小口径固体电枢电磁轨道炮发射稳定性与初始装填过程影响规律的研究
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摘要
到目前为止,国内外对固体电枢电磁轨道发射过程还没有形成一个统一的、完整的理论模型,而要实现远距离高精度打击,就必须保证发射系统性能的稳定。固体电枢初速的稳定性和一致性是表征发射系统稳定性的重要指标。虽然影响电枢初速稳定性的因素众多,但是在目前实验条件下起始条件的控制是最容易实现的,如充电电压和调波电感值的设定、电枢参数的调整、电枢和轨道间初始装填压力的改变等。受当前实验条件的限制,经典的数理统计方法不适用于发射试验分析。
针对数据样本小、理论研究困难等问题,本文应用灰色系统理论,以小口径固体电枢电磁轨道炮为研究对象,在实验数据分析的基础上,开展了稳定性的初步研究。主要内容包括以下方面：
1.电磁轨道发射实验测试与数据分析
通过对放电电流、炮口电压、炮尾电压曲线变化的分析,得到了同步放电条件下实验参数对发射稳定性的影响规律；通过对连续发射条件下一致性实验结果的分析,以及和对比集总参数内弹道模型和发射实验测试结果的对比,得到了发射过程中存在影响稳定性因素的结论。
2.通过建立灰色关联分析模型和灰色分析模型,开展了电枢初速影响因素的分析
在建立电枢初速影响因素的指标体系的基础上,采用灰熵关联法,分析了集总参数模型和发射实验中不同参数对初速散布影响的显著程度。通过分析所建灰色模型的驱动系数,对发射实验中初速精度影响因素的作用性质进行了研究。结果表明：放电电压对电枢初速促进作用最大,电枢外直径是发射实验时影响初速的主要因素,并提出电枢质量的权重与电枢转捩之间存在某种内在联系。
3.通过建立灰色预测模型,开展了系统稳定性的研究
建立了不同类型的灰色预测模型,对电枢初速进行了预测分析,并结合温度、应变等测试结果详细分析了实验条件下固体电枢外直径变化对电枢初速的影响规律,得到在实验参数不变的条件下,固体电枢和轨道间初始装填过盈量对发射过程一致性影响最大的结论：初步研究了连续发射实验条件下电磁轨道发射系统多因素的发展趋势,为今后发射实验参数的调整提供参考依据。
4.开展了固体电枢初始装填过程的研究
对匀速、冲击以及长距离匀速+短距离冲击组合三种装填方式进行了有限元计算,经过对比不同装填方式下电枢应力、应变和剪切应力的变化,得到了组合装填方式可以明显减小电枢在装填挤进过程中受剪切的破坏程度,并能有效地提高接触压力的结论；通过对组合装填方式下不同单边过盈量、摩擦系数及压入速度下接触压力分布的计算,得到了装填过程中接触面应力变化的规律。
通过对发射过程稳定性和电枢初始装填过程的研究,得到了一些有理论和工程应用价值的结论,对于促进电磁轨道发射稳定性技术的发展具有重要意义。
Up to now, there is no acknowledged and complete therotical model to describe the electromagnetic launching process at home and abroad. Try to implement high precision strike in long range, it is necessary to ensure the stability of launcher. The consistence of muzzle velocity of solid armature is applied to characterize the stability of launching system. Although there are many effectors influencing the stability of velocity of armature,the control of initial status is easy to realize at the present experimentl condition,for example, the enactment of values of charge voltage and indunctance, the adjustement of parameters of armature and the variation of initial pressure between armature and rails, and so on. Under the limitation of current experiment, the classical mathematical statistics method can not be adopted to analyze the electromagnetic launching experiment.
Aiming at the problem of small sample and difficulty of therotical analysis, the grey system theory is appled in this dissertation where the small caliber electromagnetic railgun using solid armature is taken as the research object. Based on the analysis of experimental data, the preliminary study on the stability is carried on. The main contents are as follows:
1. Electromagnetic launching experimental study has been carried out. The influencing law of the variation of different parameters under the simultaneous discharge has been analyzed by measuring charging current, muzzle voltage and breech voltage. The result of existing influencing factors during launching process is obtained by analysis the consistence of continuous experiment and comparison of lumped parameter model and experiment.
2. The grey correlation analysis and grey model are adopted to do the research on factors influencing muzzle velocity of solid armature. On the basis of build the index system of factors affecting muzzle velocity of armature, the grey relation entropy method is applied to analyze the significance of factors influencing the scattering of armature's muzzle velocity in lumped parameter random ballistic model and launching experiment. The results show that the main influencing factors are discharge voltage and capacitance, and the effect of armature's mass is the smallest. And diameter of armature is the main influencing factors.
Based on the grey analyzed model building and driving coefficient analyzing, the charge voltage is the most important promoting effect on improving muzzle. It is proposed that there is a certain inherent positive connection between weight coefficient of armature mass and armature transition.
3. The different grey prediction models are established to carry out the research on the relation between the stability of launch system and parameters of solid-armature. The prediction of muzzle velocity is analyzed based on these models, and then, the analysis is carried out by combination with measured temperature and strain in order to obtain the law of muzzle velocity of armature with the armature diameter variation. The result shows that the initial magnitude of interference shrink range has great influence on the stability with the other parameters the same. The development of influencing factors of preliminary study is carried on based on multi-variable grey prediction model, which can provide the reference for adjustment of experimental parameters.
4. In order to choose appropriate engraving mode and parameter of loading parameters, the research on the initial engraving process of solid armature in small caliber electromagnetic railgun is carried out. The three engraving modes including uniform loading, impact loading and combined loading are simulated by using finite element method, and then the change of radial deformation, stress and shear stress of elements in the armature arm are compared and analyzed. The results show that the combined loading can obviously decrease the degree of shearing damage during solid armature engraving process and, in addition, improve initial contact pressure effectively in the same condition. To further study the contact characteristics of contact-surface, simulation on interference fits of various magnitudes of armature, coefficients of friction and velocities of engraving process are performed and the distribution curves of contact pressure are obtained.
Based on the research on the consistence of launching process and initial engraving process, some results with theorestical and engineering significance were obtained,which will be helpful to promote technical decelopment of consistence of electromagnetic railgun.
针对数据样本小、理论研究困难等问题,本文应用灰色系统理论,以小口径固体电枢电磁轨道炮为研究对象,在实验数据分析的基础上,开展了稳定性的初步研究。主要内容包括以下方面：
1.电磁轨道发射实验测试与数据分析
通过对放电电流、炮口电压、炮尾电压曲线变化的分析,得到了同步放电条件下实验参数对发射稳定性的影响规律；通过对连续发射条件下一致性实验结果的分析,以及和对比集总参数内弹道模型和发射实验测试结果的对比,得到了发射过程中存在影响稳定性因素的结论。
2.通过建立灰色关联分析模型和灰色分析模型,开展了电枢初速影响因素的分析
在建立电枢初速影响因素的指标体系的基础上,采用灰熵关联法,分析了集总参数模型和发射实验中不同参数对初速散布影响的显著程度。通过分析所建灰色模型的驱动系数,对发射实验中初速精度影响因素的作用性质进行了研究。结果表明：放电电压对电枢初速促进作用最大,电枢外直径是发射实验时影响初速的主要因素,并提出电枢质量的权重与电枢转捩之间存在某种内在联系。
3.通过建立灰色预测模型,开展了系统稳定性的研究
建立了不同类型的灰色预测模型,对电枢初速进行了预测分析,并结合温度、应变等测试结果详细分析了实验条件下固体电枢外直径变化对电枢初速的影响规律,得到在实验参数不变的条件下,固体电枢和轨道间初始装填过盈量对发射过程一致性影响最大的结论：初步研究了连续发射实验条件下电磁轨道发射系统多因素的发展趋势,为今后发射实验参数的调整提供参考依据。
4.开展了固体电枢初始装填过程的研究
对匀速、冲击以及长距离匀速+短距离冲击组合三种装填方式进行了有限元计算,经过对比不同装填方式下电枢应力、应变和剪切应力的变化,得到了组合装填方式可以明显减小电枢在装填挤进过程中受剪切的破坏程度,并能有效地提高接触压力的结论；通过对组合装填方式下不同单边过盈量、摩擦系数及压入速度下接触压力分布的计算,得到了装填过程中接触面应力变化的规律。
通过对发射过程稳定性和电枢初始装填过程的研究,得到了一些有理论和工程应用价值的结论,对于促进电磁轨道发射稳定性技术的发展具有重要意义。
Up to now, there is no acknowledged and complete therotical model to describe the electromagnetic launching process at home and abroad. Try to implement high precision strike in long range, it is necessary to ensure the stability of launcher. The consistence of muzzle velocity of solid armature is applied to characterize the stability of launching system. Although there are many effectors influencing the stability of velocity of armature,the control of initial status is easy to realize at the present experimentl condition,for example, the enactment of values of charge voltage and indunctance, the adjustement of parameters of armature and the variation of initial pressure between armature and rails, and so on. Under the limitation of current experiment, the classical mathematical statistics method can not be adopted to analyze the electromagnetic launching experiment.
Aiming at the problem of small sample and difficulty of therotical analysis, the grey system theory is appled in this dissertation where the small caliber electromagnetic railgun using solid armature is taken as the research object. Based on the analysis of experimental data, the preliminary study on the stability is carried on. The main contents are as follows:
1. Electromagnetic launching experimental study has been carried out. The influencing law of the variation of different parameters under the simultaneous discharge has been analyzed by measuring charging current, muzzle voltage and breech voltage. The result of existing influencing factors during launching process is obtained by analysis the consistence of continuous experiment and comparison of lumped parameter model and experiment.
2. The grey correlation analysis and grey model are adopted to do the research on factors influencing muzzle velocity of solid armature. On the basis of build the index system of factors affecting muzzle velocity of armature, the grey relation entropy method is applied to analyze the significance of factors influencing the scattering of armature's muzzle velocity in lumped parameter random ballistic model and launching experiment. The results show that the main influencing factors are discharge voltage and capacitance, and the effect of armature's mass is the smallest. And diameter of armature is the main influencing factors.
Based on the grey analyzed model building and driving coefficient analyzing, the charge voltage is the most important promoting effect on improving muzzle. It is proposed that there is a certain inherent positive connection between weight coefficient of armature mass and armature transition.
3. The different grey prediction models are established to carry out the research on the relation between the stability of launch system and parameters of solid-armature. The prediction of muzzle velocity is analyzed based on these models, and then, the analysis is carried out by combination with measured temperature and strain in order to obtain the law of muzzle velocity of armature with the armature diameter variation. The result shows that the initial magnitude of interference shrink range has great influence on the stability with the other parameters the same. The development of influencing factors of preliminary study is carried on based on multi-variable grey prediction model, which can provide the reference for adjustment of experimental parameters.
4. In order to choose appropriate engraving mode and parameter of loading parameters, the research on the initial engraving process of solid armature in small caliber electromagnetic railgun is carried out. The three engraving modes including uniform loading, impact loading and combined loading are simulated by using finite element method, and then the change of radial deformation, stress and shear stress of elements in the armature arm are compared and analyzed. The results show that the combined loading can obviously decrease the degree of shearing damage during solid armature engraving process and, in addition, improve initial contact pressure effectively in the same condition. To further study the contact characteristics of contact-surface, simulation on interference fits of various magnitudes of armature, coefficients of friction and velocities of engraving process are performed and the distribution curves of contact pressure are obtained.
Based on the research on the consistence of launching process and initial engraving process, some results with theorestical and engineering significance were obtained,which will be helpful to promote technical decelopment of consistence of electromagnetic railgun.
引文
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