泡沫铝复合材料吸波性能研究
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摘要
随着电子科学技术的发展,电磁辐射等问题日益严重,研制轻质高效的吸波屏蔽材料是抑制电磁辐射与防止信息泄露的有效手段之一。本文以泡沫铝合金材料为研究对象,对泡沫铝材料的电磁波吸收特性进行了研究。为进一步改善材料的吸波性能,在泡沫铝合金表面涂覆了吸波涂料,活性炭复合形成结构型吸波材料以及对泡沫铝表面进行阳极氧化,研究泡沫铝复合材料的吸波性能。
首先,本文总结分析了吸波涂料的种类和稀土氧化物的应用。在此基础上,本文研究了对稀土氧化物对Ni-Zn铁氧体/泡沫铝的吸波性能的影响。分析表明：在12.0～18.0GHz频段和26.5～40.0GHz频段内,随着微波频率的增加泡沫铝合金复合材料的吸波性能随之增加,但是掺杂稀土氧化物之后Ni-Zn铁氧体/泡沫铝复合材料的吸波性能较好；26.5～40.0GHz频段内,当La2O3含量达到2%时样品的吸波量可达-11.4dB,CFe'的最大吸收量达到了-15.45dB,超过-10dB的带宽为7GHz；说明了掺杂混合稀土氧化物更有利于提高泡沫铝复合材料的吸波性能；当La2O3质量含量为5%时,样品的吸波性能反而下降,说明了稀土氧化物的含量存在一个最佳值；在研究稀土氧化物对聚苯胺/泡沫铝复合材料的吸波性能影响中发现,添加CeO2的聚苯胺导电率增加,有利于提高聚苯胺复合吸波剂的吸波性能；在26.5～40.0GHz频段内,涂覆聚苯胺后吸波性能能超过-10dB的带宽为9GHz；添加稀土氧化物后其吸波性能全部能达到-10dB,带宽明显增加,吸波量最高能达到-27dB,而单一的聚苯胺仅能达到-15dB。与掺杂单一的氧化铈相比,掺杂混合稀土氧化物的吸波性能更好,带宽更大。
为了提高材料的吸波性能,将活性炭和泡沫铝合金材料相结合形成了结构型吸波材料,研究了活性炭/泡沫铝复合材料的吸波性能。研究表明,在12～18GHz频段内,活性炭具有较高的介电常数,介电常数随频率的增加而下降,介电损耗正切角tanδ(?)却随频率的增加而逐渐增加；分析了活性炭的厚度对吸波性能影响,活性炭的厚度对材料的吸波性能影响不大。对比研究了活性炭/平板和活性炭/泡沫铝的吸波性能。活性炭/平板铝合金样品在12～18GHz频段内的微波反射率在-6dB左右；活性炭/泡沫铝合金样品,微波反射率达到了-11dB；因此活性炭/泡沫铝合金材料较平板铝合金样板的吸波性能优越,在26.5～40GHz频段内,平板铝合金样板整体吸波性能最高达到-25dB,泡沫铝合金样板的吸波性能有明显的提高,达到了-26dB。
对泡沫铝阳极氧化机理、阳极氧化膜的动力学过程进行了分析,考察了工艺参数对孔径的影响；研究结构表明了孔径随着阳极氧化电压的上升而增大,并且外加电压对孔径的影响最大,而在研究范围内的温度和草酸浓度对氧化膜孔径的影响很小；采用两步氧化法在氧化膜上得到的微孔分布均匀,孔径大小基本相同有序性明显优于一步氧化法；比较了泡沫铝阳极氧化前后的吸波性能,泡沫铝合金(记作CB)和经过阳极氧化的泡沫铝合金(记作CA)均随着频率的增加而增加,说明泡沫铝经过阳极氧化后没有改变其吸波的特性,CA的吸波性能好于CB。CB的最大吸收量为-7dB,而CA的最大吸收量为-8.5dB,吸波性能有了一定的改善。
最后,对泡沫铝复合材料的吸波性能进行了对比,虽然泡沫铝复合材料存在着不足,但是它具有质轻、吸收频带宽等特点,使之成为了一种新型有发展前途的吸波材料。
The development of electronic science and technology makes the electromagnetic radiation problems increasingly severe. Research and development of high-performance materials with light weight for absorbing and shielding electromagnetic wave is one of the effective methods to restrain electromagnetic radiation and prevent information leakage. In this study, the absorbing properties of porous metal foams are studied by using Al-alloy foams as samples. To further improve the absorbing properties of materials, the surfaces of Al-alloy foams are coated with absorbing paint, and compounded with activated carbon forming structural radar absorption materials, and anodized oxidation; the absorbability of Al-alloy foams compound materials is studied.
Firstly, the research on the types of absorbing coating and the applications of rare earth oxide are overviewed in this thesis. Based on this, the effect of doping with the rare earth oxide on the microwave absorbing property of Ni-Zn ferrite/Al-alloy foams is studied. The analysis shows that in a frequency range of12-18GHz and26.5-40GHz, the absorbability of the samples increases with microwave frequency increasing, but doping with the rare earth oxide makes the microwave absorbing property of Ni-Zn ferrite/Al-alloy foams better. In a frequency range of26.5-40GHz, after doping2%(mass percent) La2O3in Ni-Zn ferrite the absorptive capacity of the sample reaches-11.4dB, the largest absorptive capacity of doping mixed rare earth oxide (denoted by CFe') reaches-15.54dB, and the band width with absorptive capacity lower than-10dB reaches7GHz. Therefore, doping with mixed rare earth oxide is more beneficial to improve absorbing properties of Al-alloy foams compound materials. When doping with5%(mass percent) La2O3, instead, the absorbing properties decreases, which shows that the content of rare earth oxide exists an optimum value. In the study on the effect of rare earth oxide on the microwave absorbing property of polyaniline/Al-alloy foams compound materials, it is found that the conductivity of the polyaniline doped with CeO2increases; thus it is beneficial to the increase of the absorbing property of polyaniline. In a frequency range of26.5-40GHz, the band width with absorptive capacity lower than -lOdB reaches9GHz after coating with polyaniline; the absorbing property all reaches-lOdB after doping with rare earth oxide, and the band width increases considerably; the largest absorptive capacity reaches-27dB, which only reaches-15dB after coating with polyaniline. Compared with doping only with CeO2, doping with mixed rare earth oxide makes the absorbing property better and the band width larger.
To improve the absorbing property of materials, activated carbon and Al-alloy foams are combined to form structural radar absorption materials and the absorbing property of activated carbon/Al-alloy foams compound materials is studied. It is shown that in a frequency range of12-18GHz, activated carbon has higher dielectric constant, which decreases with increasing frequency, and dielectric loss tanδE increases with increasing frequency. The influence of the thickness of activated carbon on the absorbing property is analyzed, which is found to be unobvious. The absorbing properties of activated carbon/Al-alloy plate and activated carbon/Al-alloy foams are comparatively studied. The study on the absorbability of activated carbon/Al-alloy foams indicates that the absorbability of activated carbon/Al-alloy foams whose absorbing effectiveness is lower than-11dB is better than that of activated carbon/Al-alloy plate of which reflection loss reaches only-6dB in the12-18GHz band. In the26.5-40GHz range, the absorbability of activated carbon/Al-alloy plate reaches-25dB, and that of activated carbon/Al-alloy foams reaches-26dB.
The mechanism of anodic oxidation of Al-alloy foams and the dynamic process of anodic oxide films are analyzed, and the impact of parameters on the aperture is investigated. It is pointed out that the aperture size of oxide film increases with the anodizing voltage increasing, and applied voltage has the largest influence on the aperture size, but the impact of temperature and acid concentration on the aperture size of oxide film is very small. The micro porosities on oxide film are homogenously distributed and the size of aperture is nearly the same. Porous aluminum anodizing film produced by two-step anodic oxidation is superior to that produced by one-step oxidation. The absorbing properties of the Al-alloy foams before and after anodizing are compared. The absorbing properties of Al-alloy foams (denoted by CB) and Al-alloy foams after anodizing (denoted by CA) both increase with microwave frequency increasing, which indicates that absorbing properties of Al-alloy foams after anodizing are not changed. The absorbability of CA whose absorbing effectiveness is lower than-8.5dB is better than that of CB of which reflection loss reaches only-7dB in the 26.5-40GHz band. And the absorbing property has been improved to some extent.
Finally, to compare with Aluminum foams absorbing properties of compound materials; Though there exist disadvantages in Aluminum foams compound materials, the lighter in weight and broader in absorption band make Aluminum foams compound materials has a bright future for application.
首先,本文总结分析了吸波涂料的种类和稀土氧化物的应用。在此基础上,本文研究了对稀土氧化物对Ni-Zn铁氧体/泡沫铝的吸波性能的影响。分析表明：在12.0～18.0GHz频段和26.5～40.0GHz频段内,随着微波频率的增加泡沫铝合金复合材料的吸波性能随之增加,但是掺杂稀土氧化物之后Ni-Zn铁氧体/泡沫铝复合材料的吸波性能较好；26.5～40.0GHz频段内,当La2O3含量达到2%时样品的吸波量可达-11.4dB,CFe'的最大吸收量达到了-15.45dB,超过-10dB的带宽为7GHz；说明了掺杂混合稀土氧化物更有利于提高泡沫铝复合材料的吸波性能；当La2O3质量含量为5%时,样品的吸波性能反而下降,说明了稀土氧化物的含量存在一个最佳值；在研究稀土氧化物对聚苯胺/泡沫铝复合材料的吸波性能影响中发现,添加CeO2的聚苯胺导电率增加,有利于提高聚苯胺复合吸波剂的吸波性能；在26.5～40.0GHz频段内,涂覆聚苯胺后吸波性能能超过-10dB的带宽为9GHz；添加稀土氧化物后其吸波性能全部能达到-10dB,带宽明显增加,吸波量最高能达到-27dB,而单一的聚苯胺仅能达到-15dB。与掺杂单一的氧化铈相比,掺杂混合稀土氧化物的吸波性能更好,带宽更大。
为了提高材料的吸波性能,将活性炭和泡沫铝合金材料相结合形成了结构型吸波材料,研究了活性炭/泡沫铝复合材料的吸波性能。研究表明,在12～18GHz频段内,活性炭具有较高的介电常数,介电常数随频率的增加而下降,介电损耗正切角tanδ(?)却随频率的增加而逐渐增加；分析了活性炭的厚度对吸波性能影响,活性炭的厚度对材料的吸波性能影响不大。对比研究了活性炭/平板和活性炭/泡沫铝的吸波性能。活性炭/平板铝合金样品在12～18GHz频段内的微波反射率在-6dB左右；活性炭/泡沫铝合金样品,微波反射率达到了-11dB；因此活性炭/泡沫铝合金材料较平板铝合金样板的吸波性能优越,在26.5～40GHz频段内,平板铝合金样板整体吸波性能最高达到-25dB,泡沫铝合金样板的吸波性能有明显的提高,达到了-26dB。
对泡沫铝阳极氧化机理、阳极氧化膜的动力学过程进行了分析,考察了工艺参数对孔径的影响；研究结构表明了孔径随着阳极氧化电压的上升而增大,并且外加电压对孔径的影响最大,而在研究范围内的温度和草酸浓度对氧化膜孔径的影响很小；采用两步氧化法在氧化膜上得到的微孔分布均匀,孔径大小基本相同有序性明显优于一步氧化法；比较了泡沫铝阳极氧化前后的吸波性能,泡沫铝合金(记作CB)和经过阳极氧化的泡沫铝合金(记作CA)均随着频率的增加而增加,说明泡沫铝经过阳极氧化后没有改变其吸波的特性,CA的吸波性能好于CB。CB的最大吸收量为-7dB,而CA的最大吸收量为-8.5dB,吸波性能有了一定的改善。
最后,对泡沫铝复合材料的吸波性能进行了对比,虽然泡沫铝复合材料存在着不足,但是它具有质轻、吸收频带宽等特点,使之成为了一种新型有发展前途的吸波材料。
The development of electronic science and technology makes the electromagnetic radiation problems increasingly severe. Research and development of high-performance materials with light weight for absorbing and shielding electromagnetic wave is one of the effective methods to restrain electromagnetic radiation and prevent information leakage. In this study, the absorbing properties of porous metal foams are studied by using Al-alloy foams as samples. To further improve the absorbing properties of materials, the surfaces of Al-alloy foams are coated with absorbing paint, and compounded with activated carbon forming structural radar absorption materials, and anodized oxidation; the absorbability of Al-alloy foams compound materials is studied.
Firstly, the research on the types of absorbing coating and the applications of rare earth oxide are overviewed in this thesis. Based on this, the effect of doping with the rare earth oxide on the microwave absorbing property of Ni-Zn ferrite/Al-alloy foams is studied. The analysis shows that in a frequency range of12-18GHz and26.5-40GHz, the absorbability of the samples increases with microwave frequency increasing, but doping with the rare earth oxide makes the microwave absorbing property of Ni-Zn ferrite/Al-alloy foams better. In a frequency range of26.5-40GHz, after doping2%(mass percent) La2O3in Ni-Zn ferrite the absorptive capacity of the sample reaches-11.4dB, the largest absorptive capacity of doping mixed rare earth oxide (denoted by CFe') reaches-15.54dB, and the band width with absorptive capacity lower than-10dB reaches7GHz. Therefore, doping with mixed rare earth oxide is more beneficial to improve absorbing properties of Al-alloy foams compound materials. When doping with5%(mass percent) La2O3, instead, the absorbing properties decreases, which shows that the content of rare earth oxide exists an optimum value. In the study on the effect of rare earth oxide on the microwave absorbing property of polyaniline/Al-alloy foams compound materials, it is found that the conductivity of the polyaniline doped with CeO2increases; thus it is beneficial to the increase of the absorbing property of polyaniline. In a frequency range of26.5-40GHz, the band width with absorptive capacity lower than -lOdB reaches9GHz after coating with polyaniline; the absorbing property all reaches-lOdB after doping with rare earth oxide, and the band width increases considerably; the largest absorptive capacity reaches-27dB, which only reaches-15dB after coating with polyaniline. Compared with doping only with CeO2, doping with mixed rare earth oxide makes the absorbing property better and the band width larger.
To improve the absorbing property of materials, activated carbon and Al-alloy foams are combined to form structural radar absorption materials and the absorbing property of activated carbon/Al-alloy foams compound materials is studied. It is shown that in a frequency range of12-18GHz, activated carbon has higher dielectric constant, which decreases with increasing frequency, and dielectric loss tanδE increases with increasing frequency. The influence of the thickness of activated carbon on the absorbing property is analyzed, which is found to be unobvious. The absorbing properties of activated carbon/Al-alloy plate and activated carbon/Al-alloy foams are comparatively studied. The study on the absorbability of activated carbon/Al-alloy foams indicates that the absorbability of activated carbon/Al-alloy foams whose absorbing effectiveness is lower than-11dB is better than that of activated carbon/Al-alloy plate of which reflection loss reaches only-6dB in the12-18GHz band. In the26.5-40GHz range, the absorbability of activated carbon/Al-alloy plate reaches-25dB, and that of activated carbon/Al-alloy foams reaches-26dB.
The mechanism of anodic oxidation of Al-alloy foams and the dynamic process of anodic oxide films are analyzed, and the impact of parameters on the aperture is investigated. It is pointed out that the aperture size of oxide film increases with the anodizing voltage increasing, and applied voltage has the largest influence on the aperture size, but the impact of temperature and acid concentration on the aperture size of oxide film is very small. The micro porosities on oxide film are homogenously distributed and the size of aperture is nearly the same. Porous aluminum anodizing film produced by two-step anodic oxidation is superior to that produced by one-step oxidation. The absorbing properties of the Al-alloy foams before and after anodizing are compared. The absorbing properties of Al-alloy foams (denoted by CB) and Al-alloy foams after anodizing (denoted by CA) both increase with microwave frequency increasing, which indicates that absorbing properties of Al-alloy foams after anodizing are not changed. The absorbability of CA whose absorbing effectiveness is lower than-8.5dB is better than that of CB of which reflection loss reaches only-7dB in the 26.5-40GHz band. And the absorbing property has been improved to some extent.
Finally, to compare with Aluminum foams absorbing properties of compound materials; Though there exist disadvantages in Aluminum foams compound materials, the lighter in weight and broader in absorption band make Aluminum foams compound materials has a bright future for application.
引文
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