胶州湾湿地菲律宾蛤仔（Ruditapes philippinarum）和芦苇（Phragmites australis）生物学与生态化学计量学研究
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摘要
湿地具有涵养水源、保持水土、蓄洪防旱、调节气候、净化环境、保持生物多样性与维持生态平衡等多种生态功能,正日益受到人们的重视。胶州湾滨海湿地在净化环境、维持生物多样性、减轻灾害、保护海岸线免受侵蚀等方面发挥着重要作用。芦苇(Phragmites australis)作为胶州湾湿地主要植物群落,在其生态系统的初级生产及生物地化循环中意义重大；菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)在胶州湾湿地中不仅有着重要的渔业地位,而且在其生态系统物质循环中扮演着非常重要的角色。两种生物对维护胶州湾湿地的生态功能具有重要的作用。
本论文以大沽河口湿地及胶州湾浅海湿地为研究区域,主要以2009年5月-2010年6月在胶州湾浅海湿地菲律宾蛤仔增养殖区进行的逐月随机取样以及2009年4-10月对大沽河口湿地芦苇群落进行的调查研究为基础,较系统的研究了两种生物的生物学特征、主要生源要素(碳、氮、磷)含量与元素间比值变化、对环境中的元素移除效应等,初步探讨了胶州湾湿地的生态修复技术。主要研究结果如下：
(1)胶州湾底播增殖菲律宾蛤仔的生长特性与胶州湾自然种群相同。菲律宾蛤仔的生长发育具有明显季节性,生物量密度冬春季蛤仔生物量较低而夏秋季较高(2318.52±124.75～3343.37±277.37g·m-2),受温度、盐度、浮游植物量等外部环境条件影响较大。环境因子的突发性大幅改变会导致蛤仔生长停滞甚至死亡。
(2)菲律宾蛤仔体内碳、氮、磷元素含量的变化与其生长繁殖特性及盐度、温度等环境因子的变化有关。碳元素作为菲律宾蛤仔壳体的主要构成元素,在蛤仔碳元素总含量中占较大比例,且在不同月份间含量较稳定,变化范围为9.10±0.13～10.38±0.09mmol-g-1。软体碳元素含量为29.42±0.05～33.64±0.62mmol·g-1。壳体、软体氮元素含量变化趋势相似,变化范围分别为0.07±0.009～0.14±0.009mmol·g-1、5.46±0.12～7.39±0.43mmol·g-1。磷元素含量变化趋势与其性成熟阶段有关。壳体磷元素含量变化略滞后于软体,分别为0.006±0.001～0.016±0.001mmol·g-1、0.058±0.017～0.293±0.029mmol·g-1。不同的养殖环境中,蛤仔体内C：N、N：P比值维持在一定范围内。随生长率变化,蛤仔体内C:N、N:P比值也有相应变化,高的生长速率对应较低的C：N、N：P比值,N：P变化主要是由蛤仔体内P含量的变化决定的。蛤仔体内元素间的比值随其生长发育阶段的不同而有所改变。
(3)芦苇在生长季节,植株密度与株高成极显著负相关；地上部各器官生物量变化较大,芦苇叶生物量、叶鞘生物量和茎生物量逐渐增加,10月最高。同化器官与非同化器官生物量之比F/C值在生长期逐渐降低,非同化器官对地上部总生物量的变化有较大贡献。降水量对芦苇地上生物量增长有较大影响。
(4)芦苇叶、叶鞘和茎及地下根系中碳元素含量在春、秋季高于夏季。地上各构件氮元素含量逐渐降低,磷元素含量波动较大。地下根系中氮元素含量先降低后升高；根状茎、须根的磷元素含量逐渐增大。随芦苇个体生长发育与枯萎,碳元素逐渐由叶片向茎中累积。土壤碳、氮元素含量总体呈先降低后升高趋势,土壤磷含量,总体呈降低趋势,7月较高,9月较低,变化范围为0.48±0.14～1.25±0.06mg/g。
(5)菲律宾蛤仔鲜活个体年收获量约为2.5×105t计,每年通过人为捕捞及蛤仔死亡移除的碳、氮、磷元素总量分别为3.16×104t、1449.6t、149.1t。其中,通过渔业收获蛤仔的软体软体部分移除C量约占胶州湾年均有机碳生产量的10%；通过人为收获及蛤仔死亡年均N移除量占胶州湾外源氮输入量的28.7%；通过蛤仔捕捞、自然死亡年均P移除量约达由河流、污水排放等外部磷元素输入总量的43.3%。大沽河口湿地芦苇固碳能力较强。芦苇对氮元素的截留能力明显高于磷,而与固碳能力相差较大；以大沽河口湿地面积为15.55km2计,每年可经芦苇收获移除的碳、氮、磷总量分别为3.99×104tC·a-1(即1.39×105tCO2·a-1)、627.88tN·a-1和104.05t P·a-1。湿地土壤中储碳、氮、磷量为1757.06t C·a-1、55.84tN·a-1和139.58tP·a-1。
(6)通过本文中对胶州湾湿地菲律宾蛤仔通过渔业捕捞与自然死亡的元素移除量与大沽河口湿地芦苇及其湿地土壤的固碳、储碳与氮、磷移除效应的研究,结合历史数据,提出胶州湾湿地生态修复技术主要为贝藻混养与芦苇扩植,即采用潮上带河口湿地芦苇群落对湿地污染物的降解和截留与潮下带浅海湿地贝藻混养相结合的形式。
Wetlands, together with marines, and forests are known as three of the world's major ecosystems. The coastal wetland in Jiaozhou Bay plays an important role in purifying environment, maintenance of biodiversity, disaster mitigation, and in protecting coastlines erosion. The reed (Phragmites australis) community, as the principal community type in the estuary wetland of Dagu River, has significant effect on primary production and biogeochemical cycling in the ecosystem. Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) in the Jiaozhou Bay wetlands is not only an important fisheries species, but also acts a critical role in the material cycling of the ecosystem.
In the present study, the Dagu River estuary wetland and the shallow water region of Jiaozhou Bay were concerned, and selected Manila clams and reeds as two typical animal and plant species respectively. Data was collected by monthly surveys from May2009to Jun.2010in Jiaozhou Bay wetland (excerpt for Feb. and Apr.2010) and monthly surveys between Apr. and Nov.2009in Dagu River estuary wetland. The biological and ecological stoichiometry characteristics of Manila clams and reeds, as well as their ecological effects on the ecosystem were analyzed and assessed to make preliminary exploration of restoration technologies for the degraded wetland ecosystem. The main results are summarized as follows:
1) The clam shells grew19.64mm annually, similar to other relative studies. Dry weight of the soft body and fatness was higher in August2009and June2010, and the density of the clam reduced gradually within the study period. Low biomass was detected in winter and spring, while it was high in summer and autumn (2318.52±124.75to3343.37±277.37g·m-2). Water temperature was the main factor affecting the mortality of clam, and the relationship between growth rate and water temperature was against to that with salinity; the clam growth was also closely related to breeding activity and clam density.
2) The variation trend of carbon content in shell was similar to that in entire clam, which tended to be higher in summer and autumn. Carbon content of flesh showed opposite variation trend to that of shell in most months. Nitrogen content of shell and flesh showed obvious seasonal changes, which were lower in spring and summer. Total nitrogen content of clam ranged from0.50±0.003to0.76±0.10mmol-g-1with a decreasing tendency except a high value in March2010. Phosphorus content of clam exhibited large fluctuations, while phosphorus content of shell displayed a lagged variation compared with that of flesh. Carbon and nitrogen contents were slightly affected by shell length, width or height. Elemental contents were closely related to the reproduction cycle
3) The average height of reed showed significant correlation with density of reed (P<0.01). During the main growth season periods, the aboveground biomass of reed showed generally increasing tendency, reaching at maximum point in October and exhibited evident monthly variations, ranging from between37.59±13.94to7033.02±967.37g-m-2for dry weight. Biomass of leaves, stem and sheath of reed increased generally from April to October. Aboveground biomass of non-photosynthetic organs made a larger contribution to the changes of total aboveground biomass. Preliminary study showed that rainfall had great positive effects on growth of aboveground biomass of reed in the wetlands of Daguhe Estuary.
4) The leaves, sheaths, stems, ground carbon element content of reed changes in similar pattern, with higher quantity in spring and autumn, and lower in summer. Nitrogen content of the aboveground components reduced gradually Phosphorus content fluctuated in leaf, sheaths, and stems. The carbon content in underground root was higher in spring and autumn and lower summer; the nitrogen content initially decreased then increased, lowest in July. Considering the underground components, the phosphorus content increased gradually along with sampling month, and carbon and nitrogen content exhibited larger variation in fibrous roots. Along with the process of growth, development and wilt of reeds, the carbon accumulated gradually from leaf to stem.
5) The annual harvest of fresh clams was2.5×105t in the bay, the annual removal of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus elements through fishing and natural morality of the clams totaled3.16×104t,1449.6t, and149.1t respectively. The annual removal of carbon, nitrogen, and total phosphorus through reed harvest were3.99×104tC·a--1(i.e.1.39×105tCO2·a-1),627.88t N·a-1and104.05t P·a-1, respectively. The storage of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in wetland soil amounted to1757.06t C·a-1,55.82t N·a-1and139.58t P·a-1. Compared with other studies, the reed in estuary wetland of Dagu River is stronger in the capability of carbon sequestration. Reed's retention capacity of nitrogen was significantly higher than that of phosphorus, and exhibited obvious difference compared with its carbon sequestration capacity. The contribution of soil in phosphorus removal cannot be ignored.
6) Based on the analysis of biological and ecological stoichiometry characteristics of Manila clams and reeds as well as their ecological effects on the ecosystem, preliminary exploration of restoration technologies for the degraded wetland ecosystem was made. It could be concluded as a combination of "polyculture of Manila clam and kelp" and reed planting.
本论文以大沽河口湿地及胶州湾浅海湿地为研究区域,主要以2009年5月-2010年6月在胶州湾浅海湿地菲律宾蛤仔增养殖区进行的逐月随机取样以及2009年4-10月对大沽河口湿地芦苇群落进行的调查研究为基础,较系统的研究了两种生物的生物学特征、主要生源要素(碳、氮、磷)含量与元素间比值变化、对环境中的元素移除效应等,初步探讨了胶州湾湿地的生态修复技术。主要研究结果如下：
(1)胶州湾底播增殖菲律宾蛤仔的生长特性与胶州湾自然种群相同。菲律宾蛤仔的生长发育具有明显季节性,生物量密度冬春季蛤仔生物量较低而夏秋季较高(2318.52±124.75～3343.37±277.37g·m-2),受温度、盐度、浮游植物量等外部环境条件影响较大。环境因子的突发性大幅改变会导致蛤仔生长停滞甚至死亡。
(2)菲律宾蛤仔体内碳、氮、磷元素含量的变化与其生长繁殖特性及盐度、温度等环境因子的变化有关。碳元素作为菲律宾蛤仔壳体的主要构成元素,在蛤仔碳元素总含量中占较大比例,且在不同月份间含量较稳定,变化范围为9.10±0.13～10.38±0.09mmol-g-1。软体碳元素含量为29.42±0.05～33.64±0.62mmol·g-1。壳体、软体氮元素含量变化趋势相似,变化范围分别为0.07±0.009～0.14±0.009mmol·g-1、5.46±0.12～7.39±0.43mmol·g-1。磷元素含量变化趋势与其性成熟阶段有关。壳体磷元素含量变化略滞后于软体,分别为0.006±0.001～0.016±0.001mmol·g-1、0.058±0.017～0.293±0.029mmol·g-1。不同的养殖环境中,蛤仔体内C：N、N：P比值维持在一定范围内。随生长率变化,蛤仔体内C:N、N:P比值也有相应变化,高的生长速率对应较低的C：N、N：P比值,N：P变化主要是由蛤仔体内P含量的变化决定的。蛤仔体内元素间的比值随其生长发育阶段的不同而有所改变。
(3)芦苇在生长季节,植株密度与株高成极显著负相关；地上部各器官生物量变化较大,芦苇叶生物量、叶鞘生物量和茎生物量逐渐增加,10月最高。同化器官与非同化器官生物量之比F/C值在生长期逐渐降低,非同化器官对地上部总生物量的变化有较大贡献。降水量对芦苇地上生物量增长有较大影响。
(4)芦苇叶、叶鞘和茎及地下根系中碳元素含量在春、秋季高于夏季。地上各构件氮元素含量逐渐降低,磷元素含量波动较大。地下根系中氮元素含量先降低后升高；根状茎、须根的磷元素含量逐渐增大。随芦苇个体生长发育与枯萎,碳元素逐渐由叶片向茎中累积。土壤碳、氮元素含量总体呈先降低后升高趋势,土壤磷含量,总体呈降低趋势,7月较高,9月较低,变化范围为0.48±0.14～1.25±0.06mg/g。
(5)菲律宾蛤仔鲜活个体年收获量约为2.5×105t计,每年通过人为捕捞及蛤仔死亡移除的碳、氮、磷元素总量分别为3.16×104t、1449.6t、149.1t。其中,通过渔业收获蛤仔的软体软体部分移除C量约占胶州湾年均有机碳生产量的10%；通过人为收获及蛤仔死亡年均N移除量占胶州湾外源氮输入量的28.7%；通过蛤仔捕捞、自然死亡年均P移除量约达由河流、污水排放等外部磷元素输入总量的43.3%。大沽河口湿地芦苇固碳能力较强。芦苇对氮元素的截留能力明显高于磷,而与固碳能力相差较大；以大沽河口湿地面积为15.55km2计,每年可经芦苇收获移除的碳、氮、磷总量分别为3.99×104tC·a-1(即1.39×105tCO2·a-1)、627.88tN·a-1和104.05t P·a-1。湿地土壤中储碳、氮、磷量为1757.06t C·a-1、55.84tN·a-1和139.58tP·a-1。
(6)通过本文中对胶州湾湿地菲律宾蛤仔通过渔业捕捞与自然死亡的元素移除量与大沽河口湿地芦苇及其湿地土壤的固碳、储碳与氮、磷移除效应的研究,结合历史数据,提出胶州湾湿地生态修复技术主要为贝藻混养与芦苇扩植,即采用潮上带河口湿地芦苇群落对湿地污染物的降解和截留与潮下带浅海湿地贝藻混养相结合的形式。
Wetlands, together with marines, and forests are known as three of the world's major ecosystems. The coastal wetland in Jiaozhou Bay plays an important role in purifying environment, maintenance of biodiversity, disaster mitigation, and in protecting coastlines erosion. The reed (Phragmites australis) community, as the principal community type in the estuary wetland of Dagu River, has significant effect on primary production and biogeochemical cycling in the ecosystem. Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) in the Jiaozhou Bay wetlands is not only an important fisheries species, but also acts a critical role in the material cycling of the ecosystem.
In the present study, the Dagu River estuary wetland and the shallow water region of Jiaozhou Bay were concerned, and selected Manila clams and reeds as two typical animal and plant species respectively. Data was collected by monthly surveys from May2009to Jun.2010in Jiaozhou Bay wetland (excerpt for Feb. and Apr.2010) and monthly surveys between Apr. and Nov.2009in Dagu River estuary wetland. The biological and ecological stoichiometry characteristics of Manila clams and reeds, as well as their ecological effects on the ecosystem were analyzed and assessed to make preliminary exploration of restoration technologies for the degraded wetland ecosystem. The main results are summarized as follows:
1) The clam shells grew19.64mm annually, similar to other relative studies. Dry weight of the soft body and fatness was higher in August2009and June2010, and the density of the clam reduced gradually within the study period. Low biomass was detected in winter and spring, while it was high in summer and autumn (2318.52±124.75to3343.37±277.37g·m-2). Water temperature was the main factor affecting the mortality of clam, and the relationship between growth rate and water temperature was against to that with salinity; the clam growth was also closely related to breeding activity and clam density.
2) The variation trend of carbon content in shell was similar to that in entire clam, which tended to be higher in summer and autumn. Carbon content of flesh showed opposite variation trend to that of shell in most months. Nitrogen content of shell and flesh showed obvious seasonal changes, which were lower in spring and summer. Total nitrogen content of clam ranged from0.50±0.003to0.76±0.10mmol-g-1with a decreasing tendency except a high value in March2010. Phosphorus content of clam exhibited large fluctuations, while phosphorus content of shell displayed a lagged variation compared with that of flesh. Carbon and nitrogen contents were slightly affected by shell length, width or height. Elemental contents were closely related to the reproduction cycle
3) The average height of reed showed significant correlation with density of reed (P<0.01). During the main growth season periods, the aboveground biomass of reed showed generally increasing tendency, reaching at maximum point in October and exhibited evident monthly variations, ranging from between37.59±13.94to7033.02±967.37g-m-2for dry weight. Biomass of leaves, stem and sheath of reed increased generally from April to October. Aboveground biomass of non-photosynthetic organs made a larger contribution to the changes of total aboveground biomass. Preliminary study showed that rainfall had great positive effects on growth of aboveground biomass of reed in the wetlands of Daguhe Estuary.
4) The leaves, sheaths, stems, ground carbon element content of reed changes in similar pattern, with higher quantity in spring and autumn, and lower in summer. Nitrogen content of the aboveground components reduced gradually Phosphorus content fluctuated in leaf, sheaths, and stems. The carbon content in underground root was higher in spring and autumn and lower summer; the nitrogen content initially decreased then increased, lowest in July. Considering the underground components, the phosphorus content increased gradually along with sampling month, and carbon and nitrogen content exhibited larger variation in fibrous roots. Along with the process of growth, development and wilt of reeds, the carbon accumulated gradually from leaf to stem.
5) The annual harvest of fresh clams was2.5×105t in the bay, the annual removal of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus elements through fishing and natural morality of the clams totaled3.16×104t,1449.6t, and149.1t respectively. The annual removal of carbon, nitrogen, and total phosphorus through reed harvest were3.99×104tC·a--1(i.e.1.39×105tCO2·a-1),627.88t N·a-1and104.05t P·a-1, respectively. The storage of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in wetland soil amounted to1757.06t C·a-1,55.82t N·a-1and139.58t P·a-1. Compared with other studies, the reed in estuary wetland of Dagu River is stronger in the capability of carbon sequestration. Reed's retention capacity of nitrogen was significantly higher than that of phosphorus, and exhibited obvious difference compared with its carbon sequestration capacity. The contribution of soil in phosphorus removal cannot be ignored.
6) Based on the analysis of biological and ecological stoichiometry characteristics of Manila clams and reeds as well as their ecological effects on the ecosystem, preliminary exploration of restoration technologies for the degraded wetland ecosystem was made. It could be concluded as a combination of "polyculture of Manila clam and kelp" and reed planting.
引文
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