个人项目专业运动员训练比赛满意度的因素结构及对相关变量的预测
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摘要
运动员训练比赛满意度是运动员对训练和比赛本身以及与训练比赛密切相关的因素进行评价后形成的情绪性反应。运动员训练比赛满意度对运动员的运动表现、心理健康有着重要意义。本论文结合中国的文化背景以及专业运动队训练体制,提出中国专业运动员训练和比赛满意度的理论构想,并通过现场参与型观察法,访谈法、问卷调查等多种方法,先后总共选取463名个人项目专业运动员为被试,初步探讨了我国专业运动员训练和比赛满意度的评价结构,主要研究结果表明:
1、个人项目专业运动员训练满意度结构要素包括:对运动组织的满意度、对自身的满意度、对教练的满意度、对队友的满意度;比赛满意度的结构要素包括:对自身的满意度、对教练的满意度。并对量表进行了一系列的统计学验证,使量表具有较好的信度和效度。
2、自身方面的因素是影响运动员训练满意度的最重要的因素。多元回归结果表明:在训练满意度中,成长进步,个人待遇,信心投入,个人关怀是影响运动员训练比赛满意度的主要贡献因素,这四个变量能解释整体训练比赛满意度的32.4%。在比赛满意度中,情绪反应、成绩表现是影响运动员训练比赛满意度的主要贡献因素,这两个变量能解释整体训练比赛满意度的20.7%。
3、在排除人口统计学变量的影响下,训练满意度和比赛满意度各分量表的因子对赛前情绪4个维度均具有一定的预测作用。在对个体失败焦虑的方面,训练满意度中信心投入、个人贡献,民主行为、个人关怀因子;比赛满意度中情绪反应、成绩表现、临场控制因子对其有预测作用;在对自信方面,训练满意度中个人待遇,信心投入,民主行为因子,比赛满意度的情绪反应、成绩表现、临场控制因子对其有预测作用;在对社会期待焦虑的方面,训练满意度中个人贡献、个人关怀因子;比赛满意度中的情绪反应、临场控制因子对其有预测作用;在对躯体焦虑方面,训练满意度的日常管理、信心投入、个人关怀、队友竞争因子,比赛满意度中的情绪反应、比赛适应因子,临场控制因子对其有预测作用。
4、运用典型相关分析来研究运动员训练满意度和训练状态的关系,结果表明:在训练满意度各分量表的因子中,日常管理、信心投入、成长进步、民主行为、个人关怀,不仅是引发运动员产生情绪应激、心理疲劳、心理耗竭的因素,同时也是提高运动员的自我效能、自我调节、体能恢复的因素。
Training and competition satisfaction is the emotional reaction which is formed through evaluating training and competition process and these closely correlative factors interrelated to training and competition by athletes.Athlete training and competition satisfaction has great significance for athletes' representation and psychological health. Taking both athlete satisfaction study of foreign scholar and Chinese cultural background and training system of professional sport team into full consideration,this thesis indicated the theory supposition of athlete training and competition satisfaction,then used diverse methods such as scene attendance observing,interviewing,questionnaire survey and so on,and selected 463 athletes of individual item as participants successively,discussed the evaluating structure of athlete training and competition satisfaction primarily in China,the main researching conclusion is showed as follows:
1.Evaluating structure factor of training satisfaction for individual item athletes is composed of satisfaction with sport organization,satisfaction with oneself,satisfaction with coach and satisfaction with teammates.Competition satisfaction is composed of satisfaction with oneself and satisfaction with coach.Through a series of statistic analysis, questionnaires of training and competition show adequate reliability and validity
2.The athlete's own condition is one of the important factors which influences athlete training satisfaction,.The result of Multi-Linear Regression is as follow:among training satisfaction,growing and progress,individual treatment,confidence and devotion, individual concerned behavior are the main contributing factors which influence training and competition satisfaction,these 4 factors can explain whole training and competition satisfaction as much as 32.4%.Among competition satisfaction,mood reaction, achievement and representation are contributing factors which influence training and competition satisfaction,these two factors can explain whole training and competition satisfaction as much as 20.7%.
3.Eliminating the influence of demography,factors of each dimension of training and competition satisfaction questionnaire have definite forecasting function to 4 dimensions of pre-competition mood.Factors among training satisfaction such as confidence and devotion,individual contribution,democratic behavior and individual concern,and factors among competition satisfaction such as mood reaction,achievement and representation,scene control can forecast individual failure anxiety.Factors among training satisfaction such as individual treatment,confidence and devotion,democratic behavior,and factors among competition satisfaction such as mood reaction,achievement and representation,scene control can forecast self-confidence.Factors among training satisfaction such as individual contribution,individual concern,factors among competition satisfaction such as mood reaction and scene control can forecast social expectation anxiety.Factors among training satisfaction such as daily administration, confidence and devotion,individual concern,teammate competition,factors among competition satisfaction such as mood reaction,competition adapting,scene control can forecast somatic anxiety.
4.Canonical Correlation Analysis was used for analysis correlation of athlete training satisfaction and training state.The result is as follow,among all the factors of training satisfaction,daily administration,confidence and devotion,growing and progress, democratic behavior and individual concern are factors which not only can arise mood stress,psychological fatigue and exhaust,but also can improve self-efficiency, self-adjustment,physique resume of athlete.From sociology point of view,the study offers some methods to eliminate and prevent motility psychological fatigue and keep good training state for athletes,therefore could have constructive utility for sport practice.
1、个人项目专业运动员训练满意度结构要素包括:对运动组织的满意度、对自身的满意度、对教练的满意度、对队友的满意度;比赛满意度的结构要素包括:对自身的满意度、对教练的满意度。并对量表进行了一系列的统计学验证,使量表具有较好的信度和效度。
2、自身方面的因素是影响运动员训练满意度的最重要的因素。多元回归结果表明:在训练满意度中,成长进步,个人待遇,信心投入,个人关怀是影响运动员训练比赛满意度的主要贡献因素,这四个变量能解释整体训练比赛满意度的32.4%。在比赛满意度中,情绪反应、成绩表现是影响运动员训练比赛满意度的主要贡献因素,这两个变量能解释整体训练比赛满意度的20.7%。
3、在排除人口统计学变量的影响下,训练满意度和比赛满意度各分量表的因子对赛前情绪4个维度均具有一定的预测作用。在对个体失败焦虑的方面,训练满意度中信心投入、个人贡献,民主行为、个人关怀因子;比赛满意度中情绪反应、成绩表现、临场控制因子对其有预测作用;在对自信方面,训练满意度中个人待遇,信心投入,民主行为因子,比赛满意度的情绪反应、成绩表现、临场控制因子对其有预测作用;在对社会期待焦虑的方面,训练满意度中个人贡献、个人关怀因子;比赛满意度中的情绪反应、临场控制因子对其有预测作用;在对躯体焦虑方面,训练满意度的日常管理、信心投入、个人关怀、队友竞争因子,比赛满意度中的情绪反应、比赛适应因子,临场控制因子对其有预测作用。
4、运用典型相关分析来研究运动员训练满意度和训练状态的关系,结果表明:在训练满意度各分量表的因子中,日常管理、信心投入、成长进步、民主行为、个人关怀,不仅是引发运动员产生情绪应激、心理疲劳、心理耗竭的因素,同时也是提高运动员的自我效能、自我调节、体能恢复的因素。
Training and competition satisfaction is the emotional reaction which is formed through evaluating training and competition process and these closely correlative factors interrelated to training and competition by athletes.Athlete training and competition satisfaction has great significance for athletes' representation and psychological health. Taking both athlete satisfaction study of foreign scholar and Chinese cultural background and training system of professional sport team into full consideration,this thesis indicated the theory supposition of athlete training and competition satisfaction,then used diverse methods such as scene attendance observing,interviewing,questionnaire survey and so on,and selected 463 athletes of individual item as participants successively,discussed the evaluating structure of athlete training and competition satisfaction primarily in China,the main researching conclusion is showed as follows:
1.Evaluating structure factor of training satisfaction for individual item athletes is composed of satisfaction with sport organization,satisfaction with oneself,satisfaction with coach and satisfaction with teammates.Competition satisfaction is composed of satisfaction with oneself and satisfaction with coach.Through a series of statistic analysis, questionnaires of training and competition show adequate reliability and validity
2.The athlete's own condition is one of the important factors which influences athlete training satisfaction,.The result of Multi-Linear Regression is as follow:among training satisfaction,growing and progress,individual treatment,confidence and devotion, individual concerned behavior are the main contributing factors which influence training and competition satisfaction,these 4 factors can explain whole training and competition satisfaction as much as 32.4%.Among competition satisfaction,mood reaction, achievement and representation are contributing factors which influence training and competition satisfaction,these two factors can explain whole training and competition satisfaction as much as 20.7%.
3.Eliminating the influence of demography,factors of each dimension of training and competition satisfaction questionnaire have definite forecasting function to 4 dimensions of pre-competition mood.Factors among training satisfaction such as confidence and devotion,individual contribution,democratic behavior and individual concern,and factors among competition satisfaction such as mood reaction,achievement and representation,scene control can forecast individual failure anxiety.Factors among training satisfaction such as individual treatment,confidence and devotion,democratic behavior,and factors among competition satisfaction such as mood reaction,achievement and representation,scene control can forecast self-confidence.Factors among training satisfaction such as individual contribution,individual concern,factors among competition satisfaction such as mood reaction and scene control can forecast social expectation anxiety.Factors among training satisfaction such as daily administration, confidence and devotion,individual concern,teammate competition,factors among competition satisfaction such as mood reaction,competition adapting,scene control can forecast somatic anxiety.
4.Canonical Correlation Analysis was used for analysis correlation of athlete training satisfaction and training state.The result is as follow,among all the factors of training satisfaction,daily administration,confidence and devotion,growing and progress, democratic behavior and individual concern are factors which not only can arise mood stress,psychological fatigue and exhaust,but also can improve self-efficiency, self-adjustment,physique resume of athlete.From sociology point of view,the study offers some methods to eliminate and prevent motility psychological fatigue and keep good training state for athletes,therefore could have constructive utility for sport practice.
引文
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[3]Diener,E.(1884).Subjuctive well-being.Psychological Bulletin,95,542-575.
[4]Diener,E.(1994).Accessing subjuctive well-being:progress and opportunities.Social Indicators Research,31,103-157.
[5]张力为,梁展鹏.运动员的生活满意感:个人自尊与集体自尊的贡献.心理学报2002,34(2):160-167.
[6]Chelladurial,P.,& Riemer,H.A.(1997).A classification of the facets of athlete satisfaction.Journal of sport management,11,133-159.
[7]Daniel,J,V.(1983).Job satisfaction of physical education faculty in Ontario.Candian Association for Health,Physical Education,& Recreation Journal,49(Suppl.),19-21.
[8]Rimer,R.,& Chelladurai,P.(1995).Leadership and satisfaction in athletic.Journal of sport and exercise psychology,17,276-293.
[9]张力为,丁雪琴.赛前情绪与生活满意感及注意指向的相关 北京体育大学学报,2003,26(6):749-751.
[10]史为临,季浏.上海市学校篮球队教练员领导行为与运动员满意度之间关系的研究.北京体育大学学报,2004,27(1):40-42.
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