浅层岩土体热物理性质原位测试仪的研制及传热数值模拟
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摘要
随着全球变暖、温室效应和能源紧缺等问题的日益严重,发展清洁的可再生能源和提高能量利用率越来越受到各国政府的重视。利用地源热泵这一高效节能新技术进行供暖、制冷和地下储能的研究开始盛行。但是,在对地源热泵系统进行设计时,了解岩土体的热物理参数是十分重要的。如果该参数不准确,则设计的系统可能不满足空调负荷的需要,也可能造成初投资增加,影响地源热泵技术的推广。针对这一问题,本论文研发了一种岩土体热物理性质原位测试设备,可以为设计地源热泵系统提供地层热传导系数和钻孔热阻,确保系统设计的准确性和经济性。
研制的岩土热物性原位测试仪包括液路循环系统、数据采集和控制系统以及数据处理系统。采用热泵作为冷、热源,可进行储热和取热工况的测试,利用电动三通分流调节阀和冷凝器辅助热泵工作,来保证输入或提取的热量恒定,以方便利用线源模型和柱源模型进行数据处理。利用测试仪还可在现场实时监控实验过程,随时调取各种实验数据和曲线以及进行数据的处理和计算。
论文在介绍现有计算地埋管换热器的模型的基础上,着重说明在土壤热物性测试中的数据处理方法,并利用线源模型、柱源模型、数值模型和变热流模型对实验数据进行计算和比较,结果表明,在测试孔深和测试时间足够的条件下,线源模型即可满足要求。利用热物性测试仪进行了多次储热和取热的实验,通过对现场测试过程和测试结果的分析,得出影响热物性参数计算和钻孔深度确定的主要因素。论文还利用ANSYS有限元分析软件对测试过程中的土壤温度场进行了模拟,找出换热器的传热规律,确定了热作用半径。
利用现场热物性测试设备,不仅可以为地源热泵系统提供准确的设计依据,还可以进行浅层地热资源调查,建立地热利用的数据库,对合理利用我国地热资源,减少其它能源消耗,保护环境等具有重要的现实意义。
Ground-source heat pump technology is an effective way to develop and use low-temperature geothermal resources, in Europe, the United States, Japan and other developed countries. It has long been widely promoted, and has been more and more widely used in domestic fields in recent years. When we design the heat exchange of ground-source heat pump systems or underground power storage, the accuracy of thermal properties parameters of sock and soil is very important. At present, the majority of ground-source heat pump system projects mainly depend on estimating the capacity of heat exchanger pipe and testing the thermal properties parameters of the actual stratum is very rare. This has probably not only led to a smaller scale of system designed, which can not meet the requirement of air-conditioning load, but are also likely to result in a larger scale of system designed, which causes the original investment increased. Therefore, it loses the comparative advantages in use with other energies.
To solve this problem, firstly, this thesis introduces the testing method of thermal physical properties of sock and soil and their respective characteristics, and focuses on advantages and working principles of thermal response testing. Subsequently, the thesis describes the production, development and application situation of field testing equipment at home and abroad in detail, as well as the differences between these devices. In addition, the thesis also makes a detailed account of the existing analytic method heat transfer model and numerical method heat transfer model.
This thesis develops a field testing equipment of thermal physical properties of sock and soil, using heat pump as cold and heat source to test the thermal properties under different conditions without additional heaters, in which structure is simple and reasonable. We use electric three shunt valve to assist heat pump, ensuring a constant heat imputing and extracting from the ground in order to facilitate use of existing heat transfer model. Devices in the equipment include the circulatory system of fluid path, data acquisition and controlling systems, as well as data processing system. Data acquisition system employs high-precision Pt1000 platinum resistance, electromagnetic flow meters and power sensors to measure temperature, flow of fluid and power of equipment; controlling system can achieve a variety of manual, automatic controls, as well as alarm at abnormal state of function flow, pressure and temperature etc.; In human-computer interaction system, a variety of experimental procedures and conditions can be set, data and associated curve can be fully observed in intuitive interface, in order to adjust timely to experiments and make corresponding decisions. Data-processing system of testing equipment uses the international popular on-line source model and column source model to calculate thermal properties parameters, in which Matlab is used to write procedure for calculation, combined with parameter estimation to solve stratum average thermal conductivity and borehole thermal resistance.
By using the testing equipment, a number of heat exchange wells testing laboratories under storing and extracting energy condition have been carried out in Changchun, Beijing and Tianjin and other places. Much of the testing data is acquired. This thesis makes use of line source model, column model and numerical model for calculating the data in energy storage condition, and a conclusion is drawn that the line source model can meet the requirements of calculation accuracy in condition of enough testing time and sufficient borehole depth. The thesis uses variable heat flux model to calculate the data of extracting energy condition, viewing that, to some test of large heat flux, the accuracy of the calculation is higher when we use variable heat flux model. However, due to its large workload of calculation, the conditions of constant heat flow calculation should be met in the experiment. The thesis also verifies the regulating ability of the electrical shunt valve can completely meet accuracy of temperature difference control (±0.1℃) requirements.
In addition, the thesis also analyzes the effects of the specific heat of rock and soil, heat flux density, the fitting time on thermal conductivity. Analysis results show that the heat flux density, the initial ground temperature and the radius of borehole are the main factors to impact its calculation. The impact of rock and soil specific heat is very small, which almost can be ignored. This thesis takes calculation results of line source model as an example, revealing that the heat flux increased by 10% in the case of thermal conductivity can increase by 10%, 16% reduction in thermal resistance, borehole depth can be reduced by 4.9% at most; the initial ground temperature is increased by 10%, the borehole thermal resistance lowers up to 15.7%, reducing the borehole depth up to 2.8%; borehole radius increased by 10%, the resistance increased by 9.2% at most, with incensement in borehole depth up to 4.1%. Thus, in the design of ground source heat pump system, it is necessary to choose a backfill materials of good thermal conductivity properties, in order to enhance heat transfer with surrounding soil; During construction, size of drilling hole must be controlled as smaller as possible to reduce the borehole thermal resistance; At the transitional season or in summer in the cold regions of the north, solar energy and other means can be applied to make up for the ground temperature to increase the initial ground temperature. Thereby depth of borehole can be reduced to save the project investment.
Study of fitting time has shown that the stabilization time of heat transfer between pipes and soil around is different, therefore, when we process data, it is necessary to pay attention to such changes, and choose the start time and time length in fitting according to the actual test data. According to the testing results, this thesis suggests that about 15 to 20 hours of data be discarded, the fitting time should not be less than 60 hours, and the testing time should be no less than three days.
According to the heat load condition of a ground-source heat pump systems engineering, the thesis uses test results of the field testing equipment of thermal physical properties to re-design the system, the original 500 m deep borehole increased by 200 m, which shows the drawbacks of the design estimating value for the heat of per extend meter. As a result, the importance of testing equipment turns out.
The thesis also applies ANSYS to model soil temperature field simulation in the process of testing, and makes some comparison and contrast of heat exchange condition of pipe and sounding soil between different types, different working conditions and different heat flux, the radius of thermal effect is determined. This analysis method is also applicable to simulate temperature changes in long-term operating mode of heat pump system. Finally, aiming at experimental problems arising in the course, the thesis puts forward suggestions for the improvement of the equipment and ensures the development direction of the testing equipment.
The use of estimate value of heat for per extend meter to design the geothermal system is not very scientific, it tends to leave potential problems to the system, and even causes project failure. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the specification management of ground-source heat pump system design and reinforce the popularization and application of the filed testing equipment. The field testing equipment of thermal physical properties of sock and soil can easily determine the average thermal conductivity of rock and soil and borehole thermal resistance, the parameters we got is more in line with engineering practice, which can provide the basis for accurate design of ground source heat pump system and have great economic benefits to promotion. In addition, we also use mobile testing equipment for nation-wide soil thermal physical properties parameters testing, and then, establish a database of geothermal utilization, which facilitates the rational use of geothermal resources in China to reduce energy consumption as well as CO2 emission. Consequently, it will bring about great social benefits, and thus has broad application prospects.
研制的岩土热物性原位测试仪包括液路循环系统、数据采集和控制系统以及数据处理系统。采用热泵作为冷、热源,可进行储热和取热工况的测试,利用电动三通分流调节阀和冷凝器辅助热泵工作,来保证输入或提取的热量恒定,以方便利用线源模型和柱源模型进行数据处理。利用测试仪还可在现场实时监控实验过程,随时调取各种实验数据和曲线以及进行数据的处理和计算。
论文在介绍现有计算地埋管换热器的模型的基础上,着重说明在土壤热物性测试中的数据处理方法,并利用线源模型、柱源模型、数值模型和变热流模型对实验数据进行计算和比较,结果表明,在测试孔深和测试时间足够的条件下,线源模型即可满足要求。利用热物性测试仪进行了多次储热和取热的实验,通过对现场测试过程和测试结果的分析,得出影响热物性参数计算和钻孔深度确定的主要因素。论文还利用ANSYS有限元分析软件对测试过程中的土壤温度场进行了模拟,找出换热器的传热规律,确定了热作用半径。
利用现场热物性测试设备,不仅可以为地源热泵系统提供准确的设计依据,还可以进行浅层地热资源调查,建立地热利用的数据库,对合理利用我国地热资源,减少其它能源消耗,保护环境等具有重要的现实意义。
Ground-source heat pump technology is an effective way to develop and use low-temperature geothermal resources, in Europe, the United States, Japan and other developed countries. It has long been widely promoted, and has been more and more widely used in domestic fields in recent years. When we design the heat exchange of ground-source heat pump systems or underground power storage, the accuracy of thermal properties parameters of sock and soil is very important. At present, the majority of ground-source heat pump system projects mainly depend on estimating the capacity of heat exchanger pipe and testing the thermal properties parameters of the actual stratum is very rare. This has probably not only led to a smaller scale of system designed, which can not meet the requirement of air-conditioning load, but are also likely to result in a larger scale of system designed, which causes the original investment increased. Therefore, it loses the comparative advantages in use with other energies.
To solve this problem, firstly, this thesis introduces the testing method of thermal physical properties of sock and soil and their respective characteristics, and focuses on advantages and working principles of thermal response testing. Subsequently, the thesis describes the production, development and application situation of field testing equipment at home and abroad in detail, as well as the differences between these devices. In addition, the thesis also makes a detailed account of the existing analytic method heat transfer model and numerical method heat transfer model.
This thesis develops a field testing equipment of thermal physical properties of sock and soil, using heat pump as cold and heat source to test the thermal properties under different conditions without additional heaters, in which structure is simple and reasonable. We use electric three shunt valve to assist heat pump, ensuring a constant heat imputing and extracting from the ground in order to facilitate use of existing heat transfer model. Devices in the equipment include the circulatory system of fluid path, data acquisition and controlling systems, as well as data processing system. Data acquisition system employs high-precision Pt1000 platinum resistance, electromagnetic flow meters and power sensors to measure temperature, flow of fluid and power of equipment; controlling system can achieve a variety of manual, automatic controls, as well as alarm at abnormal state of function flow, pressure and temperature etc.; In human-computer interaction system, a variety of experimental procedures and conditions can be set, data and associated curve can be fully observed in intuitive interface, in order to adjust timely to experiments and make corresponding decisions. Data-processing system of testing equipment uses the international popular on-line source model and column source model to calculate thermal properties parameters, in which Matlab is used to write procedure for calculation, combined with parameter estimation to solve stratum average thermal conductivity and borehole thermal resistance.
By using the testing equipment, a number of heat exchange wells testing laboratories under storing and extracting energy condition have been carried out in Changchun, Beijing and Tianjin and other places. Much of the testing data is acquired. This thesis makes use of line source model, column model and numerical model for calculating the data in energy storage condition, and a conclusion is drawn that the line source model can meet the requirements of calculation accuracy in condition of enough testing time and sufficient borehole depth. The thesis uses variable heat flux model to calculate the data of extracting energy condition, viewing that, to some test of large heat flux, the accuracy of the calculation is higher when we use variable heat flux model. However, due to its large workload of calculation, the conditions of constant heat flow calculation should be met in the experiment. The thesis also verifies the regulating ability of the electrical shunt valve can completely meet accuracy of temperature difference control (±0.1℃) requirements.
In addition, the thesis also analyzes the effects of the specific heat of rock and soil, heat flux density, the fitting time on thermal conductivity. Analysis results show that the heat flux density, the initial ground temperature and the radius of borehole are the main factors to impact its calculation. The impact of rock and soil specific heat is very small, which almost can be ignored. This thesis takes calculation results of line source model as an example, revealing that the heat flux increased by 10% in the case of thermal conductivity can increase by 10%, 16% reduction in thermal resistance, borehole depth can be reduced by 4.9% at most; the initial ground temperature is increased by 10%, the borehole thermal resistance lowers up to 15.7%, reducing the borehole depth up to 2.8%; borehole radius increased by 10%, the resistance increased by 9.2% at most, with incensement in borehole depth up to 4.1%. Thus, in the design of ground source heat pump system, it is necessary to choose a backfill materials of good thermal conductivity properties, in order to enhance heat transfer with surrounding soil; During construction, size of drilling hole must be controlled as smaller as possible to reduce the borehole thermal resistance; At the transitional season or in summer in the cold regions of the north, solar energy and other means can be applied to make up for the ground temperature to increase the initial ground temperature. Thereby depth of borehole can be reduced to save the project investment.
Study of fitting time has shown that the stabilization time of heat transfer between pipes and soil around is different, therefore, when we process data, it is necessary to pay attention to such changes, and choose the start time and time length in fitting according to the actual test data. According to the testing results, this thesis suggests that about 15 to 20 hours of data be discarded, the fitting time should not be less than 60 hours, and the testing time should be no less than three days.
According to the heat load condition of a ground-source heat pump systems engineering, the thesis uses test results of the field testing equipment of thermal physical properties to re-design the system, the original 500 m deep borehole increased by 200 m, which shows the drawbacks of the design estimating value for the heat of per extend meter. As a result, the importance of testing equipment turns out.
The thesis also applies ANSYS to model soil temperature field simulation in the process of testing, and makes some comparison and contrast of heat exchange condition of pipe and sounding soil between different types, different working conditions and different heat flux, the radius of thermal effect is determined. This analysis method is also applicable to simulate temperature changes in long-term operating mode of heat pump system. Finally, aiming at experimental problems arising in the course, the thesis puts forward suggestions for the improvement of the equipment and ensures the development direction of the testing equipment.
The use of estimate value of heat for per extend meter to design the geothermal system is not very scientific, it tends to leave potential problems to the system, and even causes project failure. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the specification management of ground-source heat pump system design and reinforce the popularization and application of the filed testing equipment. The field testing equipment of thermal physical properties of sock and soil can easily determine the average thermal conductivity of rock and soil and borehole thermal resistance, the parameters we got is more in line with engineering practice, which can provide the basis for accurate design of ground source heat pump system and have great economic benefits to promotion. In addition, we also use mobile testing equipment for nation-wide soil thermal physical properties parameters testing, and then, establish a database of geothermal utilization, which facilitates the rational use of geothermal resources in China to reduce energy consumption as well as CO2 emission. Consequently, it will bring about great social benefits, and thus has broad application prospects.
引文
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