欺骗式ISAR干扰技术研究
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摘要
逆合成孔径雷达(ISAR)干扰技术已成为电子对抗领域的一个热点课题,本文重点开展了对基于目标电磁特性的欺骗式ISAR干扰技术的研究,并在此理论基础上,对欺骗式ISAR干扰机设计进行了初步的研究。
论文首先介绍了ISAR的成像原理,对ISAR成像过程中的关键问题-运动补偿进行了具体分析,并对ISAR成像的两种具体算法,即RD成像处理算法和ESPRIT超分辨成像处理算法进行了仿真实验和分析。
针对现有的欺骗式ISAR干扰技术存在的不足,提出了一种基于目标电磁特性生成虚假目标ISAR信号的新途径。其基本思路是利用散射中心模型对待模拟目标进行建模,然后根据测量或计算得到的目标电磁散射数据提取目标的三维散射中心,建立散射中心模型库,再根据目标的散射中心模型和待模拟目标的运动参数生成虚假调制信息,利用虚假信息对截获的雷达信号进行调制即可生成虚假目标的ISAR回波信号,研究结果表明该虚假信号生成方法可对ISAR形成有效的虚假目标欺骗式干扰。同时介绍了一种欺骗式ISAR干扰性能评估的方法,该方法借助模糊综合评判理论,综合考虑ISAR图像识别中的多种特征,能够对欺骗式ISAR干扰性能进行较好的评估。
最后研究了欺骗式ISAR干扰机的工程实现问题,包括基于DRFM的欺骗式ISAR干扰机系统设计、DRFM的I\Q通道不均衡以及干扰功率需求问题,这些问题都是欺骗式ISAR干扰机研制过程中必须考虑的问题。
Inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) jamming technology becomes a hot issue in the electronic countermeasures field. This dissertation focuses on the research of ISAR deception jamming technique based on target electromagnetic characteristics, and then studies the design of ISAR jammer.
Firstly, the principles of ISAR imaging are introduced, and the motion compensation, a key problem in ISAR imaging process, has been analyzed specifically. Two main algorithms of ISAR imaging, Range-Doppler (RD) algorithm and ESPRIT super-resolution algorithm, are simulated and analyzed.
Aiming at the shortcomings of the existing ISAR deception jamming technology, a new approach to generate false targets in ISAR imaging based on the target electromagnetic characteristics is proposed. The basic steps are: 1. model the simulated target by scattering center model; 2. extract the 3D scattering center according to the target electromagnetic scattering data acquired by measuring or calculating to build up a library of scattering center; 3. generate false modulated information according to the target scattering center model and the motion parameters; 4. utilize the false information to modulate the intercepted radar signal to generate a false target in ISAR imaging. The results show that the false signal generation method can form an effective false target deception jamming to ISAR.
A performance evaluating method of ISAR deception jamming is also introduced. Using the theory of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and considering a variety of features of the ISAR image recognition, it can evaluate the performance of ISAR deception jamming well.
At last, the realization of ISAR deception jammer is studied, including the ISAR deception jammer system design based on the Digital Radio Frequency Memory (DRFM), the influence of I\Q channel imbalance and interfering with the power demand, which should be considered in the ISAR deception jammer development process.
论文首先介绍了ISAR的成像原理,对ISAR成像过程中的关键问题-运动补偿进行了具体分析,并对ISAR成像的两种具体算法,即RD成像处理算法和ESPRIT超分辨成像处理算法进行了仿真实验和分析。
针对现有的欺骗式ISAR干扰技术存在的不足,提出了一种基于目标电磁特性生成虚假目标ISAR信号的新途径。其基本思路是利用散射中心模型对待模拟目标进行建模,然后根据测量或计算得到的目标电磁散射数据提取目标的三维散射中心,建立散射中心模型库,再根据目标的散射中心模型和待模拟目标的运动参数生成虚假调制信息,利用虚假信息对截获的雷达信号进行调制即可生成虚假目标的ISAR回波信号,研究结果表明该虚假信号生成方法可对ISAR形成有效的虚假目标欺骗式干扰。同时介绍了一种欺骗式ISAR干扰性能评估的方法,该方法借助模糊综合评判理论,综合考虑ISAR图像识别中的多种特征,能够对欺骗式ISAR干扰性能进行较好的评估。
最后研究了欺骗式ISAR干扰机的工程实现问题,包括基于DRFM的欺骗式ISAR干扰机系统设计、DRFM的I\Q通道不均衡以及干扰功率需求问题,这些问题都是欺骗式ISAR干扰机研制过程中必须考虑的问题。
Inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) jamming technology becomes a hot issue in the electronic countermeasures field. This dissertation focuses on the research of ISAR deception jamming technique based on target electromagnetic characteristics, and then studies the design of ISAR jammer.
Firstly, the principles of ISAR imaging are introduced, and the motion compensation, a key problem in ISAR imaging process, has been analyzed specifically. Two main algorithms of ISAR imaging, Range-Doppler (RD) algorithm and ESPRIT super-resolution algorithm, are simulated and analyzed.
Aiming at the shortcomings of the existing ISAR deception jamming technology, a new approach to generate false targets in ISAR imaging based on the target electromagnetic characteristics is proposed. The basic steps are: 1. model the simulated target by scattering center model; 2. extract the 3D scattering center according to the target electromagnetic scattering data acquired by measuring or calculating to build up a library of scattering center; 3. generate false modulated information according to the target scattering center model and the motion parameters; 4. utilize the false information to modulate the intercepted radar signal to generate a false target in ISAR imaging. The results show that the false signal generation method can form an effective false target deception jamming to ISAR.
A performance evaluating method of ISAR deception jamming is also introduced. Using the theory of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and considering a variety of features of the ISAR image recognition, it can evaluate the performance of ISAR deception jamming well.
At last, the realization of ISAR deception jammer is studied, including the ISAR deception jammer system design based on the Digital Radio Frequency Memory (DRFM), the influence of I\Q channel imbalance and interfering with the power demand, which should be considered in the ISAR deception jammer development process.
引文
[1] D. R.wehner High resolution radar second Edition Artech House, 1995,chapter7.
[2] kh. Rosenbach, J. Schiller,‖Identification of aircraft on the basis of 2-D-radar images‖, Proc. IEEE International Rdara Conf, 1995. 5.
[3] W. M. Brown. porcello. An introduction to sunthetic aperture radar.IEEE specturun 1969, 4(9): 52-62.
[4] W. M. Brown, R. J. Fedorowicz. Synthetic Radar Imaging of Rotation Objects. Proc. of The 13th Annual Radar Symposium, June 1967.
[5] J. L. Walker. Range-Doppler Imaging of Rotating Objects. IEEE Trans. on AES, Vol. 16, 1980.
[6] D. A. Ausherman,A. Kozma,J. I.Walker,H. M.Jones,E. C. Poggio,‖Developments in radar imaging‖, IEEE Trans. on AES, July 1984, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 363-399.
[7] D. A. Ausherman, A. Kozma, J. L. Walker et al. Developments in Radar Imaging. IEEE Trans. on AES, Vol.20(4), July 1984.
[8] D. R. Bromaghim and J. P. Perry. A Wideband Linear FM Ramp Generator for Long-Range Imaging Radar. IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. MTT-26, No. 5, May 1980.
[9] C. C. Chen. Imaging With Radar Returns. AD-A142117, 1987.
[10] C. C. Chen, H. C. Andrews. Target-motion-induced Radar Imaging. IEEE Trans. on AES, Vol. 16, Jan. 1980.
[11] R. Wehner. High Resolution Radar. Artech House, 1987.
[12] P. J. Klass. Inverse Synthetic Aperture Technology aids Radar Identification of Ships. Aviation Week and Space technology, Sept. 1987.
[13] R. Goodman, N. W. Wilhelm. A High Fidelity Ground to Air Imaging Radar System. IEEE National Radar Conference Record, 1994.
[14] V. C. Chen and S. Qian,―Joint time-frequency analysis for radar range-Doppler imaging‖,IEEE Trans. on AES, Vol.34,No.2, 1998, pp:486-489.
[15] Berizzi F, Dalle Mese E. and Martorella M.,―ISAR Radar imaging of oscillating targets by range-instantaneous-Doppler technique‖,The Record of the IEEE 2000 International,2000,pp:475-480.
[16] Xiaojian Xu and Narauanan R. M.,―Three-dimensional interferometric ISAR imaging for target scattering diagnosis and modeling‖,IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, Vol.I10, Issue 7, Jul.2001, pp: 1094-1102.
[17]冯德军,王雪松,肖顺平,王国玉.空间目标ISAR成像与识别对抗研究[J].系统工程与电子技术, 2005, 27 (1) : 43-45, 96.
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[20]李源,刘建新,陈惠连.基于正弦调相的ISAR干扰方法[J].信号处理. 2007, 23 (1) :101-105.
[21] P. E. Pace, D. J. Fouts, S. Ekestorm, etc. Digital false-target image synthesizer for countering ISAR[J]. IEE Proc. Radar Sonar Navig, 2002, 149 (5) : 248– 257.
[22]邵兆宇.逆合成孔径雷达干扰技术研究[D].西安:西安电子科技大学, 2004.
[23]李源,陈惠连.用于欺骗ISAR的多(两)假目标合成技术研究.信号处理. 2008, 24 (5) : 725-729.
[24]田向飞,盛骥松.对ISAR一维距离像的卷积干扰研究[J].现代电子技术. 2008, 11: 15-17 ,20.
[25]王雪松,刘建成,张文明,等.间歇采样转发干扰的数学原理[J].中国科学E辑, 2006, 36 (8): 891-901.
[26]刘忠,刘建成,王雪松,王国玉.间歇采样转发干扰信号分析[J].电子对抗, 2007, No.6, 19-23.
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[28] C. Y. Deilsle,haiqing wa.Moving Target Imaging and Trajectory Computation Using ISAR. IEEE Trans on Aerospace Electronic System, 1994, 30(3): 887-889
[29] V. C. Chen,Applications of time-frequency processing to radar imaging,Optical Engineering, Vol, 36, No.4, 1997, pp.1152-1161.
[30] G.. Y. Delisle and H.Wu,Moving target imaging and trajectory computation using ISAR , IEEE Trans, Vol.30, No.3, 1994, pp887-899.
[31] Wang kun, Lou Lin, Bao Zheng, Global Optimum Method for Alignment in ISAR Imageru ,Proceeding Conference Radar 97, Edinburgh, UK, October, 1997.
[32] Walter G. Carrara, Ron S. Goodman, Ronald M. Majewski,―spotlight Synthetic Aperture Radar Signal Processing algorithms‖, Artech House, Boston.London, 1995.
[33] Bocker, R. P., T. B. Henderson, S. A. Jones, B. R.Frieden, A New Inwerse Synthetic Aperture Radar Algorithm for translational motion compensation, SPIE Conf. Vol. 1569, July, 1991, p298-310.
[34]王根原.保铮.逆合成孔径雷达运动补偿中包络对齐的新方法.电子学报,1998,26(6):5-9.
[35] Wang G Y, Bao Z. The minimum entropy criterion of range alignment in ISAR motion compensation.Proceeding conf. radar 97, Edinburgh UK, 1997(10): 14-16.
[36] LIX, Liu G, Ni J. Autofocusing of ISAR images based on entropy minimization. IEEE Trans. on AES, 1999, 35(4):1240-1251.
[37] SteinbergBD. Microwave Imaging of Aircraft. Proc. IEEE.1988, 76(12):1578-1592
[38]刘永坦.雷达成像技术.哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社,1999.
[39] P. E. Pace, D. J. Fouts, S. Ekestorm, etc. Digital false-target image synthesizer for countering ISAR[J]. IEE Proc. Radar Sonar Navig, 2002,149 (5) : 248– 257.
[40] K.T Kim and H.T Kim. Two-Dimensional Scattering Center Extraction Based on Multiple Elastic Modules Network. IEEE Transactions on antennas and propagation, 2003, 51(4):848-860.
[41]吕玉增,任双桥等.基于聚类分析和神经网络的雷达目标三维散射中心提取.信号处理, 2005, 22(4):462-466.
[42]任双桥,刘永祥等.基于多姿态角下一维距离像的雷达目标三维成像.电子学报, 2005, 33(6):1089-1091.
[43] P. M. Payton, E. B. Barrett, Invariant methods for indexing and relative reconstruction of 3D models using 1D HRR and 2D SAR, SPIE, vol.3454, July 1999. pp.121-133.
[44] S. Fazio, L. Hong. Using High Range Resolution Radar Data for Reconstructing Rigid Moving Target’s Scattering Centers, SPIE, vol. 5427, Sep.2004. 62-73.
[45] S. Fazio, L. Hong. A new methodology for recognition and reconstruction of moving rigid-body targets, SPIE, Vol.6234, 2006. 62340C-1~9.
[46]周剑雄.光学区雷达目标三维散射中心重构理论与技术.博士论文.国防科技大学,2006.
[47]李晓辉,黎湘等.基于ICA的雷达目标3D成像方法研究.信号处理,2005, 21(2):144-148.
[48]刘记红.基于多幅一维像的目标三维重构方法研究.硕士论文.国防科技大学, 2007.
[49]任双桥,姜斌等.GTD散射模型参数解调耦估计技术.现代雷达,2006,28(5), 47-50.
[50]孙云辉,李芳倩,冯建伟.基于SAR图像的欺骗式干扰效果评估研究.航天电子对抗,22(2),31-34,2006.
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[61]丁鹭飞,耿富录著.雷达原理.西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,1984.
[2] kh. Rosenbach, J. Schiller,‖Identification of aircraft on the basis of 2-D-radar images‖, Proc. IEEE International Rdara Conf, 1995. 5.
[3] W. M. Brown. porcello. An introduction to sunthetic aperture radar.IEEE specturun 1969, 4(9): 52-62.
[4] W. M. Brown, R. J. Fedorowicz. Synthetic Radar Imaging of Rotation Objects. Proc. of The 13th Annual Radar Symposium, June 1967.
[5] J. L. Walker. Range-Doppler Imaging of Rotating Objects. IEEE Trans. on AES, Vol. 16, 1980.
[6] D. A. Ausherman,A. Kozma,J. I.Walker,H. M.Jones,E. C. Poggio,‖Developments in radar imaging‖, IEEE Trans. on AES, July 1984, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 363-399.
[7] D. A. Ausherman, A. Kozma, J. L. Walker et al. Developments in Radar Imaging. IEEE Trans. on AES, Vol.20(4), July 1984.
[8] D. R. Bromaghim and J. P. Perry. A Wideband Linear FM Ramp Generator for Long-Range Imaging Radar. IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. MTT-26, No. 5, May 1980.
[9] C. C. Chen. Imaging With Radar Returns. AD-A142117, 1987.
[10] C. C. Chen, H. C. Andrews. Target-motion-induced Radar Imaging. IEEE Trans. on AES, Vol. 16, Jan. 1980.
[11] R. Wehner. High Resolution Radar. Artech House, 1987.
[12] P. J. Klass. Inverse Synthetic Aperture Technology aids Radar Identification of Ships. Aviation Week and Space technology, Sept. 1987.
[13] R. Goodman, N. W. Wilhelm. A High Fidelity Ground to Air Imaging Radar System. IEEE National Radar Conference Record, 1994.
[14] V. C. Chen and S. Qian,―Joint time-frequency analysis for radar range-Doppler imaging‖,IEEE Trans. on AES, Vol.34,No.2, 1998, pp:486-489.
[15] Berizzi F, Dalle Mese E. and Martorella M.,―ISAR Radar imaging of oscillating targets by range-instantaneous-Doppler technique‖,The Record of the IEEE 2000 International,2000,pp:475-480.
[16] Xiaojian Xu and Narauanan R. M.,―Three-dimensional interferometric ISAR imaging for target scattering diagnosis and modeling‖,IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, Vol.I10, Issue 7, Jul.2001, pp: 1094-1102.
[17]冯德军,王雪松,肖顺平,王国玉.空间目标ISAR成像与识别对抗研究[J].系统工程与电子技术, 2005, 27 (1) : 43-45, 96.
[18]李源,刘建新,蔡英武.逆合成孔径雷达的干扰仿真[J].电子科技大学学报. 2006, 35 (1) : 9-12.
[19]甘建超,张德山,肖先赐.基于混沌相干调制的逆合成孔径雷达干扰技术[J].电子信息对抗技术. 2007, 21 (4) : 3-6, 10.
[20]李源,刘建新,陈惠连.基于正弦调相的ISAR干扰方法[J].信号处理. 2007, 23 (1) :101-105.
[21] P. E. Pace, D. J. Fouts, S. Ekestorm, etc. Digital false-target image synthesizer for countering ISAR[J]. IEE Proc. Radar Sonar Navig, 2002, 149 (5) : 248– 257.
[22]邵兆宇.逆合成孔径雷达干扰技术研究[D].西安:西安电子科技大学, 2004.
[23]李源,陈惠连.用于欺骗ISAR的多(两)假目标合成技术研究.信号处理. 2008, 24 (5) : 725-729.
[24]田向飞,盛骥松.对ISAR一维距离像的卷积干扰研究[J].现代电子技术. 2008, 11: 15-17 ,20.
[25]王雪松,刘建成,张文明,等.间歇采样转发干扰的数学原理[J].中国科学E辑, 2006, 36 (8): 891-901.
[26]刘忠,刘建成,王雪松,王国玉.间歇采样转发干扰信号分析[J].电子对抗, 2007, No.6, 19-23.
[27]保铮,邢孟道,王彤.雷达成像技术.北京:电子工业出版社,2005.
[28] C. Y. Deilsle,haiqing wa.Moving Target Imaging and Trajectory Computation Using ISAR. IEEE Trans on Aerospace Electronic System, 1994, 30(3): 887-889
[29] V. C. Chen,Applications of time-frequency processing to radar imaging,Optical Engineering, Vol, 36, No.4, 1997, pp.1152-1161.
[30] G.. Y. Delisle and H.Wu,Moving target imaging and trajectory computation using ISAR , IEEE Trans, Vol.30, No.3, 1994, pp887-899.
[31] Wang kun, Lou Lin, Bao Zheng, Global Optimum Method for Alignment in ISAR Imageru ,Proceeding Conference Radar 97, Edinburgh, UK, October, 1997.
[32] Walter G. Carrara, Ron S. Goodman, Ronald M. Majewski,―spotlight Synthetic Aperture Radar Signal Processing algorithms‖, Artech House, Boston.London, 1995.
[33] Bocker, R. P., T. B. Henderson, S. A. Jones, B. R.Frieden, A New Inwerse Synthetic Aperture Radar Algorithm for translational motion compensation, SPIE Conf. Vol. 1569, July, 1991, p298-310.
[34]王根原.保铮.逆合成孔径雷达运动补偿中包络对齐的新方法.电子学报,1998,26(6):5-9.
[35] Wang G Y, Bao Z. The minimum entropy criterion of range alignment in ISAR motion compensation.Proceeding conf. radar 97, Edinburgh UK, 1997(10): 14-16.
[36] LIX, Liu G, Ni J. Autofocusing of ISAR images based on entropy minimization. IEEE Trans. on AES, 1999, 35(4):1240-1251.
[37] SteinbergBD. Microwave Imaging of Aircraft. Proc. IEEE.1988, 76(12):1578-1592
[38]刘永坦.雷达成像技术.哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社,1999.
[39] P. E. Pace, D. J. Fouts, S. Ekestorm, etc. Digital false-target image synthesizer for countering ISAR[J]. IEE Proc. Radar Sonar Navig, 2002,149 (5) : 248– 257.
[40] K.T Kim and H.T Kim. Two-Dimensional Scattering Center Extraction Based on Multiple Elastic Modules Network. IEEE Transactions on antennas and propagation, 2003, 51(4):848-860.
[41]吕玉增,任双桥等.基于聚类分析和神经网络的雷达目标三维散射中心提取.信号处理, 2005, 22(4):462-466.
[42]任双桥,刘永祥等.基于多姿态角下一维距离像的雷达目标三维成像.电子学报, 2005, 33(6):1089-1091.
[43] P. M. Payton, E. B. Barrett, Invariant methods for indexing and relative reconstruction of 3D models using 1D HRR and 2D SAR, SPIE, vol.3454, July 1999. pp.121-133.
[44] S. Fazio, L. Hong. Using High Range Resolution Radar Data for Reconstructing Rigid Moving Target’s Scattering Centers, SPIE, vol. 5427, Sep.2004. 62-73.
[45] S. Fazio, L. Hong. A new methodology for recognition and reconstruction of moving rigid-body targets, SPIE, Vol.6234, 2006. 62340C-1~9.
[46]周剑雄.光学区雷达目标三维散射中心重构理论与技术.博士论文.国防科技大学,2006.
[47]李晓辉,黎湘等.基于ICA的雷达目标3D成像方法研究.信号处理,2005, 21(2):144-148.
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