我国多层次农村合作金融体系问题研究
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摘要
经过多年发展,特别是自2003年新一轮农村信用社改革以来,我国农村合作金融体系发生了巨大的变化,农村信用社此轮改革呈现出放权和股份制两种倾向。信用社的管理权下放到各省,各省都成立了省级联社,并且很多地方组建了农村商业银行和农村合作银行,目前多层次农村合作金融体系初步形成。改革至今,我国农村合作金融体系还存在很多问题,要形成真正的多层次农村合作金融体系,服务于农民的金融需求还有待进一步的探索。
普遍认为农村信用合作社是合作金融在我国的具体体现,通过信用社发展历程了解合作金融体系的发展历史。在借鉴世界上各国多层次农村合作金融体系建设经验的基础上,提出目前各地都成立了农村信用社省级联社。经济发达地区将省级联社改造成了农村商业银行,政府努力打造农村投融资平台,民间金融凭借金融资源的优势发挥了巨大作用。欠发达地区和农业产出占GDP仍较大地区坚持在省级联社下发展区(县)联社,在区(县)联社中选择经济转型较早,城市化率较高的地区发展地方农村商业银行和农村合作银行。由于农村信用社股份制改造和“示范效应”等原因,应注意在基层重构农村合作金融组织,引导民间金融应看作是一个备选项。各地无论经济发达与否都应注意发挥民间金融的作用,注意扶持已经出现的民间合作金融体系,将其它形式的民间金融在可能的情况下向合作金融组织引导。
在农村合作金融的监管中,注意引导民间合作金融,培育合作金融创新机制,以保护合作金融机构合作化为原则,构建多层次的合作金融监管体系,此外在进一步完善合作金融体系的同时,要尽早为我国合作金融立法,以法律保证这一体系的良好运行。
After years of development, especially since 2003 new reform of rural credit cooperatives taking place, China's rural cooperative finance system has changed greatly. This round of reform of rural credit cooperatives shows two tendencies:decentralization and share-holding. Credit cooperatives managing authorization has been placed down to the provinces. Provinces established provincial branches. Many places formed rural commercial banks and rural cooperative Banks. At present, multi-level rural cooperative financial system has come to its initial shape. Since China's rural cooperative finance system still has many problems, there is a long journey ahead to establish a complete multi-level rural cooperative financial system and service to meet the farmer's financial demand.
Generally, rural credit cooperative is thought to be the concrete reflection of cooperative finance in China. Through the development course of credit cooperatives, we understand cooperative finance system development history. Referring to the global experience of the construction in multi-level rural cooperative financial system, we established rural credit cooperatives provincial agency. Provincial agency transformed into rural commercial bank in economy developed regions resorting to the great effort made by government to build up rural financial platform, while private finance plays a large roll depending on its financial resource advantages. In the less-developed regions where agricultural take lead in GDP, the district commercial agency developed under the provincial agency. Regions of high-Urbanization developed the local rural commercial bank and rural cooperative banks. Because of rural credit cooperatives share-holding transformation and demonstration effect, we should reconstruct rural credit cooperative organization. Leading the non-governmental finance should be an option to it. Any level of economy should all emphasize on the private finance development, supporting private cooperative finance's growth, and guiding other forms of private finance to cooperative finance.
In supervising the rural cooperative finance, we should guide non-governmental cooperation finance, cultivate cooperative finance innovation mechanism, protect cooperation financial institutions cooperation, and establish multi-level cooperation financial supervision system. Furthermore, while perfecting cooperation financial system, we should formulate legislation for cooperation finance as early as possible. Let law protect the system running.
普遍认为农村信用合作社是合作金融在我国的具体体现,通过信用社发展历程了解合作金融体系的发展历史。在借鉴世界上各国多层次农村合作金融体系建设经验的基础上,提出目前各地都成立了农村信用社省级联社。经济发达地区将省级联社改造成了农村商业银行,政府努力打造农村投融资平台,民间金融凭借金融资源的优势发挥了巨大作用。欠发达地区和农业产出占GDP仍较大地区坚持在省级联社下发展区(县)联社,在区(县)联社中选择经济转型较早,城市化率较高的地区发展地方农村商业银行和农村合作银行。由于农村信用社股份制改造和“示范效应”等原因,应注意在基层重构农村合作金融组织,引导民间金融应看作是一个备选项。各地无论经济发达与否都应注意发挥民间金融的作用,注意扶持已经出现的民间合作金融体系,将其它形式的民间金融在可能的情况下向合作金融组织引导。
在农村合作金融的监管中,注意引导民间合作金融,培育合作金融创新机制,以保护合作金融机构合作化为原则,构建多层次的合作金融监管体系,此外在进一步完善合作金融体系的同时,要尽早为我国合作金融立法,以法律保证这一体系的良好运行。
After years of development, especially since 2003 new reform of rural credit cooperatives taking place, China's rural cooperative finance system has changed greatly. This round of reform of rural credit cooperatives shows two tendencies:decentralization and share-holding. Credit cooperatives managing authorization has been placed down to the provinces. Provinces established provincial branches. Many places formed rural commercial banks and rural cooperative Banks. At present, multi-level rural cooperative financial system has come to its initial shape. Since China's rural cooperative finance system still has many problems, there is a long journey ahead to establish a complete multi-level rural cooperative financial system and service to meet the farmer's financial demand.
Generally, rural credit cooperative is thought to be the concrete reflection of cooperative finance in China. Through the development course of credit cooperatives, we understand cooperative finance system development history. Referring to the global experience of the construction in multi-level rural cooperative financial system, we established rural credit cooperatives provincial agency. Provincial agency transformed into rural commercial bank in economy developed regions resorting to the great effort made by government to build up rural financial platform, while private finance plays a large roll depending on its financial resource advantages. In the less-developed regions where agricultural take lead in GDP, the district commercial agency developed under the provincial agency. Regions of high-Urbanization developed the local rural commercial bank and rural cooperative banks. Because of rural credit cooperatives share-holding transformation and demonstration effect, we should reconstruct rural credit cooperative organization. Leading the non-governmental finance should be an option to it. Any level of economy should all emphasize on the private finance development, supporting private cooperative finance's growth, and guiding other forms of private finance to cooperative finance.
In supervising the rural cooperative finance, we should guide non-governmental cooperation finance, cultivate cooperative finance innovation mechanism, protect cooperation financial institutions cooperation, and establish multi-level cooperation financial supervision system. Furthermore, while perfecting cooperation financial system, we should formulate legislation for cooperation finance as early as possible. Let law protect the system running.
引文
[1]、U. S:Harper Collins College Publishers,1995
[2]、FDIC Managing the Crisis:the FDIC and RTC Experience 1980—1994 IMF:Selected Issues August 20,2001 Country Report Thailand No.01/147
[3]、Dickie, Mule, China's Non-performing loans auction breaks new ground, Financial Times, Jun 23,2004, p.11
[4]、Lawrence, The Role of Non-Performing Loans in China:A Public Finance Approach, working paper 2004, Sep.20
[5]、Chen, Johnny P. Non-Performing Loan Securitization in the People's Republic of China, Department of Economics, Stanford University, May 2004
[6]、Eric Van Tassel, "Group Lending under asymmetric information", Journal of Development Economics,1999, Col.60:3-25.
[7]、Impavido, Gregorio, "Credit Rationing, Group Lending and Optimal Group Size", Annals of Public & Cooperative Economics,1998, Vol.60:27-50
[8]、Agnes Mugwanya, "Funding MFI Ratings in Uganda",3rd African Micro finance Conference, Uganda,August 2007
[9]、Gail buyske, "The Microfinance Rating Market Outlook", the Rating Fund Market Survey,2007
[10]、MFI Feedback Form Analysis, Rating Fund,2004
[11]、Apex Institutions in Microfinance, CGAP, Occasional Paper NO.6,2001
[12]、Hillier, Brian, and M. V. Ibrahimo, "Asymetric Information and Models of Credit Rationing", Bullrtin of Economic Research, Volume 45, Issue 3:245-265
[13]、Federal Reserve Bank of New York, "Current Issues in Economics and Finance", June,1995.
[14]、Goldberg, Lawrence and Lawrence J. White, "De Novo Banks and Lending to Small Businesses:An Exploratory Analysis", May,1997
[15]、Shull, Bernad, "The Separation of Banking and Commerce in the United States:An examination of Principle Issues", in:Financial Markets, Institutions&Instruments, May,1999, pp,1-45
[16]、Goldsmith, R., "Financial Structure and Development", yale University Press, New Haver,1969.
[17]、宋文瑄,《农村合作金融改革与发展》,山东人民出版,2010年1月
[18]、陈英春,《长春市农村合作金融改革与发展研究》,2010硕士论文,
[19]、刘明超,《民族地区农村合作金融机构发展为社区银行的可行性研究：以呼伦贝尔市为例》,2009硕士论文
[20]、张晓辉,《中国农村合作经济制度研究》,2009,博士论文
[21]、梁国惠,《农村合作经济组织建设及政府支持策略研究》,2009硕士论文
[22]、胡振华,《中国农村合作组织分析》,2009,博士论文
[23]、赵铁桥,《农民专业合作组织案例评析》,2009,中国农业出版社。
[24]、孙永善,《对我国农村合作金融业发展的思考》,2008,硕士论文
[25]、贺昊勋,《农村信用社改革的竞争力分析：以宁波荆州农村合作银行为例》,2008硕士论文
[26]、陈文生《转轨时期我国农村合作金融体系建构及制度创新研究》,,博士论文,2008
[27]、陈海涛,《中国合作经济发展变迁的路论与实践》,硕士论文,2008
[28]、杜金向《中国农村金融体系研究》,南开大学出版社,2009年8月
[29]、王曙光,《草根金融》,中国发展出版社,2008年1月第一版
[30]、何广文、李树生,《农村金融学》,中国金融出版社,2008年12月第一版
[31]、白钦先、李钧,《中国农村金融“三元结构”制度研究》,中国金融出版社,
2009年12月第一版
[32]、武翔宇,《中国农村金融正规金融与民间金融关系研究》,中国农业出版社,
2008年10月第一版
[33]、潘淑娟,《多层次农村合作金融体系构建》,中国金融出版社,2009年1月第一版
[34]、张庆亮,《中国农村民营金融发展研究》,经济科学出版社,2008年1月第一版
[35]、丁忠民,《农村金融市场成长机制与模式研究》,中国农业出版社,2009年6月第一版
[36]、杨德勇,《城乡金融协调发展战略—北京地区典型案例分析》,知识产权出版社,2009年5月第一版
[37]、郑蔚,《中日农村金融比较研究》,天津人民出版社,2008年3月第一版
[38]、中国人民银行研究局(所),《中国人民银行2008年金融研究重点课题获奖报告》,2009年7月第一版
[39]、中国人民银行代表团.论合作金融的混合治理结构(J].金融研究,2002(7)
[40]、何井新,《合作制与股份制比较研究》,中国合作经济[J],2004,(12).
[41]、张静,《中国金融前沿问题研究(2008)》,中国金融出版社,2009年2月第一版
[42]、张静,《中国金融前沿问题研究(2009)》,中国金融出版社,2009年10月第一版
[43]、温铁军,《新农村建设理论探索》,北京出版社,2006年5月.
[44]、(德)肯特.阿瑟沃费、切长尔特.享尼森[J],德国合作化制度的基本特征.农村经济,1997(8)
[45]、韩俊,《中国农村金融调查》,上海远东出版社,2009年5月第1版
[46]、应寅峰、赵岩青,《国外的农村金融》,中国社会出版社,2006年9月第1版
[47]、陈雨露、马勇,《中国农村金融论纲》,中国金融出版社,2010年6月第1版
[48]、汪小亚,《农村金融体制改革研究》,中国金融出版社,2009年9月第1版
[49]、何忠伟,《农村金融与农户小额信贷》,金盾出版社,2010年1月第1版
[50]、中国农村金融学会,《中国农村金融改革发展三十年》,中国金融出版社,2008年12月第1版
[51]、张杰,《中国农村金融制度调整的绩效：金融需求视角》,中国人民大学出版社,2007年10月第1版(1日)
[52]、陈荣文,《农村合作金融的法制创新》,知识产权出版社,2011年1月第1版
[53]、陈春生,《城乡经济一体化与农村金融发展》,中国社会科学出版社,2010年3月第1版
[54]、田剑英,《普惠型区域性农村金融体系的构建：以宁波市为例》,中国财政经济出版社,2010年9月第1版
[2]、FDIC Managing the Crisis:the FDIC and RTC Experience 1980—1994 IMF:Selected Issues August 20,2001 Country Report Thailand No.01/147
[3]、Dickie, Mule, China's Non-performing loans auction breaks new ground, Financial Times, Jun 23,2004, p.11
[4]、Lawrence, The Role of Non-Performing Loans in China:A Public Finance Approach, working paper 2004, Sep.20
[5]、Chen, Johnny P. Non-Performing Loan Securitization in the People's Republic of China, Department of Economics, Stanford University, May 2004
[6]、Eric Van Tassel, "Group Lending under asymmetric information", Journal of Development Economics,1999, Col.60:3-25.
[7]、Impavido, Gregorio, "Credit Rationing, Group Lending and Optimal Group Size", Annals of Public & Cooperative Economics,1998, Vol.60:27-50
[8]、Agnes Mugwanya, "Funding MFI Ratings in Uganda",3rd African Micro finance Conference, Uganda,August 2007
[9]、Gail buyske, "The Microfinance Rating Market Outlook", the Rating Fund Market Survey,2007
[10]、MFI Feedback Form Analysis, Rating Fund,2004
[11]、Apex Institutions in Microfinance, CGAP, Occasional Paper NO.6,2001
[12]、Hillier, Brian, and M. V. Ibrahimo, "Asymetric Information and Models of Credit Rationing", Bullrtin of Economic Research, Volume 45, Issue 3:245-265
[13]、Federal Reserve Bank of New York, "Current Issues in Economics and Finance", June,1995.
[14]、Goldberg, Lawrence and Lawrence J. White, "De Novo Banks and Lending to Small Businesses:An Exploratory Analysis", May,1997
[15]、Shull, Bernad, "The Separation of Banking and Commerce in the United States:An examination of Principle Issues", in:Financial Markets, Institutions&Instruments, May,1999, pp,1-45
[16]、Goldsmith, R., "Financial Structure and Development", yale University Press, New Haver,1969.
[17]、宋文瑄,《农村合作金融改革与发展》,山东人民出版,2010年1月
[18]、陈英春,《长春市农村合作金融改革与发展研究》,2010硕士论文,
[19]、刘明超,《民族地区农村合作金融机构发展为社区银行的可行性研究：以呼伦贝尔市为例》,2009硕士论文
[20]、张晓辉,《中国农村合作经济制度研究》,2009,博士论文
[21]、梁国惠,《农村合作经济组织建设及政府支持策略研究》,2009硕士论文
[22]、胡振华,《中国农村合作组织分析》,2009,博士论文
[23]、赵铁桥,《农民专业合作组织案例评析》,2009,中国农业出版社。
[24]、孙永善,《对我国农村合作金融业发展的思考》,2008,硕士论文
[25]、贺昊勋,《农村信用社改革的竞争力分析：以宁波荆州农村合作银行为例》,2008硕士论文
[26]、陈文生《转轨时期我国农村合作金融体系建构及制度创新研究》,,博士论文,2008
[27]、陈海涛,《中国合作经济发展变迁的路论与实践》,硕士论文,2008
[28]、杜金向《中国农村金融体系研究》,南开大学出版社,2009年8月
[29]、王曙光,《草根金融》,中国发展出版社,2008年1月第一版
[30]、何广文、李树生,《农村金融学》,中国金融出版社,2008年12月第一版
[31]、白钦先、李钧,《中国农村金融“三元结构”制度研究》,中国金融出版社,
2009年12月第一版
[32]、武翔宇,《中国农村金融正规金融与民间金融关系研究》,中国农业出版社,
2008年10月第一版
[33]、潘淑娟,《多层次农村合作金融体系构建》,中国金融出版社,2009年1月第一版
[34]、张庆亮,《中国农村民营金融发展研究》,经济科学出版社,2008年1月第一版
[35]、丁忠民,《农村金融市场成长机制与模式研究》,中国农业出版社,2009年6月第一版
[36]、杨德勇,《城乡金融协调发展战略—北京地区典型案例分析》,知识产权出版社,2009年5月第一版
[37]、郑蔚,《中日农村金融比较研究》,天津人民出版社,2008年3月第一版
[38]、中国人民银行研究局(所),《中国人民银行2008年金融研究重点课题获奖报告》,2009年7月第一版
[39]、中国人民银行代表团.论合作金融的混合治理结构(J].金融研究,2002(7)
[40]、何井新,《合作制与股份制比较研究》,中国合作经济[J],2004,(12).
[41]、张静,《中国金融前沿问题研究(2008)》,中国金融出版社,2009年2月第一版
[42]、张静,《中国金融前沿问题研究(2009)》,中国金融出版社,2009年10月第一版
[43]、温铁军,《新农村建设理论探索》,北京出版社,2006年5月.
[44]、(德)肯特.阿瑟沃费、切长尔特.享尼森[J],德国合作化制度的基本特征.农村经济,1997(8)
[45]、韩俊,《中国农村金融调查》,上海远东出版社,2009年5月第1版
[46]、应寅峰、赵岩青,《国外的农村金融》,中国社会出版社,2006年9月第1版
[47]、陈雨露、马勇,《中国农村金融论纲》,中国金融出版社,2010年6月第1版
[48]、汪小亚,《农村金融体制改革研究》,中国金融出版社,2009年9月第1版
[49]、何忠伟,《农村金融与农户小额信贷》,金盾出版社,2010年1月第1版
[50]、中国农村金融学会,《中国农村金融改革发展三十年》,中国金融出版社,2008年12月第1版
[51]、张杰,《中国农村金融制度调整的绩效：金融需求视角》,中国人民大学出版社,2007年10月第1版(1日)
[52]、陈荣文,《农村合作金融的法制创新》,知识产权出版社,2011年1月第1版
[53]、陈春生,《城乡经济一体化与农村金融发展》,中国社会科学出版社,2010年3月第1版
[54]、田剑英,《普惠型区域性农村金融体系的构建：以宁波市为例》,中国财政经济出版社,2010年9月第1版