东洞庭湖区域森林生态系统健康评价与预警研究
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摘要
论文以东洞庭湖区域森林生态系统健康评价、预警为主线,利用岳阳市森林资源二类调查、典型样地调查、湖南省森林资源管理信息系统、TM遥感影像、环保监测网络体系等方式获取研究数据,分别从小班水平、景观水平和区域水平对研究区域森林生态系统的健康状况进行了定量评价,应用BP神经网络对其健康状况进行了预警研究,然后对其森林生态系统服务价值进行评价,在此研究基础上分析了该区域森林健康状况存在的问题并提出了相应改善措施。
(1)分别从小班水平、景观水平和区域水平对东洞庭湖区域森林生态系统健康状况进行评价。
a.小班水平上,借助岳阳市森林资源二类调查、典型样地调查、湖南省森林资源管理信息系统,选取了胸径、树高、单位面积活立木蓄积量、天然林更新状况、群落层次结构、林分郁闭度、近自然度、土壤厚度、土壤有机质、土壤N、P、K、森林火灾、病虫害程度等14个指标建立了基于小班的森林健康评价模型,依据因子分析方法中的方差贡献率大小确定指标权重,计算各小班健康得分并对其进行健康分级。在所选的329个森林小班样本中,优质小班14个,健康小班76个,亚健康小班221个,不健康小班18个,分别占所选样本总数的4.25%,23.1%,67.17%,5.47%；分别占总面积的7.33%,24.62%,61.34%,6.71%。研究区域森林生态系统总体处于不健康状态,若不加以保护和经营,可能向更严重状况发展,为此应加大营林力度、落实经营措施、提高管理水平来改善森林的健康状况。
b.从景观水平上,利用2006,2009年两期东洞庭湖区域Landsat TM遥感影像数据,在ENVI4.9遥感软件平台下,进行图像增强,图像裁切以及几何精校正等图像预处理。利用ArcGIS软件中的ArcMap模块进行空间叠置分析,获得2006年和2009年岳阳土地利用类型图,将处理好的图片进行栅格化并导入fragstas3.3软件,计算出本研究相关的14个森林景观指数指标,并从景观格局要素构成、形状特征、异质性与多样性及空间分布4个方面对东洞庭湖区域森林景观格局进行分析。
混交林和针叶林是该区域的主要优势景观类型,其斑块面积大,形状和分布比较复杂,但斑块的连通型较好。竹林和草地呈散点分布,斑块形状和分布复杂程度较低,边缘密度和斑块密度都较小,其破碎化程度较高,反映人为因素对其健康状况影响大。混交林,针叶林、阔叶林的景观要素斑块形状指数较大,边界形状复杂,景观斑块化程度较高,反映其较强的自我调节能力,能更好地整维持其健康状况。
较高的香农多样性指数反映了研究区域景观中各个斑块类型分布不均衡,不定性的信息量较大,异质性较低。较高的香农均匀度指数说明各景观类型所占比例存在一定差异,存在优势类景观,如混交林的异质性较高,竹林的异质性较低。
c.区域水平上,结合前人的研究成果从自然环境、森林结构、社会因素和经济因素四方面选取有代表性的18个指标,从区域水平评价森林生态系统的健康状况。采用层次分析法构造判断矩阵确定指标的权重,并将评价指标等级分为五级,将评价指标的原始数据通过隶属函数确定评价等级的隶属度,运用模糊综合评判计算各指标值在各指标等级的森林健康状态隶属度。
将五个评价等级分别赋值后可计算出研究区的森林生态系统健康模糊综合指数γ=3.133。研究区域森林生态系统在0.1632程度上属于优质状况,在0.1810程度上属于健康状况,在0.3917程度上属于亚健康状况,在0.152程度上属于病态
根据最大隶属度原则,东洞庭湖区域森林生态系统健康状况为Ⅲ级,即亚健康状态。森林生态系统健康状况介于Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级之间,严重偏向Ⅲ级,处于从健康状况向亚健康状况发展。总体评价结果与咨询的专家意见相同,评价结果较准确。
(2)在选定森林健康评价指标的基础上,建立一个3层BP神经网络预警模型,用于预测东洞庭湖区域森林的健康状况,从预测结果看均方误差为9.83e-6,R=0.99994,表明输出值和期望值跟踪较好。依据神经网络输入、输出的权值和阈值,建立了森林小班健康评价BP神经网络预警模型,并利用模型对东洞庭湖区域森林生态系统健康状况进行了预警研究。结果表明基于BP神经网络对森林生态系统健康状况的预测具有良好的合理性和可靠性,能克服主观因素对评价结果的不利影响,有较大的应用价值。
(3)对东洞庭湖区域森林生态系统服务价值评价主要围绕木材生产效益、涵养水源、保育土壤、固碳释氧、积累营养物质、净化大气环境、森林防护和游憩价值等八个方面展开。对研究区价值量构成分析,木材生产效益为6.537亿元·a-1,涵养水源价值149.73亿元·a-1,保育土壤价值18.541亿元·a-1,固碳释02价值69.69亿元·a-1,积累营养物质价值1.48亿元·a-1,净化大气环境价值20.854亿元·a-1,森林防护价值12.538亿元·a-1,游憩价值为11.81亿元·a-1,东洞庭湖区域森林生态系统服务总效益为291.18亿元·a-1。如计算森林对环境气态有机污染物的净化效益,实际服务价值要比计算价值大。
从森林生态服务价值与林分类型关系可知,马尾松提供的服务价值最大,为89.575亿元·a-1,其次是杉木林,提供的服务价值为58.052亿元·a-1,阔叶树也比较大,达到了37.186亿元·a-1,三杉提供的生态服务价值最小,为0.3835亿元·a-1。各种林分类型提供的生态服务价值排序为：马尾松>杉木>阔叶树>国外松>竹林>经济林>杨树>三杉。
从单位面积林分类型所提供的生态系统服务价值分析,马尾松所提供的生态服务价值最大,为6.033万元·hm-2·a-1,其次是国外松为6.017万元·hm-2·a-1,经济林所提供的生态服务价值最小为3.083万元·hm-2·a-1。
从单位面积森林提供的各项生态服务价值与江西和河南进行横向比较可知,在森林涵养水源、保育土壤、固碳释氧、积累营养物质、净化大气环境方面,东洞庭湖区域单位面积森林的生态服务价值与健康状况良好的江西省存在不少差距,甚至在固碳释氧、积累营养物质、防护价值和游憩价值方面比健康状况一般的河南还低。所以,单从单位面积森林提供的生态服务价值角度去衡量森林的健康状况,东洞庭湖区域的森林总体上没有达到健康状态。
(4)结合不同尺度水平下研究区域森林健康状况的评价结果,该区域森林总体上处于亚健康状态。分析了该区域森林健康状况所存在的主要问题：林种结构不合理,树种单一,生态稳定性差；森林空间分布不均匀,难以发挥其生态服务功能；单位面积森林生态服务价值低,与被比较区域差异明显；城市化快速发展和林地面积减少矛盾突出；森林景观呈现破碎化,人为干扰因素大。并从森林经营技术、林业政策、管理制度和运行机制等方面提出了改善措施。
Based on the second-class investigation of forest resource in Yueyang city, typical plot survey, forest resource management information system in Hunan province,TM remote sensing image and environment monitoring network system, the forest ecosystem health envaluation and early warning in East Dongting Lake area were taken as the main research objective in this paper. The quantitative evalution on the state of forest health in the studied area was carried out at small patch level,region level and landscape level. Then the paper carried out early warning of the state of forest ecosystem by BP neural system and the evaluation of forest eco-service in researched region was implement. At last,some existing problems that affected forest health were be analysed and corresponding countermeasures were be put forward in East Dongting River area.
The forest ecosystem health evaluation of East Dongting Lake area from sublot,landscape and regional level respectively was carried out in the paper,
a. The paper firstly carried out forest ecosystem health evaluation of East Dongting Lake area at sublot scale by selecting14index including diameter at breast,the height of tree,the stocking volume of unit area,natural update status,community structure, forest canopy density, near natural degree, thickness of soil, soil organic matter, soil content of N、P、K, forest fire, plant of diseases and insect pests through the second-class investigation of forest resource in Yueyang city, typical plot survey, forest geography information system in Hunan province. Then determined index weight based on the method of factors variance contribution rate.calculated the health score and carried the health classification in small patch.level. High quality in in small patchs was14,health76,sub-health221, insalubrity18.occuping respectively the total area proportion of7.33%,24.62%,61.34%,6.71%, holding the selected sample amount of4.25%,23.1%,67.17%,5.47%.Accoring to result of the study, the health state of forest ecosystem in East Dongting River area was not healthy, the situation is likely to be more serious unless good protection and powerful management.In order to improve the forest health state,high management level,powerful measures and effective omplement should be adopted.
b. The paper launched forest ecosystem health evaluation of East Dongting Lake area at landscape scale.The two phase data of landsat TM remote sensing image which was shot in2006,2009covering East Dongting Laker area can be obtained.Based on the platform of ENVI4.9remote software,image enhancement,image cutting and geometric correction were all preprocessed.the land use type map of two phase can be get through ArcMap module of ArcGIS software which can implement space superimposed analysis.
The rasterized images can calculate the14related forest landscape index with fragstas3.3software, then the paper got comprehensive analysis through landscape index in4aspects which covering the pattern of elements, shape characterstics,heterogeneity and, diversity and spatial ditribution.
The mixed forest and coniferous forest was the region's main advantage landscape types, further more better patch area、more complex distribution and better connection were the main characteristics. Scatter and low distribution and low patch shape were bamboo forest and grassland's main characteristics, samller edge density and plaque density, higher broken degree were also their outstanding features.The result was from human factor to greate degree. Then bigger patch shape index、complexed boundary shape and higher integration of patches were mixed forest.coniferous forest and forest's main characteristics. The index refeleted stronger self-adjustment ability and better maintainace in forest health.
Higher shannon's diversity index reflected the patches distribution's diseequilibrium in regional landscape,much more not qualitative information and lower heterogeneity.And higher shannon's evenness index explained the difference in proportion of landscape types, so there were advantagoues landscape,such as higher heterogeneity in mixed forest and relatively lower heterogeneity in bamboo forest.
c. The paper performanceed forest ecosystem health evaluation of East Dongting Lake area at regional scale.Combining previous research results,the paper selected presentative18indicators from natural environment、forest structure、social factors and economic factors.The paper assessed the health of forest ecosystem in regional level through analytic hierarchy process which structures judgement matrix to determine the weight of indexes, divides the indexes into5grades,and changes the original data into different rank through the subordinate function.Then the membership level of forest health can be determined through the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation.
The fuzzy comprehensive index of forest ecosystem health which can be calculated was3.133by5rank assignment in the study area.To certain content,the high quality condition was0.1632,the index of health state was0.18, the index of subhealth was0.3917and the index of sick state was0.125in some degree.
The health state of East Dongting Laker belonged to Ⅲlevel,equivalent to sub-health state according to the maximum membership principle.the rank of forest ecosystem health was between Ⅱ level and Ⅲ level,serious partial to III level, and it was developing from health state to sub-health.The result was accurate because the overall evalution result was equal to experts' opinion.
(2)The paper established a early warning model of three-layer BP neural network based on selected index of forest health evalution,with which we could predict the forest health state in East Dongting Laker area.From the predicted result, the R value was0.99994and the MSE was9.83e-6,so it showed that the output value and expectation were tracking much better. According to the weight and threshold value of neural network input and output, the neural network early warning model of forest patch health evalution was established and it was used to the research of early warning in East Dongting Laker area.The prediction could overcome subjective factors on the evalution result of adverse effect based on BP neural network in forest ecosystem health state,thus it had great practical value.
(3)The evalution of forest's eocsystem service function mainly covered eight aspects including bimber production efficiency,water conservation, soil conservation,fixing carbon and releasing oxygen, accumulating nutrients,purifying atmospheric environment, forest protection and recreation value in East Dongting Laker area.The forest ecosystem's service function value of East Dongting Laker area are mainly as follows:timber production benefit for653.7million yuan per year,water storage for14.973billion yuan per year,, soil conservation for1.8541billion yuan per year,, fixing carbon and releasing oxygen for6.969billion yuan per year,, accumulating nutrients for0.148billion yuan per year,, purifying atmospheric environment for2.0854billion yuan per year,, forest protection for1.2538billion yuan per year,, recreation value for1.181billion yuan per year,, so the total evalution was29.118billion yuan per year,.The actual service function evalution was bigger than the calculation if including organic pollutants purification to the environment.
It showed that the maximum of service function value was pinus massoniana for8.9575million yuan per year,, secondly was fir for5.8052million yuan per year,,broad leaved tree for3.7186million yuan per year,, ecological service function value of three types firs was least,only for38.35million yuan per year. The senquencing of ecosystem services value from forest types was in turn:pinus massoniana,cunninghamia lanceolata,deciduous tree,foreign pine,bamboo,economic forest,poplar three chinese fir.
From forest providing ecological service function in unit area,the largest was pinus massoniana, secondly was foreign pine,the least was economic forest,the numbe was6.033,6.017,3.083ten thousand yuan per arce per year.in proper sequence.
The horizontal comparison of forest provided eco-service value was made in Jiangxi province,Henan province and East Dongting River area. Eco-service value from East Dongting River area was far lower than Jiangxi province which was in good health in water conservation, soil conservation,fixing carbon and releasing oxygen,accumulating nutrients and purifying atmospheric environment.Even it was lower than Henan province that was in general situation in fixing carbon and releasing oxygen, accumulating nutrients, forest protection and recreation value.Measuring forest health only in eco-service value,we believe that the forest in Dongting River area was not healthy.
(4) Combining forest health evalution result in different scale level,the paper showed that the forest in studied area was in subhealth state. Then it analysised the facing problems that affected forest health as follows:unreasonable forest types structure,single species and poor ecological stability; uneven distribution of space,so it was difficult to play its ecological service function.that the contradictions between fast development of urbanization and reducing woodland area was serious,forest product processing enterprise development was out of control were some of the problems. Lower eco-services value and fragmented forest landscape were thecharacter in no health.Then the paper put forward countermeasure that made forest healthy including forest management technology,forestry policy,management system and operation mechanism.
(1)分别从小班水平、景观水平和区域水平对东洞庭湖区域森林生态系统健康状况进行评价。
a.小班水平上,借助岳阳市森林资源二类调查、典型样地调查、湖南省森林资源管理信息系统,选取了胸径、树高、单位面积活立木蓄积量、天然林更新状况、群落层次结构、林分郁闭度、近自然度、土壤厚度、土壤有机质、土壤N、P、K、森林火灾、病虫害程度等14个指标建立了基于小班的森林健康评价模型,依据因子分析方法中的方差贡献率大小确定指标权重,计算各小班健康得分并对其进行健康分级。在所选的329个森林小班样本中,优质小班14个,健康小班76个,亚健康小班221个,不健康小班18个,分别占所选样本总数的4.25%,23.1%,67.17%,5.47%；分别占总面积的7.33%,24.62%,61.34%,6.71%。研究区域森林生态系统总体处于不健康状态,若不加以保护和经营,可能向更严重状况发展,为此应加大营林力度、落实经营措施、提高管理水平来改善森林的健康状况。
b.从景观水平上,利用2006,2009年两期东洞庭湖区域Landsat TM遥感影像数据,在ENVI4.9遥感软件平台下,进行图像增强,图像裁切以及几何精校正等图像预处理。利用ArcGIS软件中的ArcMap模块进行空间叠置分析,获得2006年和2009年岳阳土地利用类型图,将处理好的图片进行栅格化并导入fragstas3.3软件,计算出本研究相关的14个森林景观指数指标,并从景观格局要素构成、形状特征、异质性与多样性及空间分布4个方面对东洞庭湖区域森林景观格局进行分析。
混交林和针叶林是该区域的主要优势景观类型,其斑块面积大,形状和分布比较复杂,但斑块的连通型较好。竹林和草地呈散点分布,斑块形状和分布复杂程度较低,边缘密度和斑块密度都较小,其破碎化程度较高,反映人为因素对其健康状况影响大。混交林,针叶林、阔叶林的景观要素斑块形状指数较大,边界形状复杂,景观斑块化程度较高,反映其较强的自我调节能力,能更好地整维持其健康状况。
较高的香农多样性指数反映了研究区域景观中各个斑块类型分布不均衡,不定性的信息量较大,异质性较低。较高的香农均匀度指数说明各景观类型所占比例存在一定差异,存在优势类景观,如混交林的异质性较高,竹林的异质性较低。
c.区域水平上,结合前人的研究成果从自然环境、森林结构、社会因素和经济因素四方面选取有代表性的18个指标,从区域水平评价森林生态系统的健康状况。采用层次分析法构造判断矩阵确定指标的权重,并将评价指标等级分为五级,将评价指标的原始数据通过隶属函数确定评价等级的隶属度,运用模糊综合评判计算各指标值在各指标等级的森林健康状态隶属度。
将五个评价等级分别赋值后可计算出研究区的森林生态系统健康模糊综合指数γ=3.133。研究区域森林生态系统在0.1632程度上属于优质状况,在0.1810程度上属于健康状况,在0.3917程度上属于亚健康状况,在0.152程度上属于病态
根据最大隶属度原则,东洞庭湖区域森林生态系统健康状况为Ⅲ级,即亚健康状态。森林生态系统健康状况介于Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级之间,严重偏向Ⅲ级,处于从健康状况向亚健康状况发展。总体评价结果与咨询的专家意见相同,评价结果较准确。
(2)在选定森林健康评价指标的基础上,建立一个3层BP神经网络预警模型,用于预测东洞庭湖区域森林的健康状况,从预测结果看均方误差为9.83e-6,R=0.99994,表明输出值和期望值跟踪较好。依据神经网络输入、输出的权值和阈值,建立了森林小班健康评价BP神经网络预警模型,并利用模型对东洞庭湖区域森林生态系统健康状况进行了预警研究。结果表明基于BP神经网络对森林生态系统健康状况的预测具有良好的合理性和可靠性,能克服主观因素对评价结果的不利影响,有较大的应用价值。
(3)对东洞庭湖区域森林生态系统服务价值评价主要围绕木材生产效益、涵养水源、保育土壤、固碳释氧、积累营养物质、净化大气环境、森林防护和游憩价值等八个方面展开。对研究区价值量构成分析,木材生产效益为6.537亿元·a-1,涵养水源价值149.73亿元·a-1,保育土壤价值18.541亿元·a-1,固碳释02价值69.69亿元·a-1,积累营养物质价值1.48亿元·a-1,净化大气环境价值20.854亿元·a-1,森林防护价值12.538亿元·a-1,游憩价值为11.81亿元·a-1,东洞庭湖区域森林生态系统服务总效益为291.18亿元·a-1。如计算森林对环境气态有机污染物的净化效益,实际服务价值要比计算价值大。
从森林生态服务价值与林分类型关系可知,马尾松提供的服务价值最大,为89.575亿元·a-1,其次是杉木林,提供的服务价值为58.052亿元·a-1,阔叶树也比较大,达到了37.186亿元·a-1,三杉提供的生态服务价值最小,为0.3835亿元·a-1。各种林分类型提供的生态服务价值排序为：马尾松>杉木>阔叶树>国外松>竹林>经济林>杨树>三杉。
从单位面积林分类型所提供的生态系统服务价值分析,马尾松所提供的生态服务价值最大,为6.033万元·hm-2·a-1,其次是国外松为6.017万元·hm-2·a-1,经济林所提供的生态服务价值最小为3.083万元·hm-2·a-1。
从单位面积森林提供的各项生态服务价值与江西和河南进行横向比较可知,在森林涵养水源、保育土壤、固碳释氧、积累营养物质、净化大气环境方面,东洞庭湖区域单位面积森林的生态服务价值与健康状况良好的江西省存在不少差距,甚至在固碳释氧、积累营养物质、防护价值和游憩价值方面比健康状况一般的河南还低。所以,单从单位面积森林提供的生态服务价值角度去衡量森林的健康状况,东洞庭湖区域的森林总体上没有达到健康状态。
(4)结合不同尺度水平下研究区域森林健康状况的评价结果,该区域森林总体上处于亚健康状态。分析了该区域森林健康状况所存在的主要问题：林种结构不合理,树种单一,生态稳定性差；森林空间分布不均匀,难以发挥其生态服务功能；单位面积森林生态服务价值低,与被比较区域差异明显；城市化快速发展和林地面积减少矛盾突出；森林景观呈现破碎化,人为干扰因素大。并从森林经营技术、林业政策、管理制度和运行机制等方面提出了改善措施。
Based on the second-class investigation of forest resource in Yueyang city, typical plot survey, forest resource management information system in Hunan province,TM remote sensing image and environment monitoring network system, the forest ecosystem health envaluation and early warning in East Dongting Lake area were taken as the main research objective in this paper. The quantitative evalution on the state of forest health in the studied area was carried out at small patch level,region level and landscape level. Then the paper carried out early warning of the state of forest ecosystem by BP neural system and the evaluation of forest eco-service in researched region was implement. At last,some existing problems that affected forest health were be analysed and corresponding countermeasures were be put forward in East Dongting River area.
The forest ecosystem health evaluation of East Dongting Lake area from sublot,landscape and regional level respectively was carried out in the paper,
a. The paper firstly carried out forest ecosystem health evaluation of East Dongting Lake area at sublot scale by selecting14index including diameter at breast,the height of tree,the stocking volume of unit area,natural update status,community structure, forest canopy density, near natural degree, thickness of soil, soil organic matter, soil content of N、P、K, forest fire, plant of diseases and insect pests through the second-class investigation of forest resource in Yueyang city, typical plot survey, forest geography information system in Hunan province. Then determined index weight based on the method of factors variance contribution rate.calculated the health score and carried the health classification in small patch.level. High quality in in small patchs was14,health76,sub-health221, insalubrity18.occuping respectively the total area proportion of7.33%,24.62%,61.34%,6.71%, holding the selected sample amount of4.25%,23.1%,67.17%,5.47%.Accoring to result of the study, the health state of forest ecosystem in East Dongting River area was not healthy, the situation is likely to be more serious unless good protection and powerful management.In order to improve the forest health state,high management level,powerful measures and effective omplement should be adopted.
b. The paper launched forest ecosystem health evaluation of East Dongting Lake area at landscape scale.The two phase data of landsat TM remote sensing image which was shot in2006,2009covering East Dongting Laker area can be obtained.Based on the platform of ENVI4.9remote software,image enhancement,image cutting and geometric correction were all preprocessed.the land use type map of two phase can be get through ArcMap module of ArcGIS software which can implement space superimposed analysis.
The rasterized images can calculate the14related forest landscape index with fragstas3.3software, then the paper got comprehensive analysis through landscape index in4aspects which covering the pattern of elements, shape characterstics,heterogeneity and, diversity and spatial ditribution.
The mixed forest and coniferous forest was the region's main advantage landscape types, further more better patch area、more complex distribution and better connection were the main characteristics. Scatter and low distribution and low patch shape were bamboo forest and grassland's main characteristics, samller edge density and plaque density, higher broken degree were also their outstanding features.The result was from human factor to greate degree. Then bigger patch shape index、complexed boundary shape and higher integration of patches were mixed forest.coniferous forest and forest's main characteristics. The index refeleted stronger self-adjustment ability and better maintainace in forest health.
Higher shannon's diversity index reflected the patches distribution's diseequilibrium in regional landscape,much more not qualitative information and lower heterogeneity.And higher shannon's evenness index explained the difference in proportion of landscape types, so there were advantagoues landscape,such as higher heterogeneity in mixed forest and relatively lower heterogeneity in bamboo forest.
c. The paper performanceed forest ecosystem health evaluation of East Dongting Lake area at regional scale.Combining previous research results,the paper selected presentative18indicators from natural environment、forest structure、social factors and economic factors.The paper assessed the health of forest ecosystem in regional level through analytic hierarchy process which structures judgement matrix to determine the weight of indexes, divides the indexes into5grades,and changes the original data into different rank through the subordinate function.Then the membership level of forest health can be determined through the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation.
The fuzzy comprehensive index of forest ecosystem health which can be calculated was3.133by5rank assignment in the study area.To certain content,the high quality condition was0.1632,the index of health state was0.18, the index of subhealth was0.3917and the index of sick state was0.125in some degree.
The health state of East Dongting Laker belonged to Ⅲlevel,equivalent to sub-health state according to the maximum membership principle.the rank of forest ecosystem health was between Ⅱ level and Ⅲ level,serious partial to III level, and it was developing from health state to sub-health.The result was accurate because the overall evalution result was equal to experts' opinion.
(2)The paper established a early warning model of three-layer BP neural network based on selected index of forest health evalution,with which we could predict the forest health state in East Dongting Laker area.From the predicted result, the R value was0.99994and the MSE was9.83e-6,so it showed that the output value and expectation were tracking much better. According to the weight and threshold value of neural network input and output, the neural network early warning model of forest patch health evalution was established and it was used to the research of early warning in East Dongting Laker area.The prediction could overcome subjective factors on the evalution result of adverse effect based on BP neural network in forest ecosystem health state,thus it had great practical value.
(3)The evalution of forest's eocsystem service function mainly covered eight aspects including bimber production efficiency,water conservation, soil conservation,fixing carbon and releasing oxygen, accumulating nutrients,purifying atmospheric environment, forest protection and recreation value in East Dongting Laker area.The forest ecosystem's service function value of East Dongting Laker area are mainly as follows:timber production benefit for653.7million yuan per year,water storage for14.973billion yuan per year,, soil conservation for1.8541billion yuan per year,, fixing carbon and releasing oxygen for6.969billion yuan per year,, accumulating nutrients for0.148billion yuan per year,, purifying atmospheric environment for2.0854billion yuan per year,, forest protection for1.2538billion yuan per year,, recreation value for1.181billion yuan per year,, so the total evalution was29.118billion yuan per year,.The actual service function evalution was bigger than the calculation if including organic pollutants purification to the environment.
It showed that the maximum of service function value was pinus massoniana for8.9575million yuan per year,, secondly was fir for5.8052million yuan per year,,broad leaved tree for3.7186million yuan per year,, ecological service function value of three types firs was least,only for38.35million yuan per year. The senquencing of ecosystem services value from forest types was in turn:pinus massoniana,cunninghamia lanceolata,deciduous tree,foreign pine,bamboo,economic forest,poplar three chinese fir.
From forest providing ecological service function in unit area,the largest was pinus massoniana, secondly was foreign pine,the least was economic forest,the numbe was6.033,6.017,3.083ten thousand yuan per arce per year.in proper sequence.
The horizontal comparison of forest provided eco-service value was made in Jiangxi province,Henan province and East Dongting River area. Eco-service value from East Dongting River area was far lower than Jiangxi province which was in good health in water conservation, soil conservation,fixing carbon and releasing oxygen,accumulating nutrients and purifying atmospheric environment.Even it was lower than Henan province that was in general situation in fixing carbon and releasing oxygen, accumulating nutrients, forest protection and recreation value.Measuring forest health only in eco-service value,we believe that the forest in Dongting River area was not healthy.
(4) Combining forest health evalution result in different scale level,the paper showed that the forest in studied area was in subhealth state. Then it analysised the facing problems that affected forest health as follows:unreasonable forest types structure,single species and poor ecological stability; uneven distribution of space,so it was difficult to play its ecological service function.that the contradictions between fast development of urbanization and reducing woodland area was serious,forest product processing enterprise development was out of control were some of the problems. Lower eco-services value and fragmented forest landscape were thecharacter in no health.Then the paper put forward countermeasure that made forest healthy including forest management technology,forestry policy,management system and operation mechanism.
引文
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