淡足侧沟茧蜂寄生影响因子及寄生对寄主生化代谢的影响
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摘要
本论文在研究淡足侧沟茧蜂(Microplitis pallidipes Szepligeti)对甜菜夜蛾(Spodoptera exigua Hubner)和斜纹夜蛾(Spodoptera litura Fabricius)两种寄主选择的基础上,应用二次回归正交旋转组合设计,研究了温度和光照周期对淡足侧沟茧蜂寄生和雌性比率的影响,明确了寄主密度、寄生蜂日龄和繁蜂寄主饲料对淡足侧沟茧蜂寄生的影响以及在不同温度下补充营养对寄生蜂成蜂寿命的影响。进而测定了被淡足侧沟茧蜂寄生后,甜菜夜蛾寄主在生长发育、生化代谢、寄主免疫等方面的变化。研究结果不仅在理论上有助于加深寄主和寄生蜂相互关系的理解,且在害虫防治实践上为淡足侧沟茧蜂规模化繁殖及田间应用提供依据。主要研究结果如下：
1.淡足侧沟茧蜂对寄主的选择性研究
繁育寄主对淡足侧沟茧蜂的寄主选择性有明显影响,寄生蜂偏好于攻击繁育寄主幼虫；无论繁育寄主是斜纹夜蛾还是甜菜夜蛾,寄生蜂均较易搜索到甜菜夜蛾并喜欢攻击甜菜夜峨,但淡足侧沟茧蜂对两种蔬菜夜蛾的寄生率没有显著差异,这表明斜纹夜蛾和甜菜夜蛾均可作为寄生蜂的繁育寄主。
2.主要生态因子对淡足侧沟茧蜂寄生的影响
运用二因素二次回归正交旋转组合设计,建立了温度和光照周期对淡足侧沟茧蜂寄生率、出茧率、羽化率和雌性比率的效应模型。模拟结果表明,淡足侧沟茧蜂繁殖最佳条件为：温度28℃、光周期L：D=12h：12h。
寄生蜂日龄、寄主密度和繁蜂寄主饲料明显制约寄生蜂寄生效果。随着寄生蜂羽化后时间的延长,寄生蜂活力降低,寄生率也随之降低,1-4日蜂龄寄生蜂的寄生率分别为83.890%、82.510%、76.984%、66.327%；蜂虫比1：30、1：40、1：50时,其寄生蜂寄生率分别为63.892%、60.549%、81.311%,而对雌性比率没有显著影响,其中蜂虫比1：50最有利于寄生蜂寄生；繁蜂寄主饲料为大豆、芋艿、卷心菜和青菜叶片的寄主被寄生后寄生率分别为82.390%、75.810%、73.550%、66.390%,其中,大豆叶片作为寄主饲料时,寄生蜂雌性比率最理想(0.449)。
3.温度和补充营养对淡足侧沟茧蜂成蜂寿命的影响
建立了以淡足侧沟茧蜂成蜂寿命为目标函数的二次回归模型,模拟结果表明：温度对成蜂寿命影响显著大于光照周期；在试验温度和光照周期范围,随着温度的升高,成蜂寿命呈下降趋势,而随着光照周期的增长,成蜂寿命呈延长趋势。在18～38℃试验温度范围内,随着温度的升高,成蜂寿命缩短,但补充蜂蜜水和清水能显著延长成蜂寿命；在18℃饲喂10%蜂蜜水,雌蜂和雄蜂寿命均最长,分别为17.05d和15.44d；而在38℃不饲喂任何营养物质条件下,雌蜂和雄蜂寿命均最短,分别为1.70d和1.95d。
4.淡足侧沟茧蜂寄生对寄主幼虫生长发育的影响
甜菜夜蛾被寄生后,其幼虫体长、体宽、头壳宽度、体重均显著低于对照幼虫,且在寄生后期幼虫体重的增加速率减缓。2龄末或3龄初甜菜夜蛾幼虫被寄生后,其3龄历期、4龄历期均显著延长,寄生后的幼虫发育到4龄末时,无法继续正常发育,寄生蜂钻出寄主幼虫体表后寄主随即死亡
5.淡足侧沟茧蜂寄生对寄主生化代谢的影响
在甜菜夜蛾幼虫被寄生的观察时间内(寄生后第1-5天),寄生蜂寄生后第2天,寄主幼虫体内脂肪含量始终显著高于未寄生寄主幼虫(对照),但寄生寄主幼虫体内脂肪含量呈下降趋势；寄生后寄主血淋巴中总糖含量始终高于对照,但显著性差异仅出现在寄生后第2天和第5天；寄生后第1天、第4天和第5天,寄生寄主幼虫血淋巴中蛋白质含量均显著低于对照,而其他观察时间内无显著差异。寄生寄主血淋巴中游离氨基酸总量高于对照,其中,苏氨酸、胱氨酸、谷氨酸和脯氨酸含量始终高于对照。
6.淡足侧沟茧蜂寄生对寄主保护酶系的影响
在甜菜夜蛾幼虫被寄生的观察时间内(寄生后第1-5天),寄主幼虫血淋巴中三种保护酶(SOD、CAT、POD)舌力均始终高于未寄生寄主幼虫(对照),寄生后第1～5d寄主血淋巴中SOD活性分别为0.41、0.47、0.58、0.82、2.65U/mg,CAT活性分别为2.377、2.291、1.625、2.846、3.842U/mg,POD活性分别为2.377、3.618、3.077、5.236、14.781U/mg。
7.淡足侧沟茧蜂寄生对寄主免疫系统的影响
甜菜夜蛾被寄生后,寄主幼虫血淋巴中血细胞总数和颗粒血细胞总数与未寄生寄主幼虫(对照)相比明显下降；在寄主幼虫被寄生的观察时间内(寄生后第1-6天),浆血细胞数量呈先下降后上升趋势,而颗粒血细胞一直呈下降趋势,其变化趋势均与对照明显不同。
对照组寄主幼虫血淋巴的黑化率为100%,而被寄生后寄主幼虫血淋巴黑化率明显降低,随着观察时间的延长,其黑化率逐渐降低,且在寄生后第2-6天内黑化率均显著小于对照。
甜菜夜蛾幼虫在寄生后1-5天内,健康幼虫与寄生幼虫血淋巴中酚氧化酶活性变化趋势呈相同趋势。甜菜夜蛾幼虫在寄生处理后1-3天,寄生幼虫血淋巴中酚氧化酶活性逐渐升高,寄生后第4天略有降低,第5天又呈升高趋势；寄生后第1-5天寄生幼虫血淋巴中酚氧化酶均低于健康幼虫,寄生后第2-5天健康幼虫和寄生幼虫酚氧化酶活性均达到差异显著水平。
淡足侧沟茧蜂寄生寄主后1-2天,溶菌酶活性增加,寄生后3-5天,溶菌酶活性降低,而健康幼虫血淋巴中溶菌酶活性变化与寄生幼虫血淋巴中溶菌酶活性变化趋势略有不同,仅寄生后第3-4天内寄生幼虫血淋巴中溶菌酶活性值显著大于对照,其他观察时间段没有显著差异。
Based on the study on the effect of Microplitis pallidipes (Szepligeti) on host selectivity of Spodoptera exigua Hiibner and Prodenia litura (Fabriciu), quadratic regression rotating combination design was adopted to study the combined effects of temperature and photoperiod on parasitic rate and sex ratio of M. pallidipes, and to confirm the effect of different density of parasitoids, the age of parasitoids and host diet on the parasitism of M. pallidipes, the effect of extra-nutrition and temperature on the longevity of parasitoids, and further the changes of the growth and development of host, biochemical metabolism as well as hostimmunity of host were determined after host was parasitized by M. pallidipes. This research results not only serve to strengthen the understanding of host-parasitoid interaction in theory, bot also provided paradigm and guide for mass reproduction of M. pallidipes as well as for field application. The main results are as follows:
1. The effect of M. pallidipes on host selectivity
Breeding host had apparent effect on host selectivity of M. pallidipes which has preference to attacking breeding host larvae; M. pallidipes was easier to search S. exigua and more liked to attack S. exigua whether the breeding host was S. exigua or P. litura, but there was no significant difference between the parasitic rates of S. exigua and P. litura, which indicated that both S. exigua and P. litura were suitable for breeding hosts.
2. The effect of ecological factors on the parasitism of parasitoids
Quadratic regression rotating combination design was adopted to model the effects of temperature and photoperiod on the parasitic rate, cocoon rate, emergence rate and sex ratio of M. pallidipes. According to the simulating result, the optimal conditions for mass propagation was temperature28℃and photoperiod L:D=12h:12h.
Ages of parastitoids, density of hosts and host plants conspicuously limited parasitic efficacy. As the increase of post-emergence, the activity of parasitoids decreased, parasitic rate was more lower, and the parasitoids of one-day, two-day, three-day and four-day age have the parasitic rate of83.890%,82.510%,76.984%and 66.327%respectively; when the ratios of parasitoids to hosts were1:30,1:40and1:50, the parasitic rates were63.892%,60.549%and81.311%respectively, which had no significant effect on sex ratio, and meanwhile the ratio1:50was most beneficial for parasitoids to parasitize host larvae; after feeding soybean, taro, cabbage, or green vegetable leaves, the parasitic rate was82.390%,75.810%,73.550%and66.390%respectively, and soybean leaves were the best host diet which sex ratio is0.449approaching the most ideal of0.5.
3. the effect of extra-nutrition and temperature on the longevity of parasitoids
Quadratic regression model for the goal function of adult parasitoid longevity was constructed, which simulating results indicated that the effect of temperature on the longevity of adult parasitoids was greater than photoperiod; the adult longevity shortened as the increase of temperature, while increased as the increase of photoperiod. Among the18～38℃, the adult longevity shortened as the increase of temperature, but extra-nutrition and fresh water could significantly extended adult longevity; at18℃conditions of feeding10%honey water, the longest longevity of male and female was17.05d and15.44d respectively; at38℃conditions of not feeding any materials, the shortest longevity of male and female was1.70d and1.95d respectively.
4. The effect of M. pallidipes on the growth and development of host
After S. exigua was parasitized by M. pallidipes, body length, body width and head capsule width and body weight of S. exigua were all significantly lower than that of controls, and at the late parasitic time, all the increasing rates of body weight of host larvae slowed down. When late second-to initial third-instar host larvae were parasitized, both the periods of third and fourth larvae periods were prolonged, but the host larvae could not continue to normally develop and meanwhile the parasitoids immediately died towards egression when the host larvae developed to the late fourth-instar.
5. The effect of M. pallidipes on the host biochemical metabolism
Within the observation time (from the first to the fifth day) of S. exigua being parasitized, the lipids content in parasitized host larvae was constantly significantly higher than that of non-parasitized larvae (control), but the fat content in host larvae decreased gradually; the total carbohydrates free in the host hemolymph of parasitized larvae were significantly more than that in controls but the significant difference just occurred at the2nd and the5st day after host larvae was parasitized; the protein content in parasitized host larvae was all significantly lower than that in controls at the1st, the4th and the5th day after host larvae was parasitized, while there were no significant difference at any other observation time. The free amino acids in the host hemolymph of parasitized larvae were significantly more than that in controls, and threonine, cystine, glutamic acid and proline in the host hemolymph of parasitized larvae were also significantly more than that in controls.
6.The effect of M. pallidipes on the host protective enzyme system
Within the observation time (from the first to the fifth day) of S. exigua being parasitized, the activities of three protective enzymes (SOD、CAT、POD) in the host hemolymph of parasitized larvae were all higher than that of controls respectively, and the values of SOD in the host hemolymph of parasitized larvae from the1st to the5th day were0.41,0.47,0.58,0.82, and2.65U/mg respectively, the values of CAT were2.377,2.291,1.625,2.846, and3.842U/mg.min respectively, and the values of POD were2.377,3.618,3.077,5.236, and14.781U/mg.min respectively.
7. The effect of M. pallidipes on host immune system
The number of total hemocytes and granular cells in the host hemolymph of parasitized larvae were both less than those of controls; within the observation time (from the first to the sixth day) of S. exigua being parasitized, the number of plasmacytes first decreased then increased while granular cells gradually decreased in the host hemolymph of parasitized larvae, which change tendency was not identical to controls.
The black change rate in the host hemolymph in controls reached to100%, while that in parasitized host larvae conspicuously decreased; with the increase of observation time, the black change rates gradually decreased which were all significantly lower than that in controls respectively at the2nd-to-5th day after host were parasitized.
The change tendency of the activities of phenoloxidases in host hemolymph in treatments and controls was the same with the5days after host were parasitized; the activities of phenoloxidases in parasitized host hemolymph gradually increased from the1st to the3rd day after host were parasitized, but slightly decreased at the4th day and increased at the5th day; the values of the activities of phenoloxidases in host hemolymph in treatments from the1st to the5th day were all lower that in controls respectively, and there were the significant difference between the treatments and controls from the2nd to the5th day.
At the1st-to-2nd day after host were parasitized, the activities of lysozyme in host hemolymph in treatments increased, but decreased at the3rd-5th day; the change tendency of the activities of lysozyme in host hemolymph between treatments and controls was a bit difference, the values of the activities of lysozyme in treatments were significantly higher than that in controls at the3rd-to-4th day after host were parasitized, but there were no significant difference at any other observation time between treatments and controls.
1.淡足侧沟茧蜂对寄主的选择性研究
繁育寄主对淡足侧沟茧蜂的寄主选择性有明显影响,寄生蜂偏好于攻击繁育寄主幼虫；无论繁育寄主是斜纹夜蛾还是甜菜夜蛾,寄生蜂均较易搜索到甜菜夜蛾并喜欢攻击甜菜夜峨,但淡足侧沟茧蜂对两种蔬菜夜蛾的寄生率没有显著差异,这表明斜纹夜蛾和甜菜夜蛾均可作为寄生蜂的繁育寄主。
2.主要生态因子对淡足侧沟茧蜂寄生的影响
运用二因素二次回归正交旋转组合设计,建立了温度和光照周期对淡足侧沟茧蜂寄生率、出茧率、羽化率和雌性比率的效应模型。模拟结果表明,淡足侧沟茧蜂繁殖最佳条件为：温度28℃、光周期L：D=12h：12h。
寄生蜂日龄、寄主密度和繁蜂寄主饲料明显制约寄生蜂寄生效果。随着寄生蜂羽化后时间的延长,寄生蜂活力降低,寄生率也随之降低,1-4日蜂龄寄生蜂的寄生率分别为83.890%、82.510%、76.984%、66.327%；蜂虫比1：30、1：40、1：50时,其寄生蜂寄生率分别为63.892%、60.549%、81.311%,而对雌性比率没有显著影响,其中蜂虫比1：50最有利于寄生蜂寄生；繁蜂寄主饲料为大豆、芋艿、卷心菜和青菜叶片的寄主被寄生后寄生率分别为82.390%、75.810%、73.550%、66.390%,其中,大豆叶片作为寄主饲料时,寄生蜂雌性比率最理想(0.449)。
3.温度和补充营养对淡足侧沟茧蜂成蜂寿命的影响
建立了以淡足侧沟茧蜂成蜂寿命为目标函数的二次回归模型,模拟结果表明：温度对成蜂寿命影响显著大于光照周期；在试验温度和光照周期范围,随着温度的升高,成蜂寿命呈下降趋势,而随着光照周期的增长,成蜂寿命呈延长趋势。在18～38℃试验温度范围内,随着温度的升高,成蜂寿命缩短,但补充蜂蜜水和清水能显著延长成蜂寿命；在18℃饲喂10%蜂蜜水,雌蜂和雄蜂寿命均最长,分别为17.05d和15.44d；而在38℃不饲喂任何营养物质条件下,雌蜂和雄蜂寿命均最短,分别为1.70d和1.95d。
4.淡足侧沟茧蜂寄生对寄主幼虫生长发育的影响
甜菜夜蛾被寄生后,其幼虫体长、体宽、头壳宽度、体重均显著低于对照幼虫,且在寄生后期幼虫体重的增加速率减缓。2龄末或3龄初甜菜夜蛾幼虫被寄生后,其3龄历期、4龄历期均显著延长,寄生后的幼虫发育到4龄末时,无法继续正常发育,寄生蜂钻出寄主幼虫体表后寄主随即死亡
5.淡足侧沟茧蜂寄生对寄主生化代谢的影响
在甜菜夜蛾幼虫被寄生的观察时间内(寄生后第1-5天),寄生蜂寄生后第2天,寄主幼虫体内脂肪含量始终显著高于未寄生寄主幼虫(对照),但寄生寄主幼虫体内脂肪含量呈下降趋势；寄生后寄主血淋巴中总糖含量始终高于对照,但显著性差异仅出现在寄生后第2天和第5天；寄生后第1天、第4天和第5天,寄生寄主幼虫血淋巴中蛋白质含量均显著低于对照,而其他观察时间内无显著差异。寄生寄主血淋巴中游离氨基酸总量高于对照,其中,苏氨酸、胱氨酸、谷氨酸和脯氨酸含量始终高于对照。
6.淡足侧沟茧蜂寄生对寄主保护酶系的影响
在甜菜夜蛾幼虫被寄生的观察时间内(寄生后第1-5天),寄主幼虫血淋巴中三种保护酶(SOD、CAT、POD)舌力均始终高于未寄生寄主幼虫(对照),寄生后第1～5d寄主血淋巴中SOD活性分别为0.41、0.47、0.58、0.82、2.65U/mg,CAT活性分别为2.377、2.291、1.625、2.846、3.842U/mg,POD活性分别为2.377、3.618、3.077、5.236、14.781U/mg。
7.淡足侧沟茧蜂寄生对寄主免疫系统的影响
甜菜夜蛾被寄生后,寄主幼虫血淋巴中血细胞总数和颗粒血细胞总数与未寄生寄主幼虫(对照)相比明显下降；在寄主幼虫被寄生的观察时间内(寄生后第1-6天),浆血细胞数量呈先下降后上升趋势,而颗粒血细胞一直呈下降趋势,其变化趋势均与对照明显不同。
对照组寄主幼虫血淋巴的黑化率为100%,而被寄生后寄主幼虫血淋巴黑化率明显降低,随着观察时间的延长,其黑化率逐渐降低,且在寄生后第2-6天内黑化率均显著小于对照。
甜菜夜蛾幼虫在寄生后1-5天内,健康幼虫与寄生幼虫血淋巴中酚氧化酶活性变化趋势呈相同趋势。甜菜夜蛾幼虫在寄生处理后1-3天,寄生幼虫血淋巴中酚氧化酶活性逐渐升高,寄生后第4天略有降低,第5天又呈升高趋势；寄生后第1-5天寄生幼虫血淋巴中酚氧化酶均低于健康幼虫,寄生后第2-5天健康幼虫和寄生幼虫酚氧化酶活性均达到差异显著水平。
淡足侧沟茧蜂寄生寄主后1-2天,溶菌酶活性增加,寄生后3-5天,溶菌酶活性降低,而健康幼虫血淋巴中溶菌酶活性变化与寄生幼虫血淋巴中溶菌酶活性变化趋势略有不同,仅寄生后第3-4天内寄生幼虫血淋巴中溶菌酶活性值显著大于对照,其他观察时间段没有显著差异。
Based on the study on the effect of Microplitis pallidipes (Szepligeti) on host selectivity of Spodoptera exigua Hiibner and Prodenia litura (Fabriciu), quadratic regression rotating combination design was adopted to study the combined effects of temperature and photoperiod on parasitic rate and sex ratio of M. pallidipes, and to confirm the effect of different density of parasitoids, the age of parasitoids and host diet on the parasitism of M. pallidipes, the effect of extra-nutrition and temperature on the longevity of parasitoids, and further the changes of the growth and development of host, biochemical metabolism as well as hostimmunity of host were determined after host was parasitized by M. pallidipes. This research results not only serve to strengthen the understanding of host-parasitoid interaction in theory, bot also provided paradigm and guide for mass reproduction of M. pallidipes as well as for field application. The main results are as follows:
1. The effect of M. pallidipes on host selectivity
Breeding host had apparent effect on host selectivity of M. pallidipes which has preference to attacking breeding host larvae; M. pallidipes was easier to search S. exigua and more liked to attack S. exigua whether the breeding host was S. exigua or P. litura, but there was no significant difference between the parasitic rates of S. exigua and P. litura, which indicated that both S. exigua and P. litura were suitable for breeding hosts.
2. The effect of ecological factors on the parasitism of parasitoids
Quadratic regression rotating combination design was adopted to model the effects of temperature and photoperiod on the parasitic rate, cocoon rate, emergence rate and sex ratio of M. pallidipes. According to the simulating result, the optimal conditions for mass propagation was temperature28℃and photoperiod L:D=12h:12h.
Ages of parastitoids, density of hosts and host plants conspicuously limited parasitic efficacy. As the increase of post-emergence, the activity of parasitoids decreased, parasitic rate was more lower, and the parasitoids of one-day, two-day, three-day and four-day age have the parasitic rate of83.890%,82.510%,76.984%and 66.327%respectively; when the ratios of parasitoids to hosts were1:30,1:40and1:50, the parasitic rates were63.892%,60.549%and81.311%respectively, which had no significant effect on sex ratio, and meanwhile the ratio1:50was most beneficial for parasitoids to parasitize host larvae; after feeding soybean, taro, cabbage, or green vegetable leaves, the parasitic rate was82.390%,75.810%,73.550%and66.390%respectively, and soybean leaves were the best host diet which sex ratio is0.449approaching the most ideal of0.5.
3. the effect of extra-nutrition and temperature on the longevity of parasitoids
Quadratic regression model for the goal function of adult parasitoid longevity was constructed, which simulating results indicated that the effect of temperature on the longevity of adult parasitoids was greater than photoperiod; the adult longevity shortened as the increase of temperature, while increased as the increase of photoperiod. Among the18～38℃, the adult longevity shortened as the increase of temperature, but extra-nutrition and fresh water could significantly extended adult longevity; at18℃conditions of feeding10%honey water, the longest longevity of male and female was17.05d and15.44d respectively; at38℃conditions of not feeding any materials, the shortest longevity of male and female was1.70d and1.95d respectively.
4. The effect of M. pallidipes on the growth and development of host
After S. exigua was parasitized by M. pallidipes, body length, body width and head capsule width and body weight of S. exigua were all significantly lower than that of controls, and at the late parasitic time, all the increasing rates of body weight of host larvae slowed down. When late second-to initial third-instar host larvae were parasitized, both the periods of third and fourth larvae periods were prolonged, but the host larvae could not continue to normally develop and meanwhile the parasitoids immediately died towards egression when the host larvae developed to the late fourth-instar.
5. The effect of M. pallidipes on the host biochemical metabolism
Within the observation time (from the first to the fifth day) of S. exigua being parasitized, the lipids content in parasitized host larvae was constantly significantly higher than that of non-parasitized larvae (control), but the fat content in host larvae decreased gradually; the total carbohydrates free in the host hemolymph of parasitized larvae were significantly more than that in controls but the significant difference just occurred at the2nd and the5st day after host larvae was parasitized; the protein content in parasitized host larvae was all significantly lower than that in controls at the1st, the4th and the5th day after host larvae was parasitized, while there were no significant difference at any other observation time. The free amino acids in the host hemolymph of parasitized larvae were significantly more than that in controls, and threonine, cystine, glutamic acid and proline in the host hemolymph of parasitized larvae were also significantly more than that in controls.
6.The effect of M. pallidipes on the host protective enzyme system
Within the observation time (from the first to the fifth day) of S. exigua being parasitized, the activities of three protective enzymes (SOD、CAT、POD) in the host hemolymph of parasitized larvae were all higher than that of controls respectively, and the values of SOD in the host hemolymph of parasitized larvae from the1st to the5th day were0.41,0.47,0.58,0.82, and2.65U/mg respectively, the values of CAT were2.377,2.291,1.625,2.846, and3.842U/mg.min respectively, and the values of POD were2.377,3.618,3.077,5.236, and14.781U/mg.min respectively.
7. The effect of M. pallidipes on host immune system
The number of total hemocytes and granular cells in the host hemolymph of parasitized larvae were both less than those of controls; within the observation time (from the first to the sixth day) of S. exigua being parasitized, the number of plasmacytes first decreased then increased while granular cells gradually decreased in the host hemolymph of parasitized larvae, which change tendency was not identical to controls.
The black change rate in the host hemolymph in controls reached to100%, while that in parasitized host larvae conspicuously decreased; with the increase of observation time, the black change rates gradually decreased which were all significantly lower than that in controls respectively at the2nd-to-5th day after host were parasitized.
The change tendency of the activities of phenoloxidases in host hemolymph in treatments and controls was the same with the5days after host were parasitized; the activities of phenoloxidases in parasitized host hemolymph gradually increased from the1st to the3rd day after host were parasitized, but slightly decreased at the4th day and increased at the5th day; the values of the activities of phenoloxidases in host hemolymph in treatments from the1st to the5th day were all lower that in controls respectively, and there were the significant difference between the treatments and controls from the2nd to the5th day.
At the1st-to-2nd day after host were parasitized, the activities of lysozyme in host hemolymph in treatments increased, but decreased at the3rd-5th day; the change tendency of the activities of lysozyme in host hemolymph between treatments and controls was a bit difference, the values of the activities of lysozyme in treatments were significantly higher than that in controls at the3rd-to-4th day after host were parasitized, but there were no significant difference at any other observation time between treatments and controls.
引文
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