矩形喷动床大尺寸试验系统上对准矩形喷动床自由空域内水平管束的灰侧传热特性进行了详细的试验研究。系统考察了静止床层高度、床料粒径、入口表观气速和水平管稀相高度对水平管束各水平管在自由空域不同区域内的局部传热系数和平均传热系数的影响。
④L型灰控阀灰渣输送特性的试验研究：
为了提供能够保证L型灰控阀运行性能所必需的理论基础和运行指导依据，在一套L型灰控阀的半工业冷模试验系统上，试验研究了充气量、充气管插入比例和灰渣平均粒径对L型灰控阀的灰渣流量控制特性以及输出灰渣在后续设备内分布规律的影响。
Circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler technology has got a tremendousdevelopment worldwide because of its unique advantages, such as excellent fueladaptability, high combustion efficiency and low pollutants emission. As a key auxiliarydevice for CFB boilers, the operation performance of the bottom ash cooler (BAC)directly affect the operational stablility, security and economicalefficiency of CFBboilers. Compared with the rapid development of domestic CFB boilers towards largercapacity and higher parameters, the development of BACs has fallen behind relatively,and the existing BACs cannot guarantee the operational stablility, security andeconomical efficiency of CFB boilers already. Under the circumstance thatthe coal typeand quality supplied to CFB boilers cannot be improved effectively, how to prevent theoperational failures of the existing BACs, to recover heat from ash efficiently, and toimprove the operational performance of BACs have become critical problems needed tobe solved imminently for the development of the domestic CFB boilers.
In order to overcome these problems, a novel BAC called Bi-spouted-bed bottomash cooler has been proposed in this work based on the requirements of BAC.It isappropriate to treat the bottom ash of domestic CFB boilers and has obtained aninvention patent in China.Besides, the hydrodynamic characteristics, particle mixingcharacteristics, and heat transfer characteristics on the ash-side of the water-cooled tubebank of quasi-rectangular spouted bed, which is the basic component of Bi-spouted-bedbottom ash cooler, were systematically studied by experimental measurement,theoretical calculation, and numerical simulation in the present work.Considering thatthe operational performances of ash discharge device directly affect the operationalstablility and security of CFB boilers and BACs, the bottom ash conveyingcharacteristicsof the L-valve for ash conveying, which is applied in the bottom ashtreatment system of a domestic CFB boiler, has also been studied.The main contents ofthis paper are listed as follows:
①Study on the hydrodynamic characteristics of quasi-rectangular spouted bed:
A small cold model of quasi-rectangular spouted bed was designed and built. Thehydrodynamic characteristics of the quasi-rectangular spouted bed, and the effects ofstatic bed height, taper angle, particle size of bed material and air inlet section width onthe hydrodynamic characteristics were experimentally studied. Based on the results, theoretical models and empirical correlations have been proposed to predict therelationship between the superficial gas velocity and bed pressure drop.Additionally, anumerical simulation for the hydrodynamics of the gas-solid two-phase flow in thequasi-rectangular spouted bed was also conducted using the software Barracuda. Thesimulation results were validated by comparison with the experimental results.
②Study on particle mixing characteristics in quasi-rectangular spouted bed:
Experimental study on vertical and lateral mixings of a binary mixture of differentsizes was conducted to investigate the adaptability of Bi-spouted-bed ash cooler to thebottom ash granularity. The effects of static bed height, particle size of bed material,superficial gas velocity,and air inlet section width on the vertical mixing index andlateral dispersion coefficient of tracers were investigated.Furthermore, a comparison ofthe vertical and lateral mixing characteristics betweenthe quasi-rectangular spouted bedand a bubbling fluidized bed with the same upper cross-section was also conducted.
③Heat transfer characteristics of the water-cooled tube bank in the freeboard regionof the quasi-rectangular spouted bed:
To reveal and master the heat transfer characteristics on the ash-side of thewater-cooled tube bank in the Bi-spouted-bed bottom ash cooler, an experimental studyon heat transfer characteristics on the ash-side of the water-cooled tube bank in thefreeboard of quasi-rectangular spouted bed was conducted on a big model of the bed.And the effects of static bed height, particle size of bed material, superficial gas velocity,and elevation of tube in the freeboard on the local and average heat transfer coefficientsof each tube in different regions of the freeboard were systematically studied.
④Experimental study on the bottom ash conveying characteristics of the L-valve forash conveying:
In order to provide theoretical basis and operation guidance for guaranteeing theoperational performance of the L-valve for ash conveying, a semi-industrial cold modelwas built. The effects of air flowrate, air tube insert ratio, and the mean ash size on theflux control characteristics of the L-valve for ash conveying, as well as these effects onthe distribution of ash in the following equipment, were studied.
为了克服现有冷渣器技术的不足，本文结合冷渣器的发展需求，提出了一种适用于处理国内CFB锅炉底渣的双喷动床式冷渣器专利技术。通过试验研究、理论计算和数值模拟等方法对构成双喷动床式冷渣器的基本结构单元即准矩形喷动床的流化特性、颗粒混合特性以及水冷换热管束的灰侧传热特性等在双喷动床式冷渣器的研发设计过程中需要掌握的关键问题进行了系统深入的研究。除此之外，考虑到锅炉排渣控制设备的运行性能直接关系到CFB锅炉及流化床式冷渣器的安全、稳定运行，本文还以国内某CFB电站锅炉底渣处理系统中实际配用的L型灰控阀为原型，试验研究了L型灰控阀的底渣输送特性。本文主要研究内容包括：
①准矩形喷动床流化特性的研究：
在自行设计、搭建的准矩形喷动床小尺寸试验系统上，对准矩形喷动床的冷态流化特性进行了系统的试验研究，详细考察了静止床层高度、锥顶角、床料粒径和气体入口段宽度对流化特性的影响。并在此基础之上，建立了适用于描述和预测入口表观气速与床层压降对应变化关系的理论计算模型和经验关联式。除此之外，还以商业软件Barracuda为计算平台，对准矩形喷动床内的气固两相流动进行了数值模拟，并通过与试验结果的对比验证了数值模拟结果的正确性。
②准矩形喷动床颗粒混合特性的研究：
针对双喷动床式冷渣器对底渣粒度的适应能力，试验研究了准矩形喷动床内二元粒径颗粒混合物的轴向混合特性和横向混合特性。系统考察了静止床层高度、床料粒径、入口表观气速和气体入口段宽度对床内示踪颗粒的轴向混合指数和横向扩散系数的影响。除此之外，还对比分析了具有相同上部截面的鼓泡床和准矩形喷动床内二元粒径颗粒混合物的轴向混合特性和横向混合特性。
③准矩形喷动床自由空域中水平管束的传热特性：
为了认识并掌握双喷动床式冷渣器内水冷换热管束的灰侧传热特性，在搭建的准矩形喷动床大尺寸试验系统上对准矩形喷动床自由空域内水平管束的灰侧传热特性进行了详细的试验研究。系统考察了静止床层高度、床料粒径、入口表观气速和水平管稀相高度对水平管束各水平管在自由空域不同区域内的局部传热系数和平均传热系数的影响。
④L型灰控阀灰渣输送特性的试验研究：
为了提供能够保证L型灰控阀运行性能所必需的理论基础和运行指导依据，在一套L型灰控阀的半工业冷模试验系统上，试验研究了充气量、充气管插入比例和灰渣平均粒径对L型灰控阀的灰渣流量控制特性以及输出灰渣在后续设备内分布规律的影响。
Circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler technology has got a tremendousdevelopment worldwide because of its unique advantages, such as excellent fueladaptability, high combustion efficiency and low pollutants emission. As a key auxiliarydevice for CFB boilers, the operation performance of the bottom ash cooler (BAC)directly affect the operational stablility, security and economicalefficiency of CFBboilers. Compared with the rapid development of domestic CFB boilers towards largercapacity and higher parameters, the development of BACs has fallen behind relatively,and the existing BACs cannot guarantee the operational stablility, security andeconomical efficiency of CFB boilers already. Under the circumstance thatthe coal typeand quality supplied to CFB boilers cannot be improved effectively, how to prevent theoperational failures of the existing BACs, to recover heat from ash efficiently, and toimprove the operational performance of BACs have become critical problems needed tobe solved imminently for the development of the domestic CFB boilers.
In order to overcome these problems, a novel BAC called Bi-spouted-bed bottomash cooler has been proposed in this work based on the requirements of BAC.It isappropriate to treat the bottom ash of domestic CFB boilers and has obtained aninvention patent in China.Besides, the hydrodynamic characteristics, particle mixingcharacteristics, and heat transfer characteristics on the ash-side of the water-cooled tubebank of quasi-rectangular spouted bed, which is the basic component of Bi-spouted-bedbottom ash cooler, were systematically studied by experimental measurement,theoretical calculation, and numerical simulation in the present work.Considering thatthe operational performances of ash discharge device directly affect the operationalstablility and security of CFB boilers and BACs, the bottom ash conveyingcharacteristicsof the L-valve for ash conveying, which is applied in the bottom ashtreatment system of a domestic CFB boiler, has also been studied.The main contents ofthis paper are listed as follows:
①Study on the hydrodynamic characteristics of quasi-rectangular spouted bed:
A small cold model of quasi-rectangular spouted bed was designed and built. Thehydrodynamic characteristics of the quasi-rectangular spouted bed, and the effects ofstatic bed height, taper angle, particle size of bed material and air inlet section width onthe hydrodynamic characteristics were experimentally studied. Based on the results, theoretical models and empirical correlations have been proposed to predict therelationship between the superficial gas velocity and bed pressure drop.Additionally, anumerical simulation for the hydrodynamics of the gas-solid two-phase flow in thequasi-rectangular spouted bed was also conducted using the software Barracuda. Thesimulation results were validated by comparison with the experimental results.
②Study on particle mixing characteristics in quasi-rectangular spouted bed:
Experimental study on vertical and lateral mixings of a binary mixture of differentsizes was conducted to investigate the adaptability of Bi-spouted-bed ash cooler to thebottom ash granularity. The effects of static bed height, particle size of bed material,superficial gas velocity,and air inlet section width on the vertical mixing index andlateral dispersion coefficient of tracers were investigated.Furthermore, a comparison ofthe vertical and lateral mixing characteristics betweenthe quasi-rectangular spouted bedand a bubbling fluidized bed with the same upper cross-section was also conducted.
③Heat transfer characteristics of the water-cooled tube bank in the freeboard regionof the quasi-rectangular spouted bed:
To reveal and master the heat transfer characteristics on the ash-side of thewater-cooled tube bank in the Bi-spouted-bed bottom ash cooler, an experimental studyon heat transfer characteristics on the ash-side of the water-cooled tube bank in thefreeboard of quasi-rectangular spouted bed was conducted on a big model of the bed.And the effects of static bed height, particle size of bed material, superficial gas velocity,and elevation of tube in the freeboard on the local and average heat transfer coefficientsof each tube in different regions of the freeboard were systematically studied.
④Experimental study on the bottom ash conveying characteristics of the L-valve forash conveying:
In order to provide theoretical basis and operation guidance for guaranteeing theoperational performance of the L-valve for ash conveying, a semi-industrial cold modelwas built. The effects of air flowrate, air tube insert ratio, and the mean ash size on theflux control characteristics of the L-valve for ash conveying, as well as these effects onthe distribution of ash in the following equipment, were studied.
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