企业专利能力及其对竞争优势作用机理的研究
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摘要
企业专利能力及其对竞争优势作用机理的研究
随着经济全球化的发展,企业竞争越来越激烈,竞争的焦点逐渐转移到专利能力竞争上。目前,中国企业的专利投入、产出逐年增加,而专利对企业竞争优势的贡献却并没有随之增加的问题比较明显。要想解决好这一现实问题,关键是揭示企业专利能力自身运行的内在规律及专利能力形成竞争优势的关键环节、主要路径。本文针对以上问题,以企业能力理论、专利战略理及复杂系统理论为基础,借鉴复杂系统理论及构成论理论的研究方法,构建了“企业专利能力的竞争优势理论”,对企业专利能力的内涵及专利能力对竞争优势作用机理进行了深入研究,主要研究内容如下:
(1)界定了企业专利能力的内涵
本文揭示了企业专利能力的内涵,为后续专利能力形成、演进及专利能力对竞争优势作用机理研究奠定了基础。主要研究了企业专利能力概念、性质、特征、维度、层次结构等内容。研究中指出:企业专利能力是根据环境变化动态地运用并集结专利资源以获取企业竞争优势的累积性知识。企业专利能力具备知识性、信息性、资产性、社会价值等性质。动态性、开放性、时间扩展性、地域拓展性、价值递增性、内生成长性等是专利能力的独有特征。综合前人对企业能力构成要素的分析与界定,结合企业专利能力自身的概念、性质、特征及作用,将企业专利能力划分为专利技术能力、专利法权运作能力、专利集成能力三个维度。企业专利能力具有层次性,依据企业专利能力对竞争优势的贡献程度,把专利能力由高到低划分为:基本专利能力、次专利核心能力、专利核心能力及动态专利能力四个层次,它们是不同强度的企业专利能力的表现形式。在不同层次里,专利能力的三个维度作用不同,本文依据专利能力基础维度即专利技术能力及专利法权运作能力维度的交互作用表现,归纳出中国企业常见的专利能力类型,即偶发型企业专利能力、专利技术型企业专利能力、技术专利型企业专利能力、战略型企业专利能力。企业专利能力通过专利价值及专利竞争得以表现,在知识经济时代,专利能力价值比专利价值的内涵更加丰富,它不仅仅包括经济价值,它还包括能为企业创造优势的一切价值。专利租金的形式主要有:熊彼特式技术创新租金、李嘉图式比较优势租金、张伯伦式垄断优势租金以及三者综合形成的社会价值。文中详细分析了每种专利能力类型获取价值的构成:偶发型专利能力价值为W=J;专利技术型企业专利能力价值为W=J+L;技术专利型企业专利能力价值为W= J+L+F;战略型企业专利能力价值为W= J+L+F+S。专利能力表现不仅通过价值表现,还通过竞争表现,专利能力的竞争内容有法律、技术、人才、法权运作、专利集成等方面。
(2)探明了企业专利能力的形成过程
吸收并融合企业能力理论、专利战略理论及复杂系统理论精髓。将企业专利能力视为复杂适应性系统,它由专利创造能力单元、专利运用能力单元、专利保护能力单元及专利管理能力单元等构成。另外,企业能力理论中指出,能力是对资源的操作,那么企业专利能力也是在对专利资源的运用中得以实现。因此,可以认为企业专利能力是在组织力及自组织力两种力量交织下形成。组织力是指企业通过主导机制(也称专利转换机制)作用于专利资源使专利能力逐步形成并发挥作用的过程。组织力具有主动性、从上到下变革的特征,是在对外界环境预测的基础上的主动性地变化。自组织力是在外界环境刺激下,通过主导机制作用使企业专利能力子系统的能力单位间能够按照某种规则自动形成一定的结构或功能的过程。自组织力具有内在性和自生性。企业专利能力是在组织力与自组织力交互作用中形成的。
(3)揭示了企业专利能力的演进规律
本文通过企业专利能力演进内涵、演进动力、演进机理、演进阶段、演进路径的研究揭示了企业专利能力演进规律。主要结论如下:
本文提炼出了“企业专利能力演进机理模型”。在与企业环境交互作用中,知识是能力演进的能力补给系统,对专利能力变化起到主导作用的惯例,即学习性惯例、创新性惯例及匹配性惯例形成了专利能力的感应器、加工器、效应器,“三器”的协调配合与良性运转后产出的是有利于专利能力向着更高、更好方向发展的新惯例,新的惯例对企业专利资源进行操作,这种操作包括三种方式:组织循环操作、自组织循环操作及二者共演。在组织循环操作、自组织循环操作及二者互动中,企业专利能力不断地向着更高阶层演进,即经历了基本专利能力、次专利核心能力、专利核心能力、动态专利能力四个阶段。本文研究了每一个层次内部专利能力呈现的变化规律,企业专利能力在一个周期内经历专利能力形成期、成长期、成熟期及衰退期四个阶段。在企业专利能力演进路径分析中,本文提出:当企业专利能力的所处状态和企业专利能力总体目标不同时,我们从横断面上来剖析企业专利能力呈现出三种不同路径:基础式发展路线、拉升式发展路线及全方位式发展路线;从纵断面上剖析企业专利能力演进的方式主要有两种,一种是顺次式发展方式,一种是跨越式发展方式。
(4)揭示了企业专利能力对核心能力的作用机理
本研究通过对专利能力与核心能力的关系研究,得出专利能力通过“归核”及“核变”方式对核心能力产生影响,并运用复杂系统理论的研究方法阐释了专利能力对核心能力作用机理,研究指出:企业专利能力系统具有自强化功能,能够敏感地感受到市场的变化,在外界环境刺激下导致内在结构的失衡,专利能力系统内能力单元之间的相互影响程度加剧,专利能力在适应环境过程中自组织力与组织力交互作用下,使专利能力向着更高的层次演进。演进后的专利能力不仅能力结构、能力强度发生变化,同时也使自身由核心能力的外层向核心层发生了移动,逐渐成为主导核心能力走向的“序参量”。进而导致核心能力系统也发生了涌现现象,核心能力的涌现即是核心能力适应性演变过程,也就是专利能力“归核”并促使核心能力“核变”过程。
(5)提炼出了“企业专利能力对竞争优势的作用机理”模型并进行了实证检验
本研究提炼了企业专利能力、核心能力、竞争优势为关键变量的企业专利能力对竞争优势作用机理模型。企业专利能力影响竞争优势有两条基本路径,一条是专利能力通过核心能力的中介作用而对长期竞争优势产生影响;另一条路径是专利能力直接对一般竞争优势产生影响。基于上述模型,提出了相关假设,利用因子分析、相关分析、多元回归分析及结构方程对提出的假设进行了检验,实证结果表明:企业专利能力对核心能力、长期竞争优势、一般竞争优势都有积极影响,且企业核心能力在专利能力及长期竞争优势之间起到中介作用。
(6)提出了提升企业专利能力增强竞争优势对策
本研究基于专利能力理论、专利能力对竞争优势的实证分析结论及中国企业专利能力现状,提出了提升企业专利能力增强竞争优势的具体对策。
本研究取得三方面的创新:①独特的研究视角。从能力角度研究专利对竞争优势的影响,吸取企业能力理论、专利战略理论及复杂系统理论研究的方法论的精髓,将专利能力视为复杂适应性系统,用复杂系统理论及构成论理论的融合视角来揭示专利能力内在规律,即克服了静态研究及构成论研究的弊端,也弥补了复杂系统运作的模糊性、难以控制性的问题。②研究框架创新。本研究以提升专利能力增强企业专利竞争优势为目标,从研究内容、研究视角、研究层次三个维度构建了的具有由内到外,内外结合、动静结合特点的企业专利能力研究框架。保证对研究问题的全面性、深刻性及动态性。③理论研究创新。本研究界定了企业专利能力内涵、探明了专利能力的形成、揭示了专利能力演进规律、揭示了企业专利能力对核心能力的作用机理、提炼出了“企业专利能力对竞争优势的作用机理”模型并进行了实证检验。因而本研究是对专利竞争理论体系的一个补充,有助于拓展和丰富专利能力竞争相关理论,并为进一步的指导应用研究奠定了基础。
The research on company patent capability and its mechanism to competitive advantage
The focus of competition shifts to the competition of patent capability gradually. Nowadays the patent input and output of Chinese companies is increased every year. Yet the contribution of patent to the company competitive advantages is not enhanced accordingly. It is an obvious problem. To settle down this practical problem, it is important to explore the immanent rule of the self-function of the competition of patent capability and the key section and main way of forming the advantage of the competition of patent capability. So this dissertation mainly focuses on those issues. Based on theories of complex system, company capability and patent strategy, using the methodology of the complex system theory and composing theory, this dissertation bring up the management thinking of conjunct improvement of the capability of company patent and the capability of function which is patent capability to competitive advantages. And then deeply analyses the meaning of the capability of company patent and the mechanism of function that patent capability to competitive advantages. The mainly contents are:
(1)Defines the connotation of enterprise patent ability
This paper reveals the connotation of enterprise patent ability, which laid a foundation for ability to form for the subsequent patent, evolution and patent ability for competitive advantage mechanism research. It mainly studies the enterprise patent ability concept, properties, characteristics, dimension, the hierarchical structure, etc. Studies show: enterprise patent ability is dynamically using and rally patent resources to obtain competitive advantages of enterprises cumulative knowledge according to environmental change. Enterprise patent ability have some properties such as knowledge, informative, assets properties, social value, etc. Dynamic, open, patent ability time scalability, regional expanding, value increasing properties, endogenous growth are the unique features that patent ability own. Integrating the analysis and defining elements to enterprise ability by predecessors, combined with the enterprise concept of patent ability itself, properties, characteristics and role, we will divide enterprise patent ability into technical ability, the right operation ability, and patent integrated ability three dimensions. Enterprise patent ability has the layered, according to the contribution degree of enterprise patent ability have for competitive advantage, we divide a patented ability into four levels from high to low: basic patent ability, secondary patent core competence and patent core capabilities and dynamic patent ability, they are the from that different intensity enterprise patent ability express.In different levels, patent ability are different in the three dimensions. Based on the basic dimensions patent ability which is the interaction operation performance of patent technology ability and the patent right operation dimensions, the article concludes China enterprise common patent ability type, namely accidentally enterprise patent ability, patent technology-oriented enterprises patent ability, the technical patent type enterprise patent ability, strategic enterprise patent ability. Enterprise patent ability show through the patent value and patent competition, in the era of knowledge economy, the connotation of patent ability is more rich than that patent value worth, not only does it include economic value, but also it includes all the advantage for the enterprise value. The form of patent rent basically has: Schumpeter type of technology innovation rents, Ricardo comparative advantage rents, Joba Chamberlain type of monopoly rents and the advantage formed among the comprehensive social value. This paper analyzes each patent ability type of components: accidentally get patent ability value for W= J; Patent technology enterprise's value for W =J + L. The value of technology patent ability type enterprise is W= J+L+F;Strategic value of the enterprise patent ability is W = J + L + F + S. Patent competencies performance not only through value, but also through the competition ability. Patent ability competition content includes the law, technology, talent, patriarchy operation and operation, patent integration, etc.
(2) Prove the formation of the enterprise patent ability
This paper absorb and fusion enterprise competence theory, patent strategic theory and complex system theory essence. This study see enterprise patent competence as a complex adaptive system, which consists of patent creation ability unit, patent utilization ability unit, patent protection ability and patent management ability units , etc. In addition, the enterprise competence theory, ability is pointed out in the operation, and then to resources of patent ability is enterprise the use of resources to achieve. In addition, the enterprise competence theory, pointed out that ability is for resources operation so enterprise of patent ability is achieves through the use of patent resources. Therefore, we can think enterprise patent ability is organized through the interaction of organization and self-organization. Organizational force is to show enterprise through the leading mechanism (also called patent conversion mechanism) play a role in patent resources to make patent ability gradually formed and play a role in the process. Organizational strength with initiative owned the characteristic of change from top to bottom, is initiative to change based on the forecast of on the external environment. Self-organization force is the process of making the enterprise patent ability between subsystems unit to be automatic formed certain structure or function in accordance with some rules under the external environment stimulate through leading mechanism. Self-organization force has internality and the nature disposition. Enterprise patent ability is formed in the interaction of organization and self-organization.
(3)Reveal the evolving laws of enterprises patent ability
This article revealed enterprise patent ability evolution rule through enterprise patent ability evolution connotation and the development power, evolution mechanism, evolutionary stages, evolution path research. The main conclusions are as follows: The paper constructs "enterprise patent ability evolution mechanism model". With the process of enterprise environment interaction, knowledge is the resupply system to ability of evolution and play a leading role in the practice of patent ability change, namely learning practices, innovative practices and matching priority practice became patent ability sensors, processors, effecter, "Three implement" coordination and benign operation after the favorable to the patent output to a higher, better ability of the new practice. The new practice carry on an operation to enterprise patent resources, this operation including three ways: organization, self organization to cycle and two were both in. In organization, self organization to cycle to cycle and two interactive, enterprise patent ability constantly toward a higher class evolution, namely experienced basic patent ability, secondary patent core competence and patent core ability, dynamic patent ability these four stages. This paper studies the change rule of every level of variation of patent ability inside , enterprise patent ability presented in a cycle experience patent ability formation, growth, maturity and recession four stages. In the enterprise patent ability evolution path analysis, this paper presents: when enterprise patent ability condition and enterprise patent ability overall goal is not the same , we come from cross-sectional analysis enterprise patent showing three different type paths that is, development route, ascension type of development route and all-round development route. There are two basically ways to analyze the enterprise patent ability from the cubes, one kind is order type of development mode, one kind is leapfrog development mode.
(4)Reveals the mechanism action of the patent ability for enterprise core competence
By researching the ability and the core competence of the patent ability this paper draw to the conclusion that patent ability have an influence on core competence through the "nuclear" and "nuclear change" way, and using the research methods of complexity system theory to interpret the mechanism that patent ability serve as core competence, research indicates that: Enterprise patent ability system has the intensifying function and can be sensitive to feel the change of the market, led to the imbalances in inner structure by the external environment stimulate the influence between patent ability system units is aggravating. The organizational capacity of patent ability is increasing in the process of adapting to that environment, which make patent ability toward a higher level evolution. Patent ability after evolution not only changes the ability structure, ability strength, but also makes oneself move from to the outer core competence to the core, gradually become the "sequence parameter" leading core competence trends. Which led to the core capability system also changed emerging phenomenon, core competence emergence is the process of the core competences adaptive evolution, and is also the "nuclear "process of core ability changed according to the patent ability.
(5) Constructing "enterprise of competitive advantage of patent ability mechanism" model and empirically analyses
This study constructs enterprise core competence and patent ability, the competitive advantage of the enterprise patent for key variable capability for competitive advantage mechanism model. There are two basic ways that enterprise patent ability has effect on competitive advantage, a path is that patent ability play a long-term part in competitive advantage and effect through the mediating of the core ability. Another path is that patent ability general competitive advantage effect directly. This paper based on the model, puts forward the related hypotheses, using factor analysis and correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis and structural equation are presented to the inspection of the hypothesis, the empirical results show: Patent ability have a positive influence on enterprise core competence and long-term competitive advantage, general competitive advantage ,and enterprise core competence played intermediary role in the patent ability and the long-term competitive advantage.
(6)Proposes countermeasures of promoting enterprise patent ability and enhancement competitive advantage
This study, based on patent competence theory, the conclusions about patent ability of competitive advantage for Chinese enterprise and empirical analysis of the present situation, proposed the specific measures refer to the promotion of enterprise patent ability and the enhancement competitive advantage.
This research has achieved three aspects of innovation: (1) the unique perspective. From the ability angle to analyze the influence of patent to the competitive advantage and absorb in enterprise ability theory, patent strategic theory and complex system theory research which is the methodology essence. See the patent competence as complex adaptive system, this paper with complex systems theory and composition theory to reveal the fusion perspective patent ability inherent law, which not only overcome the static research and composition theory research but also can make up for the complex system operation of ambiguity, deal with problems that difficult to control. (2) the research framework for innovation. This study see improving patent ability and enhancing enterprise patent competitive advantage as the goal, from research contents, the research Angle, levels of study this three dimensions constructed research framework for enterprise from inside to outside, inside and outside is united, combining static and move characteristics of patent ability, which guarantee the research problem comprehensive, profundity and dynamic. (3) theory research and innovation. This study defines the connotation of enterprise patent ability, proved the formation of the patent ability, reveals the patent evolution law, reveals the core mechanism of action that enterprise patent ability have for core ability, constructing "enterprise of competitive advantage of patent ability mechanism" model and empirically analyses. Therefore this research is a supplement to the theoretical system of the generic competition, to broaden and enrich patents related competition ability theory, and lay a foundation for further guidance application research.
随着经济全球化的发展,企业竞争越来越激烈,竞争的焦点逐渐转移到专利能力竞争上。目前,中国企业的专利投入、产出逐年增加,而专利对企业竞争优势的贡献却并没有随之增加的问题比较明显。要想解决好这一现实问题,关键是揭示企业专利能力自身运行的内在规律及专利能力形成竞争优势的关键环节、主要路径。本文针对以上问题,以企业能力理论、专利战略理及复杂系统理论为基础,借鉴复杂系统理论及构成论理论的研究方法,构建了“企业专利能力的竞争优势理论”,对企业专利能力的内涵及专利能力对竞争优势作用机理进行了深入研究,主要研究内容如下:
(1)界定了企业专利能力的内涵
本文揭示了企业专利能力的内涵,为后续专利能力形成、演进及专利能力对竞争优势作用机理研究奠定了基础。主要研究了企业专利能力概念、性质、特征、维度、层次结构等内容。研究中指出:企业专利能力是根据环境变化动态地运用并集结专利资源以获取企业竞争优势的累积性知识。企业专利能力具备知识性、信息性、资产性、社会价值等性质。动态性、开放性、时间扩展性、地域拓展性、价值递增性、内生成长性等是专利能力的独有特征。综合前人对企业能力构成要素的分析与界定,结合企业专利能力自身的概念、性质、特征及作用,将企业专利能力划分为专利技术能力、专利法权运作能力、专利集成能力三个维度。企业专利能力具有层次性,依据企业专利能力对竞争优势的贡献程度,把专利能力由高到低划分为:基本专利能力、次专利核心能力、专利核心能力及动态专利能力四个层次,它们是不同强度的企业专利能力的表现形式。在不同层次里,专利能力的三个维度作用不同,本文依据专利能力基础维度即专利技术能力及专利法权运作能力维度的交互作用表现,归纳出中国企业常见的专利能力类型,即偶发型企业专利能力、专利技术型企业专利能力、技术专利型企业专利能力、战略型企业专利能力。企业专利能力通过专利价值及专利竞争得以表现,在知识经济时代,专利能力价值比专利价值的内涵更加丰富,它不仅仅包括经济价值,它还包括能为企业创造优势的一切价值。专利租金的形式主要有:熊彼特式技术创新租金、李嘉图式比较优势租金、张伯伦式垄断优势租金以及三者综合形成的社会价值。文中详细分析了每种专利能力类型获取价值的构成:偶发型专利能力价值为W=J;专利技术型企业专利能力价值为W=J+L;技术专利型企业专利能力价值为W= J+L+F;战略型企业专利能力价值为W= J+L+F+S。专利能力表现不仅通过价值表现,还通过竞争表现,专利能力的竞争内容有法律、技术、人才、法权运作、专利集成等方面。
(2)探明了企业专利能力的形成过程
吸收并融合企业能力理论、专利战略理论及复杂系统理论精髓。将企业专利能力视为复杂适应性系统,它由专利创造能力单元、专利运用能力单元、专利保护能力单元及专利管理能力单元等构成。另外,企业能力理论中指出,能力是对资源的操作,那么企业专利能力也是在对专利资源的运用中得以实现。因此,可以认为企业专利能力是在组织力及自组织力两种力量交织下形成。组织力是指企业通过主导机制(也称专利转换机制)作用于专利资源使专利能力逐步形成并发挥作用的过程。组织力具有主动性、从上到下变革的特征,是在对外界环境预测的基础上的主动性地变化。自组织力是在外界环境刺激下,通过主导机制作用使企业专利能力子系统的能力单位间能够按照某种规则自动形成一定的结构或功能的过程。自组织力具有内在性和自生性。企业专利能力是在组织力与自组织力交互作用中形成的。
(3)揭示了企业专利能力的演进规律
本文通过企业专利能力演进内涵、演进动力、演进机理、演进阶段、演进路径的研究揭示了企业专利能力演进规律。主要结论如下:
本文提炼出了“企业专利能力演进机理模型”。在与企业环境交互作用中,知识是能力演进的能力补给系统,对专利能力变化起到主导作用的惯例,即学习性惯例、创新性惯例及匹配性惯例形成了专利能力的感应器、加工器、效应器,“三器”的协调配合与良性运转后产出的是有利于专利能力向着更高、更好方向发展的新惯例,新的惯例对企业专利资源进行操作,这种操作包括三种方式:组织循环操作、自组织循环操作及二者共演。在组织循环操作、自组织循环操作及二者互动中,企业专利能力不断地向着更高阶层演进,即经历了基本专利能力、次专利核心能力、专利核心能力、动态专利能力四个阶段。本文研究了每一个层次内部专利能力呈现的变化规律,企业专利能力在一个周期内经历专利能力形成期、成长期、成熟期及衰退期四个阶段。在企业专利能力演进路径分析中,本文提出:当企业专利能力的所处状态和企业专利能力总体目标不同时,我们从横断面上来剖析企业专利能力呈现出三种不同路径:基础式发展路线、拉升式发展路线及全方位式发展路线;从纵断面上剖析企业专利能力演进的方式主要有两种,一种是顺次式发展方式,一种是跨越式发展方式。
(4)揭示了企业专利能力对核心能力的作用机理
本研究通过对专利能力与核心能力的关系研究,得出专利能力通过“归核”及“核变”方式对核心能力产生影响,并运用复杂系统理论的研究方法阐释了专利能力对核心能力作用机理,研究指出:企业专利能力系统具有自强化功能,能够敏感地感受到市场的变化,在外界环境刺激下导致内在结构的失衡,专利能力系统内能力单元之间的相互影响程度加剧,专利能力在适应环境过程中自组织力与组织力交互作用下,使专利能力向着更高的层次演进。演进后的专利能力不仅能力结构、能力强度发生变化,同时也使自身由核心能力的外层向核心层发生了移动,逐渐成为主导核心能力走向的“序参量”。进而导致核心能力系统也发生了涌现现象,核心能力的涌现即是核心能力适应性演变过程,也就是专利能力“归核”并促使核心能力“核变”过程。
(5)提炼出了“企业专利能力对竞争优势的作用机理”模型并进行了实证检验
本研究提炼了企业专利能力、核心能力、竞争优势为关键变量的企业专利能力对竞争优势作用机理模型。企业专利能力影响竞争优势有两条基本路径,一条是专利能力通过核心能力的中介作用而对长期竞争优势产生影响;另一条路径是专利能力直接对一般竞争优势产生影响。基于上述模型,提出了相关假设,利用因子分析、相关分析、多元回归分析及结构方程对提出的假设进行了检验,实证结果表明:企业专利能力对核心能力、长期竞争优势、一般竞争优势都有积极影响,且企业核心能力在专利能力及长期竞争优势之间起到中介作用。
(6)提出了提升企业专利能力增强竞争优势对策
本研究基于专利能力理论、专利能力对竞争优势的实证分析结论及中国企业专利能力现状,提出了提升企业专利能力增强竞争优势的具体对策。
本研究取得三方面的创新:①独特的研究视角。从能力角度研究专利对竞争优势的影响,吸取企业能力理论、专利战略理论及复杂系统理论研究的方法论的精髓,将专利能力视为复杂适应性系统,用复杂系统理论及构成论理论的融合视角来揭示专利能力内在规律,即克服了静态研究及构成论研究的弊端,也弥补了复杂系统运作的模糊性、难以控制性的问题。②研究框架创新。本研究以提升专利能力增强企业专利竞争优势为目标,从研究内容、研究视角、研究层次三个维度构建了的具有由内到外,内外结合、动静结合特点的企业专利能力研究框架。保证对研究问题的全面性、深刻性及动态性。③理论研究创新。本研究界定了企业专利能力内涵、探明了专利能力的形成、揭示了专利能力演进规律、揭示了企业专利能力对核心能力的作用机理、提炼出了“企业专利能力对竞争优势的作用机理”模型并进行了实证检验。因而本研究是对专利竞争理论体系的一个补充,有助于拓展和丰富专利能力竞争相关理论,并为进一步的指导应用研究奠定了基础。
The research on company patent capability and its mechanism to competitive advantage
The focus of competition shifts to the competition of patent capability gradually. Nowadays the patent input and output of Chinese companies is increased every year. Yet the contribution of patent to the company competitive advantages is not enhanced accordingly. It is an obvious problem. To settle down this practical problem, it is important to explore the immanent rule of the self-function of the competition of patent capability and the key section and main way of forming the advantage of the competition of patent capability. So this dissertation mainly focuses on those issues. Based on theories of complex system, company capability and patent strategy, using the methodology of the complex system theory and composing theory, this dissertation bring up the management thinking of conjunct improvement of the capability of company patent and the capability of function which is patent capability to competitive advantages. And then deeply analyses the meaning of the capability of company patent and the mechanism of function that patent capability to competitive advantages. The mainly contents are:
(1)Defines the connotation of enterprise patent ability
This paper reveals the connotation of enterprise patent ability, which laid a foundation for ability to form for the subsequent patent, evolution and patent ability for competitive advantage mechanism research. It mainly studies the enterprise patent ability concept, properties, characteristics, dimension, the hierarchical structure, etc. Studies show: enterprise patent ability is dynamically using and rally patent resources to obtain competitive advantages of enterprises cumulative knowledge according to environmental change. Enterprise patent ability have some properties such as knowledge, informative, assets properties, social value, etc. Dynamic, open, patent ability time scalability, regional expanding, value increasing properties, endogenous growth are the unique features that patent ability own. Integrating the analysis and defining elements to enterprise ability by predecessors, combined with the enterprise concept of patent ability itself, properties, characteristics and role, we will divide enterprise patent ability into technical ability, the right operation ability, and patent integrated ability three dimensions. Enterprise patent ability has the layered, according to the contribution degree of enterprise patent ability have for competitive advantage, we divide a patented ability into four levels from high to low: basic patent ability, secondary patent core competence and patent core capabilities and dynamic patent ability, they are the from that different intensity enterprise patent ability express.In different levels, patent ability are different in the three dimensions. Based on the basic dimensions patent ability which is the interaction operation performance of patent technology ability and the patent right operation dimensions, the article concludes China enterprise common patent ability type, namely accidentally enterprise patent ability, patent technology-oriented enterprises patent ability, the technical patent type enterprise patent ability, strategic enterprise patent ability. Enterprise patent ability show through the patent value and patent competition, in the era of knowledge economy, the connotation of patent ability is more rich than that patent value worth, not only does it include economic value, but also it includes all the advantage for the enterprise value. The form of patent rent basically has: Schumpeter type of technology innovation rents, Ricardo comparative advantage rents, Joba Chamberlain type of monopoly rents and the advantage formed among the comprehensive social value. This paper analyzes each patent ability type of components: accidentally get patent ability value for W= J; Patent technology enterprise's value for W =J + L. The value of technology patent ability type enterprise is W= J+L+F;Strategic value of the enterprise patent ability is W = J + L + F + S. Patent competencies performance not only through value, but also through the competition ability. Patent ability competition content includes the law, technology, talent, patriarchy operation and operation, patent integration, etc.
(2) Prove the formation of the enterprise patent ability
This paper absorb and fusion enterprise competence theory, patent strategic theory and complex system theory essence. This study see enterprise patent competence as a complex adaptive system, which consists of patent creation ability unit, patent utilization ability unit, patent protection ability and patent management ability units , etc. In addition, the enterprise competence theory, ability is pointed out in the operation, and then to resources of patent ability is enterprise the use of resources to achieve. In addition, the enterprise competence theory, pointed out that ability is for resources operation so enterprise of patent ability is achieves through the use of patent resources. Therefore, we can think enterprise patent ability is organized through the interaction of organization and self-organization. Organizational force is to show enterprise through the leading mechanism (also called patent conversion mechanism) play a role in patent resources to make patent ability gradually formed and play a role in the process. Organizational strength with initiative owned the characteristic of change from top to bottom, is initiative to change based on the forecast of on the external environment. Self-organization force is the process of making the enterprise patent ability between subsystems unit to be automatic formed certain structure or function in accordance with some rules under the external environment stimulate through leading mechanism. Self-organization force has internality and the nature disposition. Enterprise patent ability is formed in the interaction of organization and self-organization.
(3)Reveal the evolving laws of enterprises patent ability
This article revealed enterprise patent ability evolution rule through enterprise patent ability evolution connotation and the development power, evolution mechanism, evolutionary stages, evolution path research. The main conclusions are as follows: The paper constructs "enterprise patent ability evolution mechanism model". With the process of enterprise environment interaction, knowledge is the resupply system to ability of evolution and play a leading role in the practice of patent ability change, namely learning practices, innovative practices and matching priority practice became patent ability sensors, processors, effecter, "Three implement" coordination and benign operation after the favorable to the patent output to a higher, better ability of the new practice. The new practice carry on an operation to enterprise patent resources, this operation including three ways: organization, self organization to cycle and two were both in. In organization, self organization to cycle to cycle and two interactive, enterprise patent ability constantly toward a higher class evolution, namely experienced basic patent ability, secondary patent core competence and patent core ability, dynamic patent ability these four stages. This paper studies the change rule of every level of variation of patent ability inside , enterprise patent ability presented in a cycle experience patent ability formation, growth, maturity and recession four stages. In the enterprise patent ability evolution path analysis, this paper presents: when enterprise patent ability condition and enterprise patent ability overall goal is not the same , we come from cross-sectional analysis enterprise patent showing three different type paths that is, development route, ascension type of development route and all-round development route. There are two basically ways to analyze the enterprise patent ability from the cubes, one kind is order type of development mode, one kind is leapfrog development mode.
(4)Reveals the mechanism action of the patent ability for enterprise core competence
By researching the ability and the core competence of the patent ability this paper draw to the conclusion that patent ability have an influence on core competence through the "nuclear" and "nuclear change" way, and using the research methods of complexity system theory to interpret the mechanism that patent ability serve as core competence, research indicates that: Enterprise patent ability system has the intensifying function and can be sensitive to feel the change of the market, led to the imbalances in inner structure by the external environment stimulate the influence between patent ability system units is aggravating. The organizational capacity of patent ability is increasing in the process of adapting to that environment, which make patent ability toward a higher level evolution. Patent ability after evolution not only changes the ability structure, ability strength, but also makes oneself move from to the outer core competence to the core, gradually become the "sequence parameter" leading core competence trends. Which led to the core capability system also changed emerging phenomenon, core competence emergence is the process of the core competences adaptive evolution, and is also the "nuclear "process of core ability changed according to the patent ability.
(5) Constructing "enterprise of competitive advantage of patent ability mechanism" model and empirically analyses
This study constructs enterprise core competence and patent ability, the competitive advantage of the enterprise patent for key variable capability for competitive advantage mechanism model. There are two basic ways that enterprise patent ability has effect on competitive advantage, a path is that patent ability play a long-term part in competitive advantage and effect through the mediating of the core ability. Another path is that patent ability general competitive advantage effect directly. This paper based on the model, puts forward the related hypotheses, using factor analysis and correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis and structural equation are presented to the inspection of the hypothesis, the empirical results show: Patent ability have a positive influence on enterprise core competence and long-term competitive advantage, general competitive advantage ,and enterprise core competence played intermediary role in the patent ability and the long-term competitive advantage.
(6)Proposes countermeasures of promoting enterprise patent ability and enhancement competitive advantage
This study, based on patent competence theory, the conclusions about patent ability of competitive advantage for Chinese enterprise and empirical analysis of the present situation, proposed the specific measures refer to the promotion of enterprise patent ability and the enhancement competitive advantage.
This research has achieved three aspects of innovation: (1) the unique perspective. From the ability angle to analyze the influence of patent to the competitive advantage and absorb in enterprise ability theory, patent strategic theory and complex system theory research which is the methodology essence. See the patent competence as complex adaptive system, this paper with complex systems theory and composition theory to reveal the fusion perspective patent ability inherent law, which not only overcome the static research and composition theory research but also can make up for the complex system operation of ambiguity, deal with problems that difficult to control. (2) the research framework for innovation. This study see improving patent ability and enhancing enterprise patent competitive advantage as the goal, from research contents, the research Angle, levels of study this three dimensions constructed research framework for enterprise from inside to outside, inside and outside is united, combining static and move characteristics of patent ability, which guarantee the research problem comprehensive, profundity and dynamic. (3) theory research and innovation. This study defines the connotation of enterprise patent ability, proved the formation of the patent ability, reveals the patent evolution law, reveals the core mechanism of action that enterprise patent ability have for core ability, constructing "enterprise of competitive advantage of patent ability mechanism" model and empirically analyses. Therefore this research is a supplement to the theoretical system of the generic competition, to broaden and enrich patents related competition ability theory, and lay a foundation for further guidance application research.
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