篮球运动员的视觉—运动知觉预测特征及fMRI研究
|
摘要
许多行为研究显示优秀水平运动员不仅是在动作执行上具有较高的精度，在动作预测上也具有优越的表现，而这种优越的预测能力往往在快速复杂的运动情境中表现出来。在运动过程中他们能够在运动中利用有限时间做出决策。动作预测与运动技能高度相关。与运动新手相比，多种项目的专业运动员都表现出了较好的动作预测能力。许多学者认为运动员与新手预测能力存在明显差异的原因可能在于运动员往往比新手具有更好的视觉-运动知觉能力。视觉感知能力是一个从环境中定位和提取视觉信息并将其与其他感觉输入整合起来的的积极过程。另外，各种各样的认知因素如过去经验、动机和成熟等都会影响到将整合的信息与视觉感知能力进行合并的过程。已有研究显示优秀运动员与运动新手提取视觉信息用于动作预测的方法存在差异。但是以往视觉-运动知觉的研究更偏重于行为层面的研究，缺少神经机制层面的实证支持,目前仍不清楚视觉感知能力是在运动任务中发挥作用的神经基础。
本研究以运动专家认知优势的后天经验说为理论指导，以特征整合理论为理论依据，以篮球运动员罚篮画面为刺激条件，以信息加工过程为主线，采用专家――新手和时间阻断的研究范式，综合运用眼动记录技术、功能磁共振成像（fMRI）技术等方法，对篮球运动员视觉-运动知觉能力在动作预测中作用及神经机制进行研究。研究采用眼动记录技术研究篮球运动员与非运动员的视觉搜索特征；采用功能磁共振（fMRI）研究篮球运动员与非运动员在视觉预测任务下涉及的功能脑区的不同。通过将预测特征与预测过程中中枢神经系统发生的改变相联系，从而探讨视觉-运动知觉能力的神经心理机制，进一步丰富和发展运动认知研究的理论成果，为球类运动员的训练提供指导。
研究结果显示：（1）当观察前3张（出手阶段）或前6张图片（高点阶段）时，运动员比新手表现出较高的回答率和准确率；而当观察前9张图片（入筐阶段）时，两组的回答率和准确率都没有出现显著差异。（2）运动员在早期阶段的注视稳定性优于新手。（3）运动员存在特定的注视轨迹，但在新手中并没有发现明显的特定注视轨迹。特别是，当观察前3张图片（出手阶段）时，运动员的注视区域与新手的注视区域有着很大的区别；运动员首先注视投篮者的手臂和手腕，但新手更多的将视线移到投篮者的身体躯干部分。（4）运动员与新手在视觉预测活动中表现出相似的脑激活。（5）当观察前3张（出手阶段）或前6张图片（高点阶段）时，运动员相对于新手表现出较高的准确率，同时在下顶叶和额下回表现出较大激活。（6）当观察前6张（高点阶段）或前9张图片（入筐阶段）时，运动员相对新手在额上回表现出较大激活。（7）被试对错误动作的识别率低于正确动作的识别率。（8）运动员组在观察进球刺激图片时比观察不进球刺激图片时诱发较大的顶下回和下额叶激活，不进球刺激图片也在颞中回和颞上沟诱发了较大激活。（9）观察不进球刺激图片时比观察进球刺激图片时诱发较大的扣带回激活，运动员能够比新手提前发现错误动作与扣带回的激活相关。（10）在6张刺激图片（高点阶段）实验条件下，在做出更多的正确反应时运动员额下回激活较大，做出更多的错误判断时脑岛的激活更大。
通过以上研究结果，本研究得到以下几点结论：
(1)球类运动员相比新手具有更好的视觉-运动知觉能力；运动员在下顶叶和额下回的更大激活显示镜像系统区域在篮球运动预测中发挥着重要作用。运动员能够比新手建立较好的工作记忆。
(2)人们对正确动作和错误动作的认知加工方法可能有所不同，错误动作相比正确动作可能需要更多的动作感知和理解。人们所有预测活动中可能都在期待同一种结果（即进球），对最初期待的改变诱发了完全不同的脑区的激活。
(3)前扣带回在对错误动作的预判中发挥重要的作用。
(4)运动员具有当做出错误判断时能够在一定程度上觉察到自己判断错误的能力，而新手可能并不具有这种能力。
Behavioral studies show that elite athletes exhibit not only high executionaccuracy, but also excellent performance on anticipation, both of which often play apart in rapid and complex motor conditions. In particular, elite athletes are able tomake decisions within a limited time when the game is in progress. Actionanticipation is highly relevant to motor skills. Experts display better actionanticipation compared to novices in a variety of sports such. The difference betweenelite athletes and novices in action anticipation may be resulted from better visualperception in elite athletes compared to novices. Visual perception is an active processof locating and extracting visual information from the environment and integratingthem with other sensory inputs. In addition, various cognitive factors including pastexperience, motivation and development are involved in incorporating all theintegrated information in visual perception. Previous studies revealed that themethods elite athletes and novices used to extract visual information for anticipationare different. However, the analysis of the behavioral level were foucs in these studies,empirical support of neural mechanisms level were rare. And it is still not clear howvisual perception is involved in the anticipation of a motor task and what theunderlying neural elements are as it is applied to the functional activity in the relatedbrain areas.
Guided by the view that the cognitive advantages elite athletes come fromacquired experience and based on the feature-integration theory, the present study isintended to examine the role visual-motion perception ability plays during the motoranticipation process and its neural mechanisms. Both expert-novice and timeocclusion paradigms were applied. Electrooculography was used to compare the eyemovement characteristics between the basketball players and novices; functionalmagnetic resonance imaging(fMRI) methods was used used to contrast the differencesof cerebral activation regions of the two groups under visual anticipation tasks. Thisstudy explored the neuro-psychological mechanism of visual-motion perception bycombining the anticipation features with the changes of central nervous system. Thefindings will enrich and develop the theoretical achievements in the motor-cognitiveresearch field and provide guidance for athlete training.
The results indicated that:(1) in the three picture condition(the ball leaving theplayer's hand) or the six picture condition(the ball reaching its trajectory climax), both athletes and novices showed higher response rate and correct response rate; while inthe nine picture condition(the ball falling into the basket), the two groups performedcomparatively bad in both response and correct rate;(2) athletes exhibited betterattentional stability than that of novices;(3) particular visual trajectory was observedin athletes rather than novices; the differences were especially conspicuous in thethree picture condition: athletes firstly paid attention to the player's arm and wristwhile novices' fixed their attention on the player's trunk;(4) athletes and novicesshowed similar cerebral activation regions;(5) athletes showed higher correctresponse rate and greater activation in inferior parietal lobule and inferior prefrontalcortex relative to novices under the first two conditions;(6) both groups showedgreater activation in the superior frontal gyrus under the last two conditions;(7) bothgroups showed smaller recognition rate of incorrect motion than correct motion;(8)athletes showed greater activation in inferior frontal gyrus and inferior prefrontal lobewhen observing ball IN pictures than ball OUT ones; on the other way round, middletemporal gyrus and superior temporal sulcus were observed greater activation;(9) thecingulate gyrus was observed greater activation when participants were observing ballIN pictures relative to ball OUT ones, which indicated it may underlie the earlyrecognition of misoperation in athletes relative to novices;(10) under the six picturecondition, athletes showed greater activation in inferior frontal gyrus or insular whenmore correct or incorrect responses were made, respectively.
The following conclusions were reached from the present study:(1) Basketball gameathletes show better visual-motor cognitive ability. And the mirror neural system playsan important part in basketball anticipation tasks; Athletes are able to create betterworking memory than novices;(2) The cognitive processes of correct operation andmisoperation may be different and that of the latter may cost more motor perceptionand comprehension resources. The terminal goal(making a basket) is the initialexpectation of both athletes and novices, but misoperation would modify the ball'sfate and correspondingly activate different brain regions;(3) The anterior cingulatecortex is related to the anticipation of misoperation;(4) Athletes are able to recognizetheir misjudgements, which is absent in novices.
本研究以运动专家认知优势的后天经验说为理论指导，以特征整合理论为理论依据，以篮球运动员罚篮画面为刺激条件，以信息加工过程为主线，采用专家――新手和时间阻断的研究范式，综合运用眼动记录技术、功能磁共振成像（fMRI）技术等方法，对篮球运动员视觉-运动知觉能力在动作预测中作用及神经机制进行研究。研究采用眼动记录技术研究篮球运动员与非运动员的视觉搜索特征；采用功能磁共振（fMRI）研究篮球运动员与非运动员在视觉预测任务下涉及的功能脑区的不同。通过将预测特征与预测过程中中枢神经系统发生的改变相联系，从而探讨视觉-运动知觉能力的神经心理机制，进一步丰富和发展运动认知研究的理论成果，为球类运动员的训练提供指导。
研究结果显示：（1）当观察前3张（出手阶段）或前6张图片（高点阶段）时，运动员比新手表现出较高的回答率和准确率；而当观察前9张图片（入筐阶段）时，两组的回答率和准确率都没有出现显著差异。（2）运动员在早期阶段的注视稳定性优于新手。（3）运动员存在特定的注视轨迹，但在新手中并没有发现明显的特定注视轨迹。特别是，当观察前3张图片（出手阶段）时，运动员的注视区域与新手的注视区域有着很大的区别；运动员首先注视投篮者的手臂和手腕，但新手更多的将视线移到投篮者的身体躯干部分。（4）运动员与新手在视觉预测活动中表现出相似的脑激活。（5）当观察前3张（出手阶段）或前6张图片（高点阶段）时，运动员相对于新手表现出较高的准确率，同时在下顶叶和额下回表现出较大激活。（6）当观察前6张（高点阶段）或前9张图片（入筐阶段）时，运动员相对新手在额上回表现出较大激活。（7）被试对错误动作的识别率低于正确动作的识别率。（8）运动员组在观察进球刺激图片时比观察不进球刺激图片时诱发较大的顶下回和下额叶激活，不进球刺激图片也在颞中回和颞上沟诱发了较大激活。（9）观察不进球刺激图片时比观察进球刺激图片时诱发较大的扣带回激活，运动员能够比新手提前发现错误动作与扣带回的激活相关。（10）在6张刺激图片（高点阶段）实验条件下，在做出更多的正确反应时运动员额下回激活较大，做出更多的错误判断时脑岛的激活更大。
通过以上研究结果，本研究得到以下几点结论：
(1)球类运动员相比新手具有更好的视觉-运动知觉能力；运动员在下顶叶和额下回的更大激活显示镜像系统区域在篮球运动预测中发挥着重要作用。运动员能够比新手建立较好的工作记忆。
(2)人们对正确动作和错误动作的认知加工方法可能有所不同，错误动作相比正确动作可能需要更多的动作感知和理解。人们所有预测活动中可能都在期待同一种结果（即进球），对最初期待的改变诱发了完全不同的脑区的激活。
(3)前扣带回在对错误动作的预判中发挥重要的作用。
(4)运动员具有当做出错误判断时能够在一定程度上觉察到自己判断错误的能力，而新手可能并不具有这种能力。
Behavioral studies show that elite athletes exhibit not only high executionaccuracy, but also excellent performance on anticipation, both of which often play apart in rapid and complex motor conditions. In particular, elite athletes are able tomake decisions within a limited time when the game is in progress. Actionanticipation is highly relevant to motor skills. Experts display better actionanticipation compared to novices in a variety of sports such. The difference betweenelite athletes and novices in action anticipation may be resulted from better visualperception in elite athletes compared to novices. Visual perception is an active processof locating and extracting visual information from the environment and integratingthem with other sensory inputs. In addition, various cognitive factors including pastexperience, motivation and development are involved in incorporating all theintegrated information in visual perception. Previous studies revealed that themethods elite athletes and novices used to extract visual information for anticipationare different. However, the analysis of the behavioral level were foucs in these studies,empirical support of neural mechanisms level were rare. And it is still not clear howvisual perception is involved in the anticipation of a motor task and what theunderlying neural elements are as it is applied to the functional activity in the relatedbrain areas.
Guided by the view that the cognitive advantages elite athletes come fromacquired experience and based on the feature-integration theory, the present study isintended to examine the role visual-motion perception ability plays during the motoranticipation process and its neural mechanisms. Both expert-novice and timeocclusion paradigms were applied. Electrooculography was used to compare the eyemovement characteristics between the basketball players and novices; functionalmagnetic resonance imaging(fMRI) methods was used used to contrast the differencesof cerebral activation regions of the two groups under visual anticipation tasks. Thisstudy explored the neuro-psychological mechanism of visual-motion perception bycombining the anticipation features with the changes of central nervous system. Thefindings will enrich and develop the theoretical achievements in the motor-cognitiveresearch field and provide guidance for athlete training.
The results indicated that:(1) in the three picture condition(the ball leaving theplayer's hand) or the six picture condition(the ball reaching its trajectory climax), both athletes and novices showed higher response rate and correct response rate; while inthe nine picture condition(the ball falling into the basket), the two groups performedcomparatively bad in both response and correct rate;(2) athletes exhibited betterattentional stability than that of novices;(3) particular visual trajectory was observedin athletes rather than novices; the differences were especially conspicuous in thethree picture condition: athletes firstly paid attention to the player's arm and wristwhile novices' fixed their attention on the player's trunk;(4) athletes and novicesshowed similar cerebral activation regions;(5) athletes showed higher correctresponse rate and greater activation in inferior parietal lobule and inferior prefrontalcortex relative to novices under the first two conditions;(6) both groups showedgreater activation in the superior frontal gyrus under the last two conditions;(7) bothgroups showed smaller recognition rate of incorrect motion than correct motion;(8)athletes showed greater activation in inferior frontal gyrus and inferior prefrontal lobewhen observing ball IN pictures than ball OUT ones; on the other way round, middletemporal gyrus and superior temporal sulcus were observed greater activation;(9) thecingulate gyrus was observed greater activation when participants were observing ballIN pictures relative to ball OUT ones, which indicated it may underlie the earlyrecognition of misoperation in athletes relative to novices;(10) under the six picturecondition, athletes showed greater activation in inferior frontal gyrus or insular whenmore correct or incorrect responses were made, respectively.
The following conclusions were reached from the present study:(1) Basketball gameathletes show better visual-motor cognitive ability. And the mirror neural system playsan important part in basketball anticipation tasks; Athletes are able to create betterworking memory than novices;(2) The cognitive processes of correct operation andmisoperation may be different and that of the latter may cost more motor perceptionand comprehension resources. The terminal goal(making a basket) is the initialexpectation of both athletes and novices, but misoperation would modify the ball'sfate and correspondingly activate different brain regions;(3) The anterior cingulatecortex is related to the anticipation of misoperation;(4) Athletes are able to recognizetheir misjudgements, which is absent in novices.
引文
[1]张剑，庄洁，陈佩杰.运动视觉研究进展[J].中国运动医学杂志,2009,28(2):233-235.
[2]Williams AM, Davids K, Williams JG. Visual perception and action in sport. E&FN Spon:London,1999:110–116.
[3]石垣尚男.スポーツと目.大修館書店,1993:11-18
[4]真下一策石垣尚男遠藤文夫.競技別スポーツビジョントレーニング―スポーツのための目の科学的強化法―.ナツメ社,1995：21-25.
[5]白石晰也.トッププレーヤーの目―スポーツビジョントレーニング入門.大修館書店,1993．36-37.
[6]スポーツビジョン研究会.スポーツのための視覚学.ナップ,1997．79-83.
[7]伊藤政展.予測の利得と損失．体育の科学,2000,50(12):959-963.
[8]Allard F, Graham S, Paarsalu ME. Perception in sport: basketball. J Sport Exerc Psycholol,1980,2:14–21.
[9]Bard C. and Goulet C. Relationship between perceptual strategies and response adequacy insport situation. Int J Sport Psychol,1994,25:266–281.
[10]Starkes JL, Allard F. Perception in volleyball: the effects of competitive stress. J Sport ExercPsycholol,1983,5:189–196..
[11]Starkes JL. Skill in field hockey: the nature of the cognitive advantage. J Sport ExercPsycholol,1987,9:146–160.
[12]Schmidt R A, Richard A. Motor learning&performance: From principles to practice.Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Books,1991:129-131.
[13]Ericsson, K.A.,&Lehmann, A.C. Expert and exceptional performance: Evidence of maximaladaptation to task constraints. Annual Review of Psychology J,1996,47:273-305.
[14]Recanzone, G.H., Schreiner, C.E., Merzenich, M.M.. Plasticity in the frequency representationof primary auditory cortex following discrimination training in adult owl monkeys. J. Neurosci J,1993,13:87–103.
[15]Elbert T, Pantev C, Wienbruch C, et al. Increased cortical representation of the fingers of theleft hand in string players. Science,1995,270:305–307.
[16]Schlaug G, Jancke L, Huang Y, et al. Increased corpus callosum size in musicians.Neuropsychologia,1995,33:1047–1055.
[17]Jancke L, Shah NJ, Peters M. Cortical activations in primary and secondary motor areas forcomplex bimanual movements in professional pianists. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res,2000,10:177–183.
[18]Munte TF, Altenmuller E, Jancke L The musician’s brain as a model of neuroplasticity. NatRev Neurosci,2002,3:473–478.
[19]Gaser C, Schlaug G. Brain structures differ between musicians and non-musicians. J Neurosci,2003,23:9240–9245.
[20]Haslinger B, Erhard P, Altenmueller E, et al. Reduced recruitment of motor associtation areasduring bimanual coordination in concert pianists. Hum Brain Mapp,2004,22:206–215.
[21]Rizzolatti, G, Fadiga L, Matelli, M, et al. Localization of grasp representations in humans byPET.1. Observation versus execution. Exp Brain Res.1996,111:246–252
[22]Grafton ST, Arbib MA, Fadiga L, et al. Localization of grasp representations in humans bypositron emission tomography.2. Observation compared with imagination. Exp Brain Res,1996,112:103–111.
[23]Buccino G, Binkofski F, Fink GR, et al. Action observation activates premotor and parietalareas in a somatotopic manner: an fMRI study. Eur. J. Neurosci,2001,13:400–404.
[24]Iacoboni M, Woods RP, Brass M, et al. Cortical mechanisms of human imitation. Science,1999,286:2526–2528.
[25]Di Pellegrino G, Fadiga L, Fogassi L, et al. Understanding motor events: a neurophysiologicalstudy. Exp Brain Res,1992,91:176–180.
[26]Gallese V, Fadiga L, Fogassi L, et al. Action recognition in the premotor cortex. Brain,1996,119:593–609.
[27]Rizzolatti G, Fadiga L, Gallese V, et al. Premotor cortex and the recognition of motor actions.Brain Res Cogn Brain Res,1996,3:131–141.
[28]Fogassi L, Ferrari PF, Gesierich B, et al. Parietal lobe: from action organization to intentionunderstanding. Science,2005,308:662–667.
[29]Baldissera F, Cavallari P, Craighero L, et al. Modulation of spinal excitability duringobservation of hand actions in humans. Eur J Neurosci,2001,13:190--194.
[30] Buccino G, Lui F, Canessa N, Patteri I, et al. Neural circuits involved in the recognition ofactions performed by nonconspecifics: an FMRI study. J Cogn Neurosci,2004,16:114--126.
[31]Abreu AM, Macaluso E, Azevedo RT, Cesari P, Urgesi C, Aglioti SM. Action anticipationbeyond the action observation network: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study in expertbasketball players. Eur J Neurosci,2012,35:1646–1654.
[32]Lindsay PH., Norman DA. Human information processing: An introduction topsychology. New York, Academic Press,1972.
[33]Roach, Eleanor, and Barbara B. Lloyd. Cognition and categorization. Hillsdale, New Jersey,1978.
[34]Treisman AM. Features and objects: The fourteenth bartlett memorial lecture. The QuarterlyJournal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology,1464-0740,1988,40(2):201-237.
[35]李永强.基于视觉机理的特征整合模型研究及应用[D].郑州大学，2011，13-14.
[36]Ungerleider IG，Mishkin M．Two cortical visual system．In Ingel DJ，Goodale MA，MansfieldRJW(Eds．)．Analysis of visual behavior．Camhridge，MA：The MIT Press,1982:549--586
[37]Hubel DH, Wiesel TN. Laminar and columnar distribution of geniculo-cortical fibers in themacaque monkey. Journal of Computational Neurology,1972,146:421~450
[38]Ungerleider L G, Haxby J V.‘What’ and ‘where’ in the human brain. Current Opinion inNeurobiology,1994,4:157~165
[39]Milner AD, Goodale MA. The visual brain in action. Oxford: Oxford University Press,1995.1~272.
[40]Goodale MA, Milner AD. Separate visual pathways for perception and action. Trends inNeurosciences,1992,15(1):20～25.
[41]Husain M, Nachev P. Space and the parietal cortex, Trends Cogn Sci,2007,11(1):30–36.
[42]Pisella, F. Binkofski, K. Lasek, I. Toni, Y. Rossetti, No double-dissociation between opticataxia and visual agnosia: multiple sub-streams for multiple visuo-manual integrations,Neuropsychologia,2006,44(13):2734–2748.
[43]Jeannerod M. The neural and behavioural organization of goal-directed movements. NewYork, NY, US: Clarendon Press/Oxford University Press,1988.84～131.
[44]Goodale M A, Pelisson D, Prablanc C. Large adjustments in visually guided reaching do notdepend on vision of the hand or perception of target displacement. Nature,1986,320(6064):748～750.
[45]Desmurget M, Epstein C M, Turner R S, et al. Role of the posterior parietal cortex in updatingreaching movements to a visual target. Nature Neuroscience,1999,2(6):563～567.
[46]Pisella L, Grea H, Tilikete C, et al. An 'automatic pilot' for the hand in human posteriorparietal cortex: Toward reinterpreting optic ataxia. Nature Neuroscience,2000,3(7):729～736.
[47]Aglioti SM, Cesari P, Romani M, Urgesi C. Action anticipation and motor resonance in eliteathletes. Nat Neurosci,2008,11:1109–1116.
[48]Williams AM, Davids K. Visual search strategy, selective attention and expertise in soccer.Res Q Exerc Sport,1998,69:111–128.
[49]Abernethy B, Russell DG. Expert–novice differences in an applied perception ability task. JSport Psychol,1987,9:326–345.
[50]Abernethy B, Russell, DG. The relationship between expertise and visual search strategy in aracquet sport. Hum Move Sci,1987,6:283–319.
[51]Jin H, Xu GP, Zhang JX, Gao HW, Ye ZE, Wang P, Lin HY, Mo L, Lin CD. Event–relatedpotential effects of superior action anticipation in professional badminton players. Neurosci Lett,2011,3:139–144.
[52]Paul G, Glencross D. Expert perception and decision–making in baseball. Int J Sport Psychol,1997,28:35–56.
[53]Molstad SM, Kluka DA, Love PA, Baylor KA, Covington NK, Cook TL. Timing ofcoincidence anticipation by NCAA division I softball athletes. Percept and Motor Skills,1994,79:1491–1497.
[54]Houlston DR, Lowes R. Anticipatory cue utilization processes amongst expert and non–expertwicketkeepers in cricket. Int J Sport Psycholol,1993,24(1):59–73.
[55]McRobert AP, Williams AM, Ward P, Eccles DW, Ericsson KA. Contextual information andanticipation skill in cricket batting. J Sport and Exercise Psychol,2007,29(Suppl):187.
[56]Roca A, Ford PR, McRobert AP, Williams AM. Identifying the processes underpinninganticipation and decision–making in a dynamic time–constrained task. Cogn Process,2011,12:301–310.
[57]Smeeton NJ, Huys R. Anticipation of tennis–shot direction from whole–body movement: therole of movement amplitude and dynamics. Human Move Sci,2011,30:957–965.
[58]Ca al–Bruland R, Mooren M, Savelsbergh GJP. Differentiating experts’ anticipatory skills inbeach volleyball. Res Q Exer Sport,2011,4:667–674.
[59]Starkes JL. Skill in field hockey: the nature of the cognitive advantage. J Sport ExercPsycholol,1987,9:146–160.
[60]Castiello, U.&Umiltà, C. Splitting focal attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,1992,18:837-848.
[61]Jackson, R. C.,&Mogan, P. Advance visual information, awareness, and anticipation skill.Journal of Motor Behavior,2007,39(5):341-351.
[62]王树明.文脉信息对羽毛球运动员预判绩效的影响[J].天津体育学院学报,2007,22(6):487-490.
[63]Tenenbaum G, Levy-Kolker N, Sade S, et al. Anticipation and confidence of decisions relatedto skilled performance. International Journal of Sport Psychology,1996,27:293-307.
[64]Abernethy B. Anticipation in squash: differences in advance cue utilization between expertand novice players. J Sports Sci,1990,8:17–34.
[65]任未多，邢玉香.运动直觉及其特征[J].体育科学，1989，4:68-72.
[66]孟海江，周成林，金树达.运动员注意力特征与速度一准确性相关研究的回顾与展望J.辽宁体育科技，2006，28(2):45-46.
[67]张运亮，李宗浩，孙延林等.专家与新手篮球后卫运动员的眼动研究[J].心理与行为研究，2004,2(3):534-538.
[68]王明辉，李建民，闰苍松.篮球运动员运动决策准确性和速度差异性的眼动研究[J].北京体育大学学报,2007,（6）:774-776.
[69]李响“.女子篮球打法男性化”的眼动分析与对策研究[D].辽宁师范大学研究生部，2006：5-10.
[70]Hazel and Vickers.The Efficacy of Sports Vision Practice and Its Role in Optometry. Clinicaland Experimental Optometry,1995,78：98-105.
[71]朱骎，章建成，金亚虹等.体育运动中选择性注意的国外研究现状[J].上海体育学院学报，2000，24（4）：46-51.
[72]Marteniuk, Ronald G. Information processing in motor skills. New York: Holt, Rinehart andWinston,1976.
[73]Abernethy B. Expertise, visual search and information pick–up in squash. Perception,1990,19:63–77.
[74]Abernethy B. Visual search strategies and decision–making in sport. Int J Sport Psychol,1991,22:189–210.
[75]Abernethy B, Zawi K, Jackson RC. Expertise and attunement to kinetic constraints,2005,Perception.37:931–948.
[76]Moreno F.J., O A A., Martínez M. Computerized simulation as a means of improvinganticipation strategies and training in the use of the return in tennis. Journal of Human MovementStudies,2002,42,31-41.
[77]Petrakis, E. Visual observation patterns of tennis teachers. Research Quarterly for Exerciseand Sport,1986,57(3),254-259.
[78]Bard C, Fleury M. Analysis of visual search activity during sport problem situations J. Journalof Human Movement Studies,1976,3:214-227.
[79]Bard C, Fleury M. Analysis of eye movement as a predictor of attainment M. Vision and snort,1981:28-41.
[80]Ward P, Williams AM. Perceptual and cognitive skill development: the multidimensionalnature of expert performance. J Sport Exerc Psycholol,2003,25:93–111.
[81]Overney, Leila S., Olaf Blanke, and Michael H. Herzog. Enhanced temporal but notattentional processing in expert tennis players. PLoS One,2008,3(6): e2380.
[82]Ripon, H., Kerlirzin, Y., Stein, J.F,&Reine, B. Analysis of Information Processing,Decision-making, and Visual Strategies in Complex Problem Solving Sport Situations J. HumanMovement Science,1995,14(3):325-349.
[83]Helsen, W.&Pauwels. A cognitive approach to visual search in sport. In visual Search II(edited by D. Brogan and K. Carry,1992:177-184. London: Taylor and Fancis.
[84]张忠秋，阎国利，吉承恕.自行车运动员专项认知水平眼动特征的实验研究[J].中国体育科技，2001,37(8):6-8.
[85]Vickers, J.N.. Visual control when aiming at a far target. Journal of ExperimentalPsychology:Human Perception and Performance,1996,22,342-354.
[86]Harle, S. K.,&Vickers J. N.. Training quiet eye improves accuracy in the basketball freethrow. The Sport Psychologist,2001,15,289-305.
[87]事件相关电位（ERPs）简介. http://www.zhlzw.com/xl/cs/107105.html
[88] AnlloVL，Hillyard SA．Selective attention to the color and direction of moving stimuli:Electrophysiologicla correlates of hierarchical feature selection．Perception&Psychophysics,1996，58：191-206．
[89] Di Russo F, Taddei F, Apnile T, Spinelli D. Neural correlates of fast stimulus discriminationand response selection in top-level fencers. Neuroscience Letters.2006,408:113–118.
[90]吕雅君，马启伟．用事件相关电位研究运动员脑内信息加工特点[J].天津体育学院学报，1995，10(4)：1-4．
[91]Kok A. On the utility of P3amplitude as a measure of processing capacity. Psychophysiology,2001,38,557–577.
[92]Bledowski, C., Prvulovic, D., Hoechstetter, K., Scherg, M., Wibral, M., Goebel, R., Linden,D.E.. Localizing P300generators in visual target and distractor processing: a combinedevent-related potential and functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J. Neurosci,2004,24:9353–9936.
[93]Rossi, B., Zani, A., Taddei, F., Pesce, C.. Chronometric aspects of information processing inhigh level fencers as compared to non-athletes: an ERPs and RT study. J. Hum.Mov. Stud,1992,33,17–28.
[94] Akiyama, S., Nishihira, Y., Hatta, A., Fumoto, M., Kaneda, T., Tokitou, S., Shimoda, M.Event-related potentials (ERPs) and long-term physical exercise. Jpn. J. Phys. Fitness Sports Med,2000,267–276,49(in Japanese).
[95]Nakamoto, H., Mori, S.. Effects of stimulus–response compatibility in mediating expertperformance in baseball players. Brain Res,2008,1189:179–188.
[96]高耀.重剑运动情境中视觉搜索的ERP活动特征研究[D].上海:上海体育学院，2009.
[97]Radlo, S.J., Janelle, C.M., Barba, D.A., Frehlich, S.G.. Perceptual decision making forbaseball pitch recognition: using P300latency and amplitude to index attentional processing. Res.Q. Exerc. Sport,2001,72:22–31.
[98]M.S. Taliep, A.St.C. Gibson, J. Gray, L. van derMerwe, C.L. Vaughan, T.D. Noakes, L.A.Kellaway, L.R. John, Event-related potentials, reaction time, and response selection of skilled andless-skilled cricket batsmen, Perception,2008,37:96–105.
[99]Iwadate, M., Mori, A., Ashizuka, T., Takayose, M., Ozawa, T.. Long-term physical exerciseand somatosensory event-related potentials. Exp. Brain Res,2005,160:528–532.
[100]Jin, H., Xu, G.., Zhang, J.X., Gao, H. Ye, Z., Wang, P., Lin, H., Mo, L, Lin, C.D. E-vent-related Potential Effects of Superior Action An-ticipation in Professional Badminton Players.Neuro-science Letters,2011,492:139-144.
[101]S. Omoto, Y. Kuroiwa, M. Li, H. Doi, M. Shimamura, S. Koyano, H. Segawa,Y.Suzuki,Modulation of event-related potentials in normal human subjects by visual dividedattention to spatial and color factors, Neurosci. Lett,2001,311(3):198–202.
[102]Wijers AA, Lange JJ, Mulder G, Mulder LJ. An ERP study of visual spatial attention andletter target detection for isoluminant and nonisoluminant stimuli, Psychophysiology.1997,34(5):53–65.
[103]Babiloni C, Del Percio C, Babiloni F, Carducci F,Cincotti F, Moretti DV, Rossini PM.Transient human cortical responses during the obser vation of simple finger movements: ahigh-resolution EEG study, Hum. Brain Mapp,2003,20(3):148–157.
[104]Koelega HS,Verbaten MN,Van Leeuwen TH, Kenemans JL, Kemner C, Sjouw W. Timeeffects on event-related brain potentials and vigilance performance, Biol. Psychol,1992,34(1):59–86.
[105]Delpont, E., Dolisi, C., Suisse, G., Bodino, G., Gastaud, M.. Visual evoked potentials:differences related to physical activity. Int. J. Sports Med.1991,12:293–298.
[106]Taddei F, Viggiano MP, Mecacci L. Pattern reversal visual evoked potentials in fencers, Int. J.Psychophysiol,1991,11(3):257–260.
[107]Magnié MN, Bermon S, Martin F, Madany-Lounis M, Gastaud M, Dolisi C. Visual andbrainstem auditory evoked potentials and maximal aerobic exercise: does the influence of exercisepersist after body temperature recovery? Int. J. Sports Med,1998,19:255–259.
[108] zmerdivenli R, Bulut S, Bayar H, Karacabey K, Ciloglu F, Peker I, Tan U. Effects ofexercise on visual evoked potentials. Int. J. Neurosci,2005,115:1043–1050.
[109]Del Percio C, Marzano N, Tilgher S, Fiore A, Di Ciolo E, Aschieri P, Lino A, Toràn G,Babiloni C, Eusebi F. Visual event-related potentials in elite and amateur athletes. Brain Res. Bull,2007,74:104–112.
[110]F. Di Russo F, Taddei T, Apnile D, Spinelli. Neural correlates of fast stimulus discriminationand response selection in top-level fencers, Neurosci. Lett,2006,408(2):113–118.
[111]Currà A, Modugno N, Inghilleri M, Manfredi M, Hallett M, Berardelli A. Transcranialmagnetic stimulation techniques in clinical investigation. Neurology,2002,59,1851–1859.
[112]Pearce AJ, Thickbroom GW, Byrnes ML, Mastaglia FL. Functional reorganisation of thecorticomotor projection to the hand in skilled racquet players. Exp. Brain Res,2000,130:238–243.
[113]Fulton RC, Strutton PH, McGregor AH, Davey NJ. Fatigue-induced change in corticospinaldrive to back muscles in elite rowers. Exp. Physiol,2002,87:593–600.
[114]Chouinard PA, Leonard G, Paus T. Role of the primary motor and dorsal premotor cortices inthe anticipation of forces during object lifting. J Neurosci,2005,25:2277–2284.
[115] Tanji et al. Sequential organization of multiple movements: involvement of cortical motorareasJ,Annu. Rev. Neurosci,2001,24,631–651.
[116]Buccino G, Binkofski F, Fink GR, Fadiga L, Fogassi L, Gallese V, Seitz RJ, Zilles K,Rizzolatti G, Freund HJ Action observation activates premotor and parietal areas in a somatotopicmanner: an fMRI studyJ. Eur J Neurosci,2001,13:400–404.
[117]Chaminade T, Meltzoff AN, Decety J. An fMRI study of imitation: Action representationand body schema. Neuropsychologia,2005,43,115–127.
[118]Grezes J, Armony JL, Rowe J, Passingham RE, Activations relatedto ‘mirror’ and‘canonical’ neurones in the human brain: an fMRI studyJ. Neuroimage,2003,18:928–937.
[119]Buccino G, Lui F, Canessa N, Patteri I, Lagravinese G, Benuzzi F, Porro CA, Rizzolatti G,Neural circuits involved in the recognition of actions performed by nonconspecifics: an FMRIstudyJ. J Cogn Neurosci,2004,16:114–126.
[120]Calvo-Merino B, Glaser DE, Grezes J, Passingham RE, Haggard P. Action observation andacquired motor skills:an fMRI study with expert dancersJ, Cereb Cortex2005:15(8):1243–1249.
[121]Calvo–Merino B., Grezes J, Glaser DE, Passingham RE, Haggard P. Seeing or doing?influence of visual and motor familiarity in action observation. Curr Biol,2006,16:1905–1910.
[122]M.J. Wright, R.C. Jackson, Brain regions concerned with perceptual skills in376tennis: anfMRI study. International Journal of Psychophysiology,2007,63:214–220.
[123]M.J. Wright, D.T. Bishop, R.C. Jackson, B. Abernethy, Functional MRI reveals379expert-novice differences during sport-related anticipationJ, Neuroreport,2010,21:94–98.
[124]M.J. Wright, D.T. Bishop, R.C. Jackson, B. Abernethy, Cortical fMRI activation toopponents’ body kinematics in sport-related anticipation: Expert-novice differences with normaland point-light videoJ, Neuroscience letters,2011:1–6.
[125]D.A. Gusnard, M.E. Raichle, Searching for a baseline: functional imaging and the restinghuman brainJ, Nature Reviews Neuroscience,2001,2:685–694.
[126]G.L. Shulman, S.V. Astafiev, M.P. McAvoy, G. d’Avossa, M. Corbetta, Right TPJdeactivation during visual search: functional significance and support for a filter hypothesisJ,Cerebral Cortex,2007,17:2625–2633.
[127]Kim, J., Lee, H.M., Kim,W.J., Park, H.J., Kim, S.W., Moon, D.H.,Woo, M., Tennant, L.K..Neural correlates of pre-performance routines in expert and novice archers. Neurosci Lett,2008,445,236–241.
[128]Kandel ER, Squire LR. Neuroscience: breaking down scientific barriers to the study of brainand mindJ.Science,2000,290(5494):1113–1120.
[129]刘昌，翁旭初.人脑功能磁共振成像及其在认知神经科学研究中的应用生理科学进展[J],1999,30(1):84-90.
[130]Chen R, Cohen LG, Hallett M. Nervous system reorganization following injury. Neurosci,2002,111(4):761–773.
[131]Huk AC, Heeger DJ. Task-related modulation of visual cortex. J Neurophysiol,2000,83(6):3525–3536.
[132]Buchel C, Dolan RJ. Classical fear conditioning in functional neuroimaging. Curr OpinNeurobiol,2000,10(2):219-223. Review.
[133]Buckner RL, Bandettini PA, O'Craven KM, et al.. Detection of cortical activation duringaveraged single trials of a cognitive task using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Proc NatlAcad Sci U S A,1996,93(25):14878–1483.
[134]Buckner RL, Koutstaal W, Schacter DL, et al.. Functional-anatomic study of episodicretrieval. II. Selective averaging of event-related fMRI trials to test the retrieval successhypothesis. Neuroimage,1998,7(3):163-175.
[135]Buckner RL. Event-related fMRI and the hemodynamic response. Hum Brain Mapp,1998,6(5-6):373–377.
[136]Rosen BR, Buckner RL, Dale AM.Event-related functional MRl: past, present, and future.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.1998,95(3):773–780.
[137]D'Esposito M, Zarahn E, Aguirre GK. Event-related functional MRI: implications forcognitive psychology. Psychol Bull,1999,125(1):155-164.
[138]Weng X, Ding YS, Volkow ND. Imaging the functioning human brain.Proc Natl Acad SciUSA.,1999,96(20):11073–11074.
[139]高洪歌.关联规则挖掘在乒乓球比赛技战术分析中的应用［J］.北京工业大学学报,2006,18(1):15–19.
[140]陈健,姚颂平.关联分析在篮球技术统计数据分析中的运用J.上海体育学院学报,2009,33(5):91-94.
[141]乔克满，欧阳为民，孙卫．关联规则挖掘技术在体质指标分析中的应用研究［J］．天津体育学院学报，2010，25(2):453–455
[142]张崇林，虞丽娟，吴卫兵.关联规则数据挖掘技术在体质测试分析中的应用［J］．上海体育学院学报，2012，36(2):42–44.
[143]廖芹，郝志峰，陈志宏．数据挖掘与数学建模［M］．北京:国防工业出版社，2010:188–213.
[144]Urgesi C, Savonitto MM, Fabbro F, Aglioti SM. Long-and short-term plastic modeling ofaction prediction abilities in volleyball. Psychol Res,2012,76:542–560.
[145]Solso, Robert L., M. Kimberly MacLin, and Otto H. MacLin. Cognitive psychology. Boston:Allyn and Bacon,1995.
[146]Cave KR, Wolfe JM. Modeling the role of parallel processing in visual search. Cogn Psychol,1990,22:225–271.
[147]Wolfe JM. Guided search2.0: A revised model of visual search. Psycholonomic Bull Rev,1994,1:202–238.
[148]Wolfe JM. Extending guided search: why guided search needs a preattentive item map. InKramer AF, Coles, MGH, Logan GD, editors, Converging operations in the study of visualattention. Washington, DC: American Psychologica Association,1996:247–270.
[149]Tomeo E, Cesari P, Aglioti SM, Urgesi C. Fooling the Kickers but not the Goalkeepers:Behavioral and Neurophysiological Correlates of Fake Action Detection in Soccer. CerebralCortex,2012, in press.
[150]Anderson R. Inferior parietal lobule function in spatial perception and visuomotor integration.Comprehesive physiology. Wiley,2011, Chapter12:483-517.
[151]Buckner R. Contributions of specific prefrontal brain areas to long-term memory retrieval.Psychonomic Bulletin and Review,1996,3:149–158.
[152]Rizzolatti G, Fogassi L, Gallese V. Neurophysiological mechanisms underlying theunderstanding and imitation of action. Nat Rev Neurosci,2001,2:661–670.
[153]kach D, Reimer J, Hatsopoulos NG. Congruent activity during action and action observationin motor cortex. J Neurosci,2007,27:13241–13250.
[154]Friston KJ, Holmes AP, Price CJ, Buchel C, Worsley KJ. Multi–subject fMRI studies andconjunction analyses. Neuroimage,1999,10:385–396.
[155]Poline JB, Worsley KJ, Evans AC, Friston KJ. Combining Spatial Extent and PeakIntensity to Test for Activations in Functional Imaging. NeuroImage,1997,5:83–96.
[156]Jeannerod M. The representing brain. Neural correlates of motor intention and imagery.Behav. Brain Sci,1994,17:187–245.
[157]Jeannerod M, Arbib MA, Rizzolatti G, Sakata H. Grasping objects: The cortical mechanismsof visuomotor transformation. Trends Neurosci,1995,18:314–320.
[158]Grezes J, Decety J. Functional anatomy of execution, mental simulation, observation, andverb generation of actions: a meta–analysis. Hum Brain Mapp,2001,12:1–19.
[159]Hamilton, AF, Grafton, ST. Goal representation in human anterior intraparietal sulcus. JNeurosci,2006,26:1133–1137.
[160]Chong TT–J, Williams MA, Cunnington R, Mattingley JB. Selective attention modulatesinferior frontal gyrus activity during action observation. Neuroimage,2008,40:298–307.
[161]Peigneux P, Van der Linden M, Garraux G, Laureys S, Degueldre C, et al. Imaging acognitive model of apraxia: the neural substrate of gesture–specific cognitive processes. HumBrain Mapp,2004,21:119–142.
[162]Tanaka S, Inui T, Iwaki S, Konishi J, Nakai T. Neural substrates involved in imitating fingerconfigurations: an fMRI study. Neuroreport,2001,12:1171–1174.
[163]du Boisgueheneuc F, Levy R, Volle E, Seassau M, Duffau H, Kinkingnehun S, Samson Y,Zhang S, Dubois B. Functions of the left superior frontal gyrus in humans: a lesion study. Brain,2006,129:3308-3328.
[164]Courtney SM, Petit L, Maisog JM, Ungerleider LG, Haxby JV. An area specialized for spatialworking memory in human frontal cortex. Science,1998,279:1347–1351.
[165]Curtis CE, Rao VY, D’Esposito M. Maintenance of spatial and motor codes duringoculomotor delayed response tasks. J Neuroscience,2004,24:3944–3952.
[166]Jonides J, Smith EE, Koeppe RA, Awh E, Minoshima S, Mintun MA. Spatial workingmemory in humans as revealed by PET. Nature,1993,363:623–625.
[167]Pessoa L, Gutierrez E, Bandettini P, Ungerleider L. Neural correlates of visual workingmemory: fMRI amplitude predicts task performance. Neuron,2002,35:975–987.
[168]Postle BR, D’Esposito M. What–then–where in visual working memory: an event–relatedfMRI study. J Cogn Neurosci,1999,11:85–597
[169]Rowe JB, Toni I, Josephs O, Frackowiak RS, Passingham RE. The prefrontal cortex:response selection or maintenance within working memory? Science,2000,288:1656–1660.
[170] S Smith EE, Jonides J, Koeppe RA, Awh E, Schumacher EH, Minoshima S. Spatial versusobject working memory: PET investigations. J Cogn Neurosci,1995,7:337–356.
[171] G Gerloff C, Corwell B, Chen R, Hallett M, Cohen LG. Stimulation over the humansupplementary motor area interferes with the organization of future elements in complex motorsequences. Brain,1997,120:1587–1602.
[172]Zatorre RJ, Chen JL, Penhune VB. When the brain plays music: auditory--motor interactionsin music perception and production. Nat Rev Neurosci,2007,8(7):547-558.
[173]G. Rizzolatti, L. Fogassi, V. Gallese, Cortical mechanisms subserving object grasping andaction recognition: a new view on the cortical motor functions, in: M.S. Gazzaniga (Ed.), TheNew Cognitive Neurosciences, MIT Press, Cambridge,2000:539–552.
[174]Falkenstein M, Hohnsbein J, Hoormann J, Blanke L. Effects of errors in choice reactiontasks on the ERP under focused and divided attention. In: Brunia CHM, Gaillard AWK, Kok A,editors. Psychophysiological brain research. Tilburg: Tilburg University Press.1990:192-195.
[175]Gehring WJ, Gross B, Coles MGH, Meyer DE, Donchin E. An system for error detection andcompensation. Psycho,1993,4:385--390.
[176]Gehring WJ, Coles MG, Meyer DE, Donchin E. A brain potential manifestation oferror-related processing. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl,1995,44:261--272.
[177]Ullsperger M, von Cramon DY. Subprocesses of performance monitoring: a dissociation oferror processing and response competition revealed by event-related fMRI and ERPs. Neuroimage,2001,14:1387-1401.
[178]Rodriguez-Fornells A, Kurzbuch AR, Munte TF. Time course of error detection andcorrection in humans: neurophysiological evidence. J Neurosci,2002,22(22):9990--9996.
[179]Klein TA, Endrass T, Kathmann N, Neumann J, von Cramon DY, Ullsperger M. Neuralcorrelates of error awareness. Neuroimage,2006,34(4):1774-1781.
[180]Hikosaka, O., Nakahara, H., Rand, M.K., Sakai, K., Lu, X Nakamura, K., Miyachi, S. andDoya, K. Paralle neural networks for learning sequential procedures. Trend Neurosci,1999,22:464–471
[181]Monsell, S. Task switching. Trends Cogn. Sci,2003,7:134–140.
[182]Beauchamp, MS., Lee, KE., Haxby, JV., Martin A. fMRI responses to video and point-lightdisplays of moving humans and manipulable objects. J Cogn Neurosci,2003,15:991–100.
[183]Grossman E.&Blake R. Brain activity evoked by inverted and imagined motion. Vision Res,2001,41:1475–1482.
[184]Grossman, E D.&Blake R. Brain areas active during visual perception of biological motion.Neuron,2002,35:1167–1175.
[185]Saygin AP. Superior temporal and premotor brain areas necessary for biological motionperception. Brain,2007,130:2452–2461.
[186]Pavlova M, Sokolov AN, Birbaumer N, Krageloh-Mann I. Perception and understanding ofothers’ actions and brain connectivity. J Cogn Neurosci,2008,20:494–504.
[187]Wyk BC, Hudac CM, Carter EJ, Sobel DM, Pelphrey KA. Action understanding in thesuperior temporal sulcus region. Psychol Sci,2009,20:771–777.
[188]Devinsky, O., Morrell, M. J.,&Vogt, B. A. Contributions of anterior cingulate cortex tobehaviour. Brain,1995,118,279-306.
[189]Posner, M. I.,&Petersen, S. E. The attention system of the human brain. Annual Review ofNeuroscience,1990,13,25-42.
[190]Posner, M. I., Petersen, S. E., Fox, P. T.,&Raichle, M. E. Localization of cognitiveoperations in the human brain. Science,1988,240,1627-1631.
[191]Mesulam, M.-M. A cortical network for directed attention and unilateral neglect. Annals ofNeurology,1981,10,309-325.
[192]Posner, M. I.,&Dehaene, S. Attentional networks. Trends in Neurosciences,1994,17,75-79.
[193] Posner, M. I.,&DiGirolamo, G. J. Executive attention: Conflict, target detection, andcognitive control. In R. Parasuraman (Ed.), The attentive brain. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.1998:401-423.
[194]Holroyd C B, Praamstra P, Plat E, et al. Spared error-related potentials in mild to moderateParkinson’s disease. Neuropsychologia,2002,40(12):2116-2124.
[195]Botvinick, M., Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., Carter, C. S.,&Cohen, J. D.. Conflict monitoringand cognitive control. Psychological Review,2001,108:624-652.
[196]Carter, C.S. et al. Anterior cingulate cortex, error detection, and the online monitoring ofperformance. Science,1998,280:747–749.
[197]Kiehl, K.A., Liddle, P.F.&Hopfinger, J.B. Error processing and the rostral anterior cingulate.Psychophysiology,2000,37:216–223.
[198]Ullsperger, M.&Von Cramon, D.Y. Error monitoring using external feedback: Specific rolesof the habenular complex, the reward system, and the cingulate motor area revealed by functionalmagnetic resonance imaging. J. Neurosci,2003,23:4308–4314.
[199]Gorana P, Hamilton AF. Action understanding requires the left inferior frontal cortex. CurrBiol,2006,16:524–529.
[200]Craig, A.D. How do you feel-now? The anterior insula and human awareness Nat. Rev.Neurosci.,10,59–70.
[2]Williams AM, Davids K, Williams JG. Visual perception and action in sport. E&FN Spon:London,1999:110–116.
[3]石垣尚男.スポーツと目.大修館書店,1993:11-18
[4]真下一策石垣尚男遠藤文夫.競技別スポーツビジョントレーニング―スポーツのための目の科学的強化法―.ナツメ社,1995：21-25.
[5]白石晰也.トッププレーヤーの目―スポーツビジョントレーニング入門.大修館書店,1993．36-37.
[6]スポーツビジョン研究会.スポーツのための視覚学.ナップ,1997．79-83.
[7]伊藤政展.予測の利得と損失．体育の科学,2000,50(12):959-963.
[8]Allard F, Graham S, Paarsalu ME. Perception in sport: basketball. J Sport Exerc Psycholol,1980,2:14–21.
[9]Bard C. and Goulet C. Relationship between perceptual strategies and response adequacy insport situation. Int J Sport Psychol,1994,25:266–281.
[10]Starkes JL, Allard F. Perception in volleyball: the effects of competitive stress. J Sport ExercPsycholol,1983,5:189–196..
[11]Starkes JL. Skill in field hockey: the nature of the cognitive advantage. J Sport ExercPsycholol,1987,9:146–160.
[12]Schmidt R A, Richard A. Motor learning&performance: From principles to practice.Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Books,1991:129-131.
[13]Ericsson, K.A.,&Lehmann, A.C. Expert and exceptional performance: Evidence of maximaladaptation to task constraints. Annual Review of Psychology J,1996,47:273-305.
[14]Recanzone, G.H., Schreiner, C.E., Merzenich, M.M.. Plasticity in the frequency representationof primary auditory cortex following discrimination training in adult owl monkeys. J. Neurosci J,1993,13:87–103.
[15]Elbert T, Pantev C, Wienbruch C, et al. Increased cortical representation of the fingers of theleft hand in string players. Science,1995,270:305–307.
[16]Schlaug G, Jancke L, Huang Y, et al. Increased corpus callosum size in musicians.Neuropsychologia,1995,33:1047–1055.
[17]Jancke L, Shah NJ, Peters M. Cortical activations in primary and secondary motor areas forcomplex bimanual movements in professional pianists. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res,2000,10:177–183.
[18]Munte TF, Altenmuller E, Jancke L The musician’s brain as a model of neuroplasticity. NatRev Neurosci,2002,3:473–478.
[19]Gaser C, Schlaug G. Brain structures differ between musicians and non-musicians. J Neurosci,2003,23:9240–9245.
[20]Haslinger B, Erhard P, Altenmueller E, et al. Reduced recruitment of motor associtation areasduring bimanual coordination in concert pianists. Hum Brain Mapp,2004,22:206–215.
[21]Rizzolatti, G, Fadiga L, Matelli, M, et al. Localization of grasp representations in humans byPET.1. Observation versus execution. Exp Brain Res.1996,111:246–252
[22]Grafton ST, Arbib MA, Fadiga L, et al. Localization of grasp representations in humans bypositron emission tomography.2. Observation compared with imagination. Exp Brain Res,1996,112:103–111.
[23]Buccino G, Binkofski F, Fink GR, et al. Action observation activates premotor and parietalareas in a somatotopic manner: an fMRI study. Eur. J. Neurosci,2001,13:400–404.
[24]Iacoboni M, Woods RP, Brass M, et al. Cortical mechanisms of human imitation. Science,1999,286:2526–2528.
[25]Di Pellegrino G, Fadiga L, Fogassi L, et al. Understanding motor events: a neurophysiologicalstudy. Exp Brain Res,1992,91:176–180.
[26]Gallese V, Fadiga L, Fogassi L, et al. Action recognition in the premotor cortex. Brain,1996,119:593–609.
[27]Rizzolatti G, Fadiga L, Gallese V, et al. Premotor cortex and the recognition of motor actions.Brain Res Cogn Brain Res,1996,3:131–141.
[28]Fogassi L, Ferrari PF, Gesierich B, et al. Parietal lobe: from action organization to intentionunderstanding. Science,2005,308:662–667.
[29]Baldissera F, Cavallari P, Craighero L, et al. Modulation of spinal excitability duringobservation of hand actions in humans. Eur J Neurosci,2001,13:190--194.
[30] Buccino G, Lui F, Canessa N, Patteri I, et al. Neural circuits involved in the recognition ofactions performed by nonconspecifics: an FMRI study. J Cogn Neurosci,2004,16:114--126.
[31]Abreu AM, Macaluso E, Azevedo RT, Cesari P, Urgesi C, Aglioti SM. Action anticipationbeyond the action observation network: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study in expertbasketball players. Eur J Neurosci,2012,35:1646–1654.
[32]Lindsay PH., Norman DA. Human information processing: An introduction topsychology. New York, Academic Press,1972.
[33]Roach, Eleanor, and Barbara B. Lloyd. Cognition and categorization. Hillsdale, New Jersey,1978.
[34]Treisman AM. Features and objects: The fourteenth bartlett memorial lecture. The QuarterlyJournal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology,1464-0740,1988,40(2):201-237.
[35]李永强.基于视觉机理的特征整合模型研究及应用[D].郑州大学，2011，13-14.
[36]Ungerleider IG，Mishkin M．Two cortical visual system．In Ingel DJ，Goodale MA，MansfieldRJW(Eds．)．Analysis of visual behavior．Camhridge，MA：The MIT Press,1982:549--586
[37]Hubel DH, Wiesel TN. Laminar and columnar distribution of geniculo-cortical fibers in themacaque monkey. Journal of Computational Neurology,1972,146:421~450
[38]Ungerleider L G, Haxby J V.‘What’ and ‘where’ in the human brain. Current Opinion inNeurobiology,1994,4:157~165
[39]Milner AD, Goodale MA. The visual brain in action. Oxford: Oxford University Press,1995.1~272.
[40]Goodale MA, Milner AD. Separate visual pathways for perception and action. Trends inNeurosciences,1992,15(1):20～25.
[41]Husain M, Nachev P. Space and the parietal cortex, Trends Cogn Sci,2007,11(1):30–36.
[42]Pisella, F. Binkofski, K. Lasek, I. Toni, Y. Rossetti, No double-dissociation between opticataxia and visual agnosia: multiple sub-streams for multiple visuo-manual integrations,Neuropsychologia,2006,44(13):2734–2748.
[43]Jeannerod M. The neural and behavioural organization of goal-directed movements. NewYork, NY, US: Clarendon Press/Oxford University Press,1988.84～131.
[44]Goodale M A, Pelisson D, Prablanc C. Large adjustments in visually guided reaching do notdepend on vision of the hand or perception of target displacement. Nature,1986,320(6064):748～750.
[45]Desmurget M, Epstein C M, Turner R S, et al. Role of the posterior parietal cortex in updatingreaching movements to a visual target. Nature Neuroscience,1999,2(6):563～567.
[46]Pisella L, Grea H, Tilikete C, et al. An 'automatic pilot' for the hand in human posteriorparietal cortex: Toward reinterpreting optic ataxia. Nature Neuroscience,2000,3(7):729～736.
[47]Aglioti SM, Cesari P, Romani M, Urgesi C. Action anticipation and motor resonance in eliteathletes. Nat Neurosci,2008,11:1109–1116.
[48]Williams AM, Davids K. Visual search strategy, selective attention and expertise in soccer.Res Q Exerc Sport,1998,69:111–128.
[49]Abernethy B, Russell DG. Expert–novice differences in an applied perception ability task. JSport Psychol,1987,9:326–345.
[50]Abernethy B, Russell, DG. The relationship between expertise and visual search strategy in aracquet sport. Hum Move Sci,1987,6:283–319.
[51]Jin H, Xu GP, Zhang JX, Gao HW, Ye ZE, Wang P, Lin HY, Mo L, Lin CD. Event–relatedpotential effects of superior action anticipation in professional badminton players. Neurosci Lett,2011,3:139–144.
[52]Paul G, Glencross D. Expert perception and decision–making in baseball. Int J Sport Psychol,1997,28:35–56.
[53]Molstad SM, Kluka DA, Love PA, Baylor KA, Covington NK, Cook TL. Timing ofcoincidence anticipation by NCAA division I softball athletes. Percept and Motor Skills,1994,79:1491–1497.
[54]Houlston DR, Lowes R. Anticipatory cue utilization processes amongst expert and non–expertwicketkeepers in cricket. Int J Sport Psycholol,1993,24(1):59–73.
[55]McRobert AP, Williams AM, Ward P, Eccles DW, Ericsson KA. Contextual information andanticipation skill in cricket batting. J Sport and Exercise Psychol,2007,29(Suppl):187.
[56]Roca A, Ford PR, McRobert AP, Williams AM. Identifying the processes underpinninganticipation and decision–making in a dynamic time–constrained task. Cogn Process,2011,12:301–310.
[57]Smeeton NJ, Huys R. Anticipation of tennis–shot direction from whole–body movement: therole of movement amplitude and dynamics. Human Move Sci,2011,30:957–965.
[58]Ca al–Bruland R, Mooren M, Savelsbergh GJP. Differentiating experts’ anticipatory skills inbeach volleyball. Res Q Exer Sport,2011,4:667–674.
[59]Starkes JL. Skill in field hockey: the nature of the cognitive advantage. J Sport ExercPsycholol,1987,9:146–160.
[60]Castiello, U.&Umiltà, C. Splitting focal attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,1992,18:837-848.
[61]Jackson, R. C.,&Mogan, P. Advance visual information, awareness, and anticipation skill.Journal of Motor Behavior,2007,39(5):341-351.
[62]王树明.文脉信息对羽毛球运动员预判绩效的影响[J].天津体育学院学报,2007,22(6):487-490.
[63]Tenenbaum G, Levy-Kolker N, Sade S, et al. Anticipation and confidence of decisions relatedto skilled performance. International Journal of Sport Psychology,1996,27:293-307.
[64]Abernethy B. Anticipation in squash: differences in advance cue utilization between expertand novice players. J Sports Sci,1990,8:17–34.
[65]任未多，邢玉香.运动直觉及其特征[J].体育科学，1989，4:68-72.
[66]孟海江，周成林，金树达.运动员注意力特征与速度一准确性相关研究的回顾与展望J.辽宁体育科技，2006，28(2):45-46.
[67]张运亮，李宗浩，孙延林等.专家与新手篮球后卫运动员的眼动研究[J].心理与行为研究，2004,2(3):534-538.
[68]王明辉，李建民，闰苍松.篮球运动员运动决策准确性和速度差异性的眼动研究[J].北京体育大学学报,2007,（6）:774-776.
[69]李响“.女子篮球打法男性化”的眼动分析与对策研究[D].辽宁师范大学研究生部，2006：5-10.
[70]Hazel and Vickers.The Efficacy of Sports Vision Practice and Its Role in Optometry. Clinicaland Experimental Optometry,1995,78：98-105.
[71]朱骎，章建成，金亚虹等.体育运动中选择性注意的国外研究现状[J].上海体育学院学报，2000，24（4）：46-51.
[72]Marteniuk, Ronald G. Information processing in motor skills. New York: Holt, Rinehart andWinston,1976.
[73]Abernethy B. Expertise, visual search and information pick–up in squash. Perception,1990,19:63–77.
[74]Abernethy B. Visual search strategies and decision–making in sport. Int J Sport Psychol,1991,22:189–210.
[75]Abernethy B, Zawi K, Jackson RC. Expertise and attunement to kinetic constraints,2005,Perception.37:931–948.
[76]Moreno F.J., O A A., Martínez M. Computerized simulation as a means of improvinganticipation strategies and training in the use of the return in tennis. Journal of Human MovementStudies,2002,42,31-41.
[77]Petrakis, E. Visual observation patterns of tennis teachers. Research Quarterly for Exerciseand Sport,1986,57(3),254-259.
[78]Bard C, Fleury M. Analysis of visual search activity during sport problem situations J. Journalof Human Movement Studies,1976,3:214-227.
[79]Bard C, Fleury M. Analysis of eye movement as a predictor of attainment M. Vision and snort,1981:28-41.
[80]Ward P, Williams AM. Perceptual and cognitive skill development: the multidimensionalnature of expert performance. J Sport Exerc Psycholol,2003,25:93–111.
[81]Overney, Leila S., Olaf Blanke, and Michael H. Herzog. Enhanced temporal but notattentional processing in expert tennis players. PLoS One,2008,3(6): e2380.
[82]Ripon, H., Kerlirzin, Y., Stein, J.F,&Reine, B. Analysis of Information Processing,Decision-making, and Visual Strategies in Complex Problem Solving Sport Situations J. HumanMovement Science,1995,14(3):325-349.
[83]Helsen, W.&Pauwels. A cognitive approach to visual search in sport. In visual Search II(edited by D. Brogan and K. Carry,1992:177-184. London: Taylor and Fancis.
[84]张忠秋，阎国利，吉承恕.自行车运动员专项认知水平眼动特征的实验研究[J].中国体育科技，2001,37(8):6-8.
[85]Vickers, J.N.. Visual control when aiming at a far target. Journal of ExperimentalPsychology:Human Perception and Performance,1996,22,342-354.
[86]Harle, S. K.,&Vickers J. N.. Training quiet eye improves accuracy in the basketball freethrow. The Sport Psychologist,2001,15,289-305.
[87]事件相关电位（ERPs）简介. http://www.zhlzw.com/xl/cs/107105.html
[88] AnlloVL，Hillyard SA．Selective attention to the color and direction of moving stimuli:Electrophysiologicla correlates of hierarchical feature selection．Perception&Psychophysics,1996，58：191-206．
[89] Di Russo F, Taddei F, Apnile T, Spinelli D. Neural correlates of fast stimulus discriminationand response selection in top-level fencers. Neuroscience Letters.2006,408:113–118.
[90]吕雅君，马启伟．用事件相关电位研究运动员脑内信息加工特点[J].天津体育学院学报，1995，10(4)：1-4．
[91]Kok A. On the utility of P3amplitude as a measure of processing capacity. Psychophysiology,2001,38,557–577.
[92]Bledowski, C., Prvulovic, D., Hoechstetter, K., Scherg, M., Wibral, M., Goebel, R., Linden,D.E.. Localizing P300generators in visual target and distractor processing: a combinedevent-related potential and functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J. Neurosci,2004,24:9353–9936.
[93]Rossi, B., Zani, A., Taddei, F., Pesce, C.. Chronometric aspects of information processing inhigh level fencers as compared to non-athletes: an ERPs and RT study. J. Hum.Mov. Stud,1992,33,17–28.
[94] Akiyama, S., Nishihira, Y., Hatta, A., Fumoto, M., Kaneda, T., Tokitou, S., Shimoda, M.Event-related potentials (ERPs) and long-term physical exercise. Jpn. J. Phys. Fitness Sports Med,2000,267–276,49(in Japanese).
[95]Nakamoto, H., Mori, S.. Effects of stimulus–response compatibility in mediating expertperformance in baseball players. Brain Res,2008,1189:179–188.
[96]高耀.重剑运动情境中视觉搜索的ERP活动特征研究[D].上海:上海体育学院，2009.
[97]Radlo, S.J., Janelle, C.M., Barba, D.A., Frehlich, S.G.. Perceptual decision making forbaseball pitch recognition: using P300latency and amplitude to index attentional processing. Res.Q. Exerc. Sport,2001,72:22–31.
[98]M.S. Taliep, A.St.C. Gibson, J. Gray, L. van derMerwe, C.L. Vaughan, T.D. Noakes, L.A.Kellaway, L.R. John, Event-related potentials, reaction time, and response selection of skilled andless-skilled cricket batsmen, Perception,2008,37:96–105.
[99]Iwadate, M., Mori, A., Ashizuka, T., Takayose, M., Ozawa, T.. Long-term physical exerciseand somatosensory event-related potentials. Exp. Brain Res,2005,160:528–532.
[100]Jin, H., Xu, G.., Zhang, J.X., Gao, H. Ye, Z., Wang, P., Lin, H., Mo, L, Lin, C.D. E-vent-related Potential Effects of Superior Action An-ticipation in Professional Badminton Players.Neuro-science Letters,2011,492:139-144.
[101]S. Omoto, Y. Kuroiwa, M. Li, H. Doi, M. Shimamura, S. Koyano, H. Segawa,Y.Suzuki,Modulation of event-related potentials in normal human subjects by visual dividedattention to spatial and color factors, Neurosci. Lett,2001,311(3):198–202.
[102]Wijers AA, Lange JJ, Mulder G, Mulder LJ. An ERP study of visual spatial attention andletter target detection for isoluminant and nonisoluminant stimuli, Psychophysiology.1997,34(5):53–65.
[103]Babiloni C, Del Percio C, Babiloni F, Carducci F,Cincotti F, Moretti DV, Rossini PM.Transient human cortical responses during the obser vation of simple finger movements: ahigh-resolution EEG study, Hum. Brain Mapp,2003,20(3):148–157.
[104]Koelega HS,Verbaten MN,Van Leeuwen TH, Kenemans JL, Kemner C, Sjouw W. Timeeffects on event-related brain potentials and vigilance performance, Biol. Psychol,1992,34(1):59–86.
[105]Delpont, E., Dolisi, C., Suisse, G., Bodino, G., Gastaud, M.. Visual evoked potentials:differences related to physical activity. Int. J. Sports Med.1991,12:293–298.
[106]Taddei F, Viggiano MP, Mecacci L. Pattern reversal visual evoked potentials in fencers, Int. J.Psychophysiol,1991,11(3):257–260.
[107]Magnié MN, Bermon S, Martin F, Madany-Lounis M, Gastaud M, Dolisi C. Visual andbrainstem auditory evoked potentials and maximal aerobic exercise: does the influence of exercisepersist after body temperature recovery? Int. J. Sports Med,1998,19:255–259.
[108] zmerdivenli R, Bulut S, Bayar H, Karacabey K, Ciloglu F, Peker I, Tan U. Effects ofexercise on visual evoked potentials. Int. J. Neurosci,2005,115:1043–1050.
[109]Del Percio C, Marzano N, Tilgher S, Fiore A, Di Ciolo E, Aschieri P, Lino A, Toràn G,Babiloni C, Eusebi F. Visual event-related potentials in elite and amateur athletes. Brain Res. Bull,2007,74:104–112.
[110]F. Di Russo F, Taddei T, Apnile D, Spinelli. Neural correlates of fast stimulus discriminationand response selection in top-level fencers, Neurosci. Lett,2006,408(2):113–118.
[111]Currà A, Modugno N, Inghilleri M, Manfredi M, Hallett M, Berardelli A. Transcranialmagnetic stimulation techniques in clinical investigation. Neurology,2002,59,1851–1859.
[112]Pearce AJ, Thickbroom GW, Byrnes ML, Mastaglia FL. Functional reorganisation of thecorticomotor projection to the hand in skilled racquet players. Exp. Brain Res,2000,130:238–243.
[113]Fulton RC, Strutton PH, McGregor AH, Davey NJ. Fatigue-induced change in corticospinaldrive to back muscles in elite rowers. Exp. Physiol,2002,87:593–600.
[114]Chouinard PA, Leonard G, Paus T. Role of the primary motor and dorsal premotor cortices inthe anticipation of forces during object lifting. J Neurosci,2005,25:2277–2284.
[115] Tanji et al. Sequential organization of multiple movements: involvement of cortical motorareasJ,Annu. Rev. Neurosci,2001,24,631–651.
[116]Buccino G, Binkofski F, Fink GR, Fadiga L, Fogassi L, Gallese V, Seitz RJ, Zilles K,Rizzolatti G, Freund HJ Action observation activates premotor and parietal areas in a somatotopicmanner: an fMRI studyJ. Eur J Neurosci,2001,13:400–404.
[117]Chaminade T, Meltzoff AN, Decety J. An fMRI study of imitation: Action representationand body schema. Neuropsychologia,2005,43,115–127.
[118]Grezes J, Armony JL, Rowe J, Passingham RE, Activations relatedto ‘mirror’ and‘canonical’ neurones in the human brain: an fMRI studyJ. Neuroimage,2003,18:928–937.
[119]Buccino G, Lui F, Canessa N, Patteri I, Lagravinese G, Benuzzi F, Porro CA, Rizzolatti G,Neural circuits involved in the recognition of actions performed by nonconspecifics: an FMRIstudyJ. J Cogn Neurosci,2004,16:114–126.
[120]Calvo-Merino B, Glaser DE, Grezes J, Passingham RE, Haggard P. Action observation andacquired motor skills:an fMRI study with expert dancersJ, Cereb Cortex2005:15(8):1243–1249.
[121]Calvo–Merino B., Grezes J, Glaser DE, Passingham RE, Haggard P. Seeing or doing?influence of visual and motor familiarity in action observation. Curr Biol,2006,16:1905–1910.
[122]M.J. Wright, R.C. Jackson, Brain regions concerned with perceptual skills in376tennis: anfMRI study. International Journal of Psychophysiology,2007,63:214–220.
[123]M.J. Wright, D.T. Bishop, R.C. Jackson, B. Abernethy, Functional MRI reveals379expert-novice differences during sport-related anticipationJ, Neuroreport,2010,21:94–98.
[124]M.J. Wright, D.T. Bishop, R.C. Jackson, B. Abernethy, Cortical fMRI activation toopponents’ body kinematics in sport-related anticipation: Expert-novice differences with normaland point-light videoJ, Neuroscience letters,2011:1–6.
[125]D.A. Gusnard, M.E. Raichle, Searching for a baseline: functional imaging and the restinghuman brainJ, Nature Reviews Neuroscience,2001,2:685–694.
[126]G.L. Shulman, S.V. Astafiev, M.P. McAvoy, G. d’Avossa, M. Corbetta, Right TPJdeactivation during visual search: functional significance and support for a filter hypothesisJ,Cerebral Cortex,2007,17:2625–2633.
[127]Kim, J., Lee, H.M., Kim,W.J., Park, H.J., Kim, S.W., Moon, D.H.,Woo, M., Tennant, L.K..Neural correlates of pre-performance routines in expert and novice archers. Neurosci Lett,2008,445,236–241.
[128]Kandel ER, Squire LR. Neuroscience: breaking down scientific barriers to the study of brainand mindJ.Science,2000,290(5494):1113–1120.
[129]刘昌，翁旭初.人脑功能磁共振成像及其在认知神经科学研究中的应用生理科学进展[J],1999,30(1):84-90.
[130]Chen R, Cohen LG, Hallett M. Nervous system reorganization following injury. Neurosci,2002,111(4):761–773.
[131]Huk AC, Heeger DJ. Task-related modulation of visual cortex. J Neurophysiol,2000,83(6):3525–3536.
[132]Buchel C, Dolan RJ. Classical fear conditioning in functional neuroimaging. Curr OpinNeurobiol,2000,10(2):219-223. Review.
[133]Buckner RL, Bandettini PA, O'Craven KM, et al.. Detection of cortical activation duringaveraged single trials of a cognitive task using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Proc NatlAcad Sci U S A,1996,93(25):14878–1483.
[134]Buckner RL, Koutstaal W, Schacter DL, et al.. Functional-anatomic study of episodicretrieval. II. Selective averaging of event-related fMRI trials to test the retrieval successhypothesis. Neuroimage,1998,7(3):163-175.
[135]Buckner RL. Event-related fMRI and the hemodynamic response. Hum Brain Mapp,1998,6(5-6):373–377.
[136]Rosen BR, Buckner RL, Dale AM.Event-related functional MRl: past, present, and future.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.1998,95(3):773–780.
[137]D'Esposito M, Zarahn E, Aguirre GK. Event-related functional MRI: implications forcognitive psychology. Psychol Bull,1999,125(1):155-164.
[138]Weng X, Ding YS, Volkow ND. Imaging the functioning human brain.Proc Natl Acad SciUSA.,1999,96(20):11073–11074.
[139]高洪歌.关联规则挖掘在乒乓球比赛技战术分析中的应用［J］.北京工业大学学报,2006,18(1):15–19.
[140]陈健,姚颂平.关联分析在篮球技术统计数据分析中的运用J.上海体育学院学报,2009,33(5):91-94.
[141]乔克满，欧阳为民，孙卫．关联规则挖掘技术在体质指标分析中的应用研究［J］．天津体育学院学报，2010，25(2):453–455
[142]张崇林，虞丽娟，吴卫兵.关联规则数据挖掘技术在体质测试分析中的应用［J］．上海体育学院学报，2012，36(2):42–44.
[143]廖芹，郝志峰，陈志宏．数据挖掘与数学建模［M］．北京:国防工业出版社，2010:188–213.
[144]Urgesi C, Savonitto MM, Fabbro F, Aglioti SM. Long-and short-term plastic modeling ofaction prediction abilities in volleyball. Psychol Res,2012,76:542–560.
[145]Solso, Robert L., M. Kimberly MacLin, and Otto H. MacLin. Cognitive psychology. Boston:Allyn and Bacon,1995.
[146]Cave KR, Wolfe JM. Modeling the role of parallel processing in visual search. Cogn Psychol,1990,22:225–271.
[147]Wolfe JM. Guided search2.0: A revised model of visual search. Psycholonomic Bull Rev,1994,1:202–238.
[148]Wolfe JM. Extending guided search: why guided search needs a preattentive item map. InKramer AF, Coles, MGH, Logan GD, editors, Converging operations in the study of visualattention. Washington, DC: American Psychologica Association,1996:247–270.
[149]Tomeo E, Cesari P, Aglioti SM, Urgesi C. Fooling the Kickers but not the Goalkeepers:Behavioral and Neurophysiological Correlates of Fake Action Detection in Soccer. CerebralCortex,2012, in press.
[150]Anderson R. Inferior parietal lobule function in spatial perception and visuomotor integration.Comprehesive physiology. Wiley,2011, Chapter12:483-517.
[151]Buckner R. Contributions of specific prefrontal brain areas to long-term memory retrieval.Psychonomic Bulletin and Review,1996,3:149–158.
[152]Rizzolatti G, Fogassi L, Gallese V. Neurophysiological mechanisms underlying theunderstanding and imitation of action. Nat Rev Neurosci,2001,2:661–670.
[153]kach D, Reimer J, Hatsopoulos NG. Congruent activity during action and action observationin motor cortex. J Neurosci,2007,27:13241–13250.
[154]Friston KJ, Holmes AP, Price CJ, Buchel C, Worsley KJ. Multi–subject fMRI studies andconjunction analyses. Neuroimage,1999,10:385–396.
[155]Poline JB, Worsley KJ, Evans AC, Friston KJ. Combining Spatial Extent and PeakIntensity to Test for Activations in Functional Imaging. NeuroImage,1997,5:83–96.
[156]Jeannerod M. The representing brain. Neural correlates of motor intention and imagery.Behav. Brain Sci,1994,17:187–245.
[157]Jeannerod M, Arbib MA, Rizzolatti G, Sakata H. Grasping objects: The cortical mechanismsof visuomotor transformation. Trends Neurosci,1995,18:314–320.
[158]Grezes J, Decety J. Functional anatomy of execution, mental simulation, observation, andverb generation of actions: a meta–analysis. Hum Brain Mapp,2001,12:1–19.
[159]Hamilton, AF, Grafton, ST. Goal representation in human anterior intraparietal sulcus. JNeurosci,2006,26:1133–1137.
[160]Chong TT–J, Williams MA, Cunnington R, Mattingley JB. Selective attention modulatesinferior frontal gyrus activity during action observation. Neuroimage,2008,40:298–307.
[161]Peigneux P, Van der Linden M, Garraux G, Laureys S, Degueldre C, et al. Imaging acognitive model of apraxia: the neural substrate of gesture–specific cognitive processes. HumBrain Mapp,2004,21:119–142.
[162]Tanaka S, Inui T, Iwaki S, Konishi J, Nakai T. Neural substrates involved in imitating fingerconfigurations: an fMRI study. Neuroreport,2001,12:1171–1174.
[163]du Boisgueheneuc F, Levy R, Volle E, Seassau M, Duffau H, Kinkingnehun S, Samson Y,Zhang S, Dubois B. Functions of the left superior frontal gyrus in humans: a lesion study. Brain,2006,129:3308-3328.
[164]Courtney SM, Petit L, Maisog JM, Ungerleider LG, Haxby JV. An area specialized for spatialworking memory in human frontal cortex. Science,1998,279:1347–1351.
[165]Curtis CE, Rao VY, D’Esposito M. Maintenance of spatial and motor codes duringoculomotor delayed response tasks. J Neuroscience,2004,24:3944–3952.
[166]Jonides J, Smith EE, Koeppe RA, Awh E, Minoshima S, Mintun MA. Spatial workingmemory in humans as revealed by PET. Nature,1993,363:623–625.
[167]Pessoa L, Gutierrez E, Bandettini P, Ungerleider L. Neural correlates of visual workingmemory: fMRI amplitude predicts task performance. Neuron,2002,35:975–987.
[168]Postle BR, D’Esposito M. What–then–where in visual working memory: an event–relatedfMRI study. J Cogn Neurosci,1999,11:85–597
[169]Rowe JB, Toni I, Josephs O, Frackowiak RS, Passingham RE. The prefrontal cortex:response selection or maintenance within working memory? Science,2000,288:1656–1660.
[170] S Smith EE, Jonides J, Koeppe RA, Awh E, Schumacher EH, Minoshima S. Spatial versusobject working memory: PET investigations. J Cogn Neurosci,1995,7:337–356.
[171] G Gerloff C, Corwell B, Chen R, Hallett M, Cohen LG. Stimulation over the humansupplementary motor area interferes with the organization of future elements in complex motorsequences. Brain,1997,120:1587–1602.
[172]Zatorre RJ, Chen JL, Penhune VB. When the brain plays music: auditory--motor interactionsin music perception and production. Nat Rev Neurosci,2007,8(7):547-558.
[173]G. Rizzolatti, L. Fogassi, V. Gallese, Cortical mechanisms subserving object grasping andaction recognition: a new view on the cortical motor functions, in: M.S. Gazzaniga (Ed.), TheNew Cognitive Neurosciences, MIT Press, Cambridge,2000:539–552.
[174]Falkenstein M, Hohnsbein J, Hoormann J, Blanke L. Effects of errors in choice reactiontasks on the ERP under focused and divided attention. In: Brunia CHM, Gaillard AWK, Kok A,editors. Psychophysiological brain research. Tilburg: Tilburg University Press.1990:192-195.
[175]Gehring WJ, Gross B, Coles MGH, Meyer DE, Donchin E. An system for error detection andcompensation. Psycho,1993,4:385--390.
[176]Gehring WJ, Coles MG, Meyer DE, Donchin E. A brain potential manifestation oferror-related processing. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl,1995,44:261--272.
[177]Ullsperger M, von Cramon DY. Subprocesses of performance monitoring: a dissociation oferror processing and response competition revealed by event-related fMRI and ERPs. Neuroimage,2001,14:1387-1401.
[178]Rodriguez-Fornells A, Kurzbuch AR, Munte TF. Time course of error detection andcorrection in humans: neurophysiological evidence. J Neurosci,2002,22(22):9990--9996.
[179]Klein TA, Endrass T, Kathmann N, Neumann J, von Cramon DY, Ullsperger M. Neuralcorrelates of error awareness. Neuroimage,2006,34(4):1774-1781.
[180]Hikosaka, O., Nakahara, H., Rand, M.K., Sakai, K., Lu, X Nakamura, K., Miyachi, S. andDoya, K. Paralle neural networks for learning sequential procedures. Trend Neurosci,1999,22:464–471
[181]Monsell, S. Task switching. Trends Cogn. Sci,2003,7:134–140.
[182]Beauchamp, MS., Lee, KE., Haxby, JV., Martin A. fMRI responses to video and point-lightdisplays of moving humans and manipulable objects. J Cogn Neurosci,2003,15:991–100.
[183]Grossman E.&Blake R. Brain activity evoked by inverted and imagined motion. Vision Res,2001,41:1475–1482.
[184]Grossman, E D.&Blake R. Brain areas active during visual perception of biological motion.Neuron,2002,35:1167–1175.
[185]Saygin AP. Superior temporal and premotor brain areas necessary for biological motionperception. Brain,2007,130:2452–2461.
[186]Pavlova M, Sokolov AN, Birbaumer N, Krageloh-Mann I. Perception and understanding ofothers’ actions and brain connectivity. J Cogn Neurosci,2008,20:494–504.
[187]Wyk BC, Hudac CM, Carter EJ, Sobel DM, Pelphrey KA. Action understanding in thesuperior temporal sulcus region. Psychol Sci,2009,20:771–777.
[188]Devinsky, O., Morrell, M. J.,&Vogt, B. A. Contributions of anterior cingulate cortex tobehaviour. Brain,1995,118,279-306.
[189]Posner, M. I.,&Petersen, S. E. The attention system of the human brain. Annual Review ofNeuroscience,1990,13,25-42.
[190]Posner, M. I., Petersen, S. E., Fox, P. T.,&Raichle, M. E. Localization of cognitiveoperations in the human brain. Science,1988,240,1627-1631.
[191]Mesulam, M.-M. A cortical network for directed attention and unilateral neglect. Annals ofNeurology,1981,10,309-325.
[192]Posner, M. I.,&Dehaene, S. Attentional networks. Trends in Neurosciences,1994,17,75-79.
[193] Posner, M. I.,&DiGirolamo, G. J. Executive attention: Conflict, target detection, andcognitive control. In R. Parasuraman (Ed.), The attentive brain. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.1998:401-423.
[194]Holroyd C B, Praamstra P, Plat E, et al. Spared error-related potentials in mild to moderateParkinson’s disease. Neuropsychologia,2002,40(12):2116-2124.
[195]Botvinick, M., Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., Carter, C. S.,&Cohen, J. D.. Conflict monitoringand cognitive control. Psychological Review,2001,108:624-652.
[196]Carter, C.S. et al. Anterior cingulate cortex, error detection, and the online monitoring ofperformance. Science,1998,280:747–749.
[197]Kiehl, K.A., Liddle, P.F.&Hopfinger, J.B. Error processing and the rostral anterior cingulate.Psychophysiology,2000,37:216–223.
[198]Ullsperger, M.&Von Cramon, D.Y. Error monitoring using external feedback: Specific rolesof the habenular complex, the reward system, and the cingulate motor area revealed by functionalmagnetic resonance imaging. J. Neurosci,2003,23:4308–4314.
[199]Gorana P, Hamilton AF. Action understanding requires the left inferior frontal cortex. CurrBiol,2006,16:524–529.
[200]Craig, A.D. How do you feel-now? The anterior insula and human awareness Nat. Rev.Neurosci.,10,59–70.