高水平排球运动员运动情境中决策行为的脑神经机制研究
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摘要
运动决策的信息加工和处理是人类重要的高级认知功能之一,它是执行功能的重要组成部分。一个世纪以来,许多心理学学者采用行为、眼动、脑电和脑成像等多种方法对该功能进行了研究。由于前人研究中存在着一些局限性,目前并不清楚哪些确切的脑区会参与运动决策的信息加工和处理过程。同时,目前尚未有研究能从系统的角度考察运动决策信息加工神经机制的可塑性。而对于该问题的探讨不仅有助于人们更深刻的了解运动决策的神经机制,还可以为探讨大脑可塑性的规律以及不同项目运动员运动决策的训练提供重要的参考依据。
基于上述考虑,在本文的研究中采用行为测试和MRI两种手段,试图以系统的方式对运动决策的神经机制及可塑性进行探讨。本文包括三个联系紧密、相互递进的研究：
研究一通过运动情境中的决策行为测试,检验排球运动决策测试系统的有效性,探讨不同运动水平被试的决策行为。研究发现,专家级决策正确率最高、反应速度最快；中问级居中；初级决策正确率最低、反应速度最慢,说明排球运动决策测试系统是一个效度较高的测试软件。
研究二采用MRI对高水平排球运动员和普通人的大脑进行结构像扫描,探讨多年的动作技能学习和运动训练对排球运动员大脑结构产生的可塑性变化。研究显示,排球运动员与普通人大脑结构在右半球负责视觉信息加工的枕叶外侧上脑区的灰质体积和大脑皮层厚度呈现显著性差异。
研究三采用fMRI研究运动决策任务中高水平排球运动员大脑的激活脑区。研究发现,在“触球时”和“触球后”两个条件下,行为结果与脑成像结果基本一致。行为数据中,排球运动员与普通人相比具有显著性差异,决策正确率高、反应速度快,与研究一的结果基本相同。在脑成像数据中,排球运动员激活的脑区与普通人相比具有显著性差异,普通人比运动员多激活了负责视觉加工的枕极和枕叶梭状回脑区。
综合上述结果,本研究发现：1)排球运动决策测试系统可以检验不同运动水平的决策行为,具有较高的效度。不同运动水平被试的运动决策行为具有显著性差异,运动水平高的运动员,运动决策正确率高和反应速度快。2)高水平排球运动员与普通人大脑右半球负责视觉信息加工的枕叶外侧上脑区灰质体积和大脑皮层厚度具有显著性差异。3)运动决策任务时高水平排球运动员脑区激活程度与普通人相比有显著性差异,普通人比运动员多激活了负责视觉加工的枕极和枕叶梭状回脑区。
The information processing of sports decision making is one of the most important human cognitive functions which is an important component of executive function in human beings. For one century, numerous research methods including behavior, eye movements, EEG and neuroimaging have been used to examine the cognitive and neural mechanisms. However, the exact neural mechanisms of sports decision making processing and its plasticity accompanying training are still unclear because of the limitations in previous studies. Research on these questions would not only be beneficial for our understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying sport decision making processing, but also provide important implications to the related sports events and sports decision making training of athletes.
This paper is aimed to address the above questions in behavioral test and MRI studies. It includes three studies that integrate each other.
In Study One, validity of volleyball sports decision making test system was verified and decision making of athlets of different level were discussed through sports decision making behavioral test.It was found that behavioral results of experts, intermediates and novices come to the same thing. Experts have the best accuracy and reaction times of the decision making. Intermediates have the intermediate accuracy and reaction times of the decision making. Novices have the worst accuracy and reaction times of the decision making. Sports decision making level will improve along with motor level. It was showed that volleyball sports decision making test system is very effective test software.
In Study Two, brain structure will be plasticity after motor learning and training was discussed through MRI structure imaging. The results showed that gray matter volume of athletes is significantly different from college students in sup LOC. Cerebral cortex thickness of athletes is significantly different from college students in sup LOC.
In Study Three, elite volleyball athletes will activate brain region when they are decision making tasks was discussed through fMRI. We found that after touching volleyball condition showed the same activation in behavioral and fMRI test compared with touching condition. Behavioral results showed that elite volleyball athletes are much better than college students in the decision making test. It is the same result with Study One. Functional MRI results showed that it was significant different between volleyball athletes and college students, volleyball athletes activate much less than college students in Occipital Pole and Occipital Fusiform Gyrus that play important roles in visual information processing.
In conclusion, we found:1) It is significantly different in sport decision making level with different participants. Elite athletes have the best accuracy and reaction times than others.2) Gray matter volume of athletes are significantly different from college students in sup LOC. Cerebral cortex thickness of athletes is significantly different from college students in sup LOC.3) Elite volleyball athletes activate much less than college students in Occipital Pole and Occipital Fusiform Gyrus that play important roles in visual processing.
基于上述考虑,在本文的研究中采用行为测试和MRI两种手段,试图以系统的方式对运动决策的神经机制及可塑性进行探讨。本文包括三个联系紧密、相互递进的研究：
研究一通过运动情境中的决策行为测试,检验排球运动决策测试系统的有效性,探讨不同运动水平被试的决策行为。研究发现,专家级决策正确率最高、反应速度最快；中问级居中；初级决策正确率最低、反应速度最慢,说明排球运动决策测试系统是一个效度较高的测试软件。
研究二采用MRI对高水平排球运动员和普通人的大脑进行结构像扫描,探讨多年的动作技能学习和运动训练对排球运动员大脑结构产生的可塑性变化。研究显示,排球运动员与普通人大脑结构在右半球负责视觉信息加工的枕叶外侧上脑区的灰质体积和大脑皮层厚度呈现显著性差异。
研究三采用fMRI研究运动决策任务中高水平排球运动员大脑的激活脑区。研究发现,在“触球时”和“触球后”两个条件下,行为结果与脑成像结果基本一致。行为数据中,排球运动员与普通人相比具有显著性差异,决策正确率高、反应速度快,与研究一的结果基本相同。在脑成像数据中,排球运动员激活的脑区与普通人相比具有显著性差异,普通人比运动员多激活了负责视觉加工的枕极和枕叶梭状回脑区。
综合上述结果,本研究发现：1)排球运动决策测试系统可以检验不同运动水平的决策行为,具有较高的效度。不同运动水平被试的运动决策行为具有显著性差异,运动水平高的运动员,运动决策正确率高和反应速度快。2)高水平排球运动员与普通人大脑右半球负责视觉信息加工的枕叶外侧上脑区灰质体积和大脑皮层厚度具有显著性差异。3)运动决策任务时高水平排球运动员脑区激活程度与普通人相比有显著性差异,普通人比运动员多激活了负责视觉加工的枕极和枕叶梭状回脑区。
The information processing of sports decision making is one of the most important human cognitive functions which is an important component of executive function in human beings. For one century, numerous research methods including behavior, eye movements, EEG and neuroimaging have been used to examine the cognitive and neural mechanisms. However, the exact neural mechanisms of sports decision making processing and its plasticity accompanying training are still unclear because of the limitations in previous studies. Research on these questions would not only be beneficial for our understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying sport decision making processing, but also provide important implications to the related sports events and sports decision making training of athletes.
This paper is aimed to address the above questions in behavioral test and MRI studies. It includes three studies that integrate each other.
In Study One, validity of volleyball sports decision making test system was verified and decision making of athlets of different level were discussed through sports decision making behavioral test.It was found that behavioral results of experts, intermediates and novices come to the same thing. Experts have the best accuracy and reaction times of the decision making. Intermediates have the intermediate accuracy and reaction times of the decision making. Novices have the worst accuracy and reaction times of the decision making. Sports decision making level will improve along with motor level. It was showed that volleyball sports decision making test system is very effective test software.
In Study Two, brain structure will be plasticity after motor learning and training was discussed through MRI structure imaging. The results showed that gray matter volume of athletes is significantly different from college students in sup LOC. Cerebral cortex thickness of athletes is significantly different from college students in sup LOC.
In Study Three, elite volleyball athletes will activate brain region when they are decision making tasks was discussed through fMRI. We found that after touching volleyball condition showed the same activation in behavioral and fMRI test compared with touching condition. Behavioral results showed that elite volleyball athletes are much better than college students in the decision making test. It is the same result with Study One. Functional MRI results showed that it was significant different between volleyball athletes and college students, volleyball athletes activate much less than college students in Occipital Pole and Occipital Fusiform Gyrus that play important roles in visual information processing.
In conclusion, we found:1) It is significantly different in sport decision making level with different participants. Elite athletes have the best accuracy and reaction times than others.2) Gray matter volume of athletes are significantly different from college students in sup LOC. Cerebral cortex thickness of athletes is significantly different from college students in sup LOC.3) Elite volleyball athletes activate much less than college students in Occipital Pole and Occipital Fusiform Gyrus that play important roles in visual processing.
引文
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