基于国际展览会的暂时性集群发展研究
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摘要
随着经济全球化的演变,众多学者致力于研究为何有着相似或互补性的企业能够在空间上形成产业集群,以及这种产业集群形成的过程,特别是集群内成员相对固定所造成的知识锁定问题。随着全球化的不断深化,基于大型国际展览会的“暂时性集群”引起了经济地理学者的关注。这类短暂存在的企业空间集聚所创造的信息繁荣在某种程度上甚至超过了传统产业集群,即便在全球经济危机的影响下仍展现出蓬勃的生机。
论文以导师主持的教育部人文社科基金项目“网络权力与企业空间行为、企业创新”研究课题为支撑。2010年,通过与国际知名经济地理学家、加拿大多伦多大学Harald Bathelt教授和导师曾刚教授的研究团队一行8人对中国不同地域、不同类型的暂时性集群展开了深入的实证调研,获得了上海举办的中国国际工业博览会(CIIF)和在成都举办的中国国际气体技术、设备与应用展览会(IG-China)共计133个有效参展商访谈问卷。这些实地调研工作为本文的写作打下了坚实的基础。
国内外学术文献表明,暂时性集群正成为经济地理学研究的新热点。与传统产业集群相比,暂时性集群较好地克服了行政地域边界的限制,推动了来自不同地方产业集群的企业之间知识与信息交流,暂时性集群已成为企业间互利合作的新平台。从研究对象看,学者们比较关注瑞典、意大利、德国、西班牙等欧洲发达国家基于国际展览会的暂时性集群研究。从研究方法来看,暂时性集群研究经历了从理论探索到实证分析,从问卷访谈到定量模拟,从线性关系分析向实地网络关系调研的过程。从研究重点来看,暂时性集群研究经历了从集群的外部效益到集群成员之间关系的转变,从集群成员之间的关系网络分析到集群成员社交网络研究的转变,从重视时间尺度分析到重视时空尺度的转变。然而,必须指出的是,相对于传统产业集群的研究成果,暂时性集群的研究成果较少,中文的研究成果更是屈指可数,对暂时性集群的产生、发展、升级、演化过程研究很不充分。而中国暂时性集群的研究更是严重缺失,本文拟弥补这一不足。
本文在前人研究成果的基础上,界定了暂时性集群的概念、内涵,并对暂时性集群形成的背景与基础,形成机制、阶段特征、驱动因子进行了系统分析。在对上海、成都等地部分展览会进行实地调研的基础上,探讨了我国暂时性集群发展过程、地域差异。归纳起来,得出以下几点结论：
第一,政府和行业协会是中国市场上暂时性集群演化的两种重要驱动力。与西方发达国家不同,我国政府对暂时性集群的形成和发展发挥着十分重要的作用。由于我国各级政府在经济社会生活中占据重要地位,政府建设、促进暂时性集群发展的决定一般能快速形成社会共识,促进各种资源向暂时性集群建设领域集聚,能更容易获得国际组织的认证,并为专业中介机构提供本地“准入”的机会,进而加快暂时性集群的发展。与政府主导的暂时性集群不同,行业协会驱动型暂时性集群专业性更强、资源利用效率更高。这类暂时性集群能够更专业地组织大型展会活动,运营比较灵活,有利于将不同城市、不同地域间的企业团结起来,建设服务于暂时性集群的空间合作网络,较好地克服了行政分割带来的企业间交流合作障碍。由于行业协会驱动型暂时性集群专业化更强,因而集群内部创新信息的交流更加频繁、更加充分,对暂时性集群的发展、行业的技术进步均有十分重要的推动作用。在各级政府的大力支持下,我国很多城市暂时性集群建设顺利,这也是近年来中国暂时性集群飞速发展的重要原因。
第二,暂时性集群发展经历了信息由单向流动向双向流动演变的历程。由于暂时性集群存在时间短暂,需要企业及其客户必须快速地筛选出有用的信息。从暂时性集群内部的信息流动来看,初期主要表现为由展商向市场中的随机、单向流动,而后期则主要表现为企业和客户之间有目的的双向流动。在信息单向流动的初级阶段,展商的特性体现在位置锁定性和信息扩散性,而客户(具体表现为展会参观者)的特性体现在流动性和信息捕捉性；在信息双向流动阶段,信息除了由展商向客户流动外,客户的需求信息、其他参展企业的创新信息也同时流向展商。也就是说,从时间发展过程来看,展商经历了由最初只注重向展会参观者提供展品信息,到开始搜集顾客反馈信息,进而又重视与其他参展同行企业之间进行创新信息交流的过程,从而促进了不同文化、不同地域间信息的交流合作,为集群的升级发展和区域创新系统的发展创造了十分有利的条件。
第三,上海、北京、广州是我国三大暂时性集群集聚区。我国东部沿海地区暂时性集群密集,处于国内领先水平。上海中国国际工业博览会拥有相对完善的场馆服务设施和交通网络、较高的社会影响力和国际知名度,为上海暂时性集群发展提供了优良条件；而成都中国国际气体技术、设备与应用展览会国际化程度较低,但会展针对性、专业性较强,对欠发达国家和地区的企业颇具吸引力,已经成为这类企业技术交流的平台,对该地暂时性集群的促进作用也不容低估。然而,放眼全球,我国暂时性集群的辐射范围十分有限,对世界范围内的创新技术合作影响相对较小
第四,基于中国国际工业博览会的上海暂时性集群逐渐步入成熟期。依据演化经济地理学原理,从发展过程来看,基于中国国际工业博览会的上海暂时性集群可以分为孕育期(1999-2002)、成长期(2003-)、成熟期以及衰退期四个阶段。在孕育期,政府对上海暂时性集群的形成和快速发展发挥了关键作用,媒体宣传、参展企业和参观企业的积极配合也发挥了辅助作用。在此阶段,展览会、暂时性集群的影响区域仅限于上海及其邻近区域,参展企业、参观企业的联系也以纵向联系为主；在成长期,支撑上海暂时性集群的硬件设施大幅改善,来自上海以外的展商迅速增加,中国国际工业博览会首次成长为国家级重要展会,上海暂时性集群的交流合作推动作用进一步凸显,参展企业、参观企业之间的纵向联系进一步加深,横向联系开始建立。行业协会开始参与博览会的组织和运营,市场化管理开始对上海暂时性集群产生影响；在成熟期,越来越多的专业中介组织参与上海暂时性集群的建设。中国国际工业博览会国际化程度提高,境外专业观众大幅增加,国际影响开始显现。在此阶段,依托博览会的上海暂时性集群内部的信息流动开始呈现双向流动的特点,上海的中国经济中心、交通枢纽的区位优势对暂时性集群的促进作用得到更充分的发挥；然而,从长时间尺度看,上海暂时性集群最终也会进入衰退期。其他城市的展览会地位上升,上海展览会地位下降,依托于展览会的上海暂时性集群领先地位可能被其他区域暂时性集群所超越、取代,上海暂时性集群最终将退出历史舞台。
As the evolution of economic globalization, many scholars are working on why similar or complementary enterprises can form industry clusters and the process of this formation. Due to the relatively fixed members, knowledge lock-in effect is a real problem perplexes industry clusters. With the development of information age and global transportation networks, large space assemblies as represented by international trade fairs become the focus of some scholars. A new concept "temporary clusters" began to appear frequently in the field of economic geography. This kind of transient spatial agglomeration of enterprises create so much information buzz, to some extent, even more than that produced by traditional industry clusters. Although in the influence of the global economic crisis, temporary clusters still exhibit vigorous vitality.
Dissertation based on "Network Power, Enterprise Innovation and Spatial Behavior" supported by Human Science Foundation of Ministry of Education of China. In2010, with international renowned economic geographer, Prof. Harald Bathelt of Toronto University, tutor Prof. Gang Zeng and other work teamof East China Normal University, totally8members embarked on different regions and types of temporary clusters in China. Empirical researches collected133effective interview questionnaires in12th China International Industry Fair,2010(CIIF) held in Shanghai and12th China International Exhibition on Gases Technology, Equipment and Application,2010(IG-China) held in Chengdu. Communication with foreign scholars and tutor about academic experiences and latest research developmemt of international temporary clusters is much helpful for the solid foundation of this dissertation.
Analyzing of domestic and foreign researches, the author find out researches on temporary clusters are becoming popular in the fields of economic geography. The emergence of temporary clusters makes traditional industry clusters break the original territorial boundaries. That promote the integration of knowledge and information from different cultural and background. Temporary clusters have become a new platform of contacts between different enterprises. From the perspective of research fields, scholars pay much attention to European temporary clusters as the international trade fairs of Germany, Sweden, Italy, Spain et al.. From the perspective of research methods, analysis on temporary clusters changes from theoretical analysis to empirical investigation, and questionnaire interviews plus statistics. Research fields contain the characteristics of global buzz and the cycle of temporary clusters. From the time scale to the transformation of spatial scales, researches also include the relationship between enterprise network and the influence of employee's social networks by temporary clusters. However, compared to traditional industrial clusters, researches on temporary clusters are relatively few, especially less in Chinese. The study on generation, development, upgrade and evolution of temporary clusters are insufficient. And temporary gathering of research, China is lack of serious, this article intends to make up for this deficiency.
This dissertation systematic review and sum up existing researches on temporary clusters, then define the concept and connotation of temporary clusters. Also author discusses the background, formation, phase characteristics, and driving factors of temporary clusters at the same time. On the basis of empirical researches of Shanghai and Chengdu, this dissertation concentrates on the evolutional process and geographic diversity of temporary clusters. Following several conclusions:
First, governments and associations are two main driving force of temporary clusters'evolution in China's market. Different from developed countries, China's government plays an irreplaceable role on the formation and development of temporary clusters. Since the important effect in the economic and social life, China's government could easily make decision on infrastructure construction and promoting policy implementation on temporary clusters. That can also get community consensus rapidly and make the aggregation of a variety of resources. This kind of temporary clusters are easier to obtain the certification of international intermediary organization. That offers the entering opportunities for intermediary organization. Thereby China's governments make good contribution to the development of temporary clusters. The temporary clusters supported by associations have more professional background and efficiency of resource using. This kind of temporary clusters have flexible operations which are beneficial to the organization of specialized activities. That's good for the communication among enterprises from different regions. The unions of enterprises build cooperation networks which service temporary clusters. That could break the obstacles of communication and cooperation caused by regional segmentations. Have more specialization, the information and innovation exchange under association-driven temporary clusters is more frequent and fluent. That promotes the development of temporary clusters and technical progress of some industry. Supported by governments, China's temporary clusters have facilities boom in many cities. That's the reason why China's temporary clusters have rapid development recent years.
Second, the development of temporary clusters experienced the process of one-way to bi-directional information flow. Temporary cluster requires enterprise or customer choose the eligible information in a relative short time. Information flow is mainly random and one-way transmitting from exhibitors to the market during initial stage, while purposeful bi-directional information flow will took place between enterprises and customers during later stage. During one-way information flow stage, exhibitors' characteristics are the lock-in position and the information diffusions, while the customers'(mostly attendees) characteristics are mobility and the ability of information capture. During bi-directional information flow stage, the information could transmit from enterprises to customers, while the requirement information of customers and innovative information of other competitors simultaneously flow back to exhibitors. In the perspective of time process, the exhibitors experience the process of only focusing on exhibit product information to attendees, to beginning to collect feedback from customers, and to the phase of paying attention to communicate with other competitors on innovative information exchange. That promotes information cooperation and exchange from different regions and make a huge contribution to the development and upgrading of industry clusters and regional innovation system.
Third, there are three aggregations of temporary clusters with the center of Shanghai, Beijing, and Guangzhou in China. The distribution of southeast Coastal temporary clusters are more concentrated and international. In the case of12th China International Industry Fair,2010(CIIF), this kind of temporary clusters has relatively perfect facilities, service and transportation networks. That is better for social influence and international profile and provides excellent conditions for Shanghai temporary clusters. While the case of12th China International Exhibition on Gases Technology, Equipment and Application,2010(IG-China), this type of temporary clusters has lower international degree. Have more professional and specialized level, it become the platform of information exchange between technology relatively laggard countries and China. That makes a good contribution to the development of regional temporary clusters. From a national perspective, the influence of China's temporary clusters is still limited, which has little influence on innovation and technical cooperation.
Fourth, China International Industry Fair(CIIF), as represented of temporary clusters, is gradually entering the mature stage. With the perspective of evolutionary economic geography, China International Industry Fair can be divide into four phases as embryonic stage(1999-2002), growth stage(2003-), maturity stage and decay stage. Gained effective support from government, embryonic stage of temporary clusters grew quickly. Media publicity, the cooperation of exhibitors and attendees brings more social influence. At this stage, trade fairs and temporary clusters' influence are limited in Shanghai and its adjacent areas. The communication between exhibitors and attendees is limited in vertical contact. In the period of growth stage, Shanghai temporary clusters' hardware facilities greatly improved. The number of exhibitors outside Shanghai grew rapidly. China International Industry Fair grew to a national important exhibition for the first time. The information exchange and cooperation by temporary clusters of Shanghai has emerged. Vertical linkages further enhanced and horizontal linkages are established. Associations began to participate in the organization and operation of trade fairs. Market management has positive effect on Shanghai temporary cluster. With the lead of professional intermediary organizations, maturity stage of temporary clusters becomes more internationalization. The international influence of China International Industry Fair rose as the number of overseas attendees increased. Relying on Shanghai Expo, the information flow is more targeted, and reflects the characteristics of bi-directional. Shanghai, the economic center and transport hubs of China, has a good location advantage on promoting the forming of temporary clusters. However, from the perspective of long time scale, Shanghai temporary cluster will eventually entered a decay stage. Other exhibition cities' status will rise, as the importance of Shanghai trade fairs declining. Shanghai temporary clusters'leadership position based on trade fairs could be surpassed by other ones.
论文以导师主持的教育部人文社科基金项目“网络权力与企业空间行为、企业创新”研究课题为支撑。2010年,通过与国际知名经济地理学家、加拿大多伦多大学Harald Bathelt教授和导师曾刚教授的研究团队一行8人对中国不同地域、不同类型的暂时性集群展开了深入的实证调研,获得了上海举办的中国国际工业博览会(CIIF)和在成都举办的中国国际气体技术、设备与应用展览会(IG-China)共计133个有效参展商访谈问卷。这些实地调研工作为本文的写作打下了坚实的基础。
国内外学术文献表明,暂时性集群正成为经济地理学研究的新热点。与传统产业集群相比,暂时性集群较好地克服了行政地域边界的限制,推动了来自不同地方产业集群的企业之间知识与信息交流,暂时性集群已成为企业间互利合作的新平台。从研究对象看,学者们比较关注瑞典、意大利、德国、西班牙等欧洲发达国家基于国际展览会的暂时性集群研究。从研究方法来看,暂时性集群研究经历了从理论探索到实证分析,从问卷访谈到定量模拟,从线性关系分析向实地网络关系调研的过程。从研究重点来看,暂时性集群研究经历了从集群的外部效益到集群成员之间关系的转变,从集群成员之间的关系网络分析到集群成员社交网络研究的转变,从重视时间尺度分析到重视时空尺度的转变。然而,必须指出的是,相对于传统产业集群的研究成果,暂时性集群的研究成果较少,中文的研究成果更是屈指可数,对暂时性集群的产生、发展、升级、演化过程研究很不充分。而中国暂时性集群的研究更是严重缺失,本文拟弥补这一不足。
本文在前人研究成果的基础上,界定了暂时性集群的概念、内涵,并对暂时性集群形成的背景与基础,形成机制、阶段特征、驱动因子进行了系统分析。在对上海、成都等地部分展览会进行实地调研的基础上,探讨了我国暂时性集群发展过程、地域差异。归纳起来,得出以下几点结论：
第一,政府和行业协会是中国市场上暂时性集群演化的两种重要驱动力。与西方发达国家不同,我国政府对暂时性集群的形成和发展发挥着十分重要的作用。由于我国各级政府在经济社会生活中占据重要地位,政府建设、促进暂时性集群发展的决定一般能快速形成社会共识,促进各种资源向暂时性集群建设领域集聚,能更容易获得国际组织的认证,并为专业中介机构提供本地“准入”的机会,进而加快暂时性集群的发展。与政府主导的暂时性集群不同,行业协会驱动型暂时性集群专业性更强、资源利用效率更高。这类暂时性集群能够更专业地组织大型展会活动,运营比较灵活,有利于将不同城市、不同地域间的企业团结起来,建设服务于暂时性集群的空间合作网络,较好地克服了行政分割带来的企业间交流合作障碍。由于行业协会驱动型暂时性集群专业化更强,因而集群内部创新信息的交流更加频繁、更加充分,对暂时性集群的发展、行业的技术进步均有十分重要的推动作用。在各级政府的大力支持下,我国很多城市暂时性集群建设顺利,这也是近年来中国暂时性集群飞速发展的重要原因。
第二,暂时性集群发展经历了信息由单向流动向双向流动演变的历程。由于暂时性集群存在时间短暂,需要企业及其客户必须快速地筛选出有用的信息。从暂时性集群内部的信息流动来看,初期主要表现为由展商向市场中的随机、单向流动,而后期则主要表现为企业和客户之间有目的的双向流动。在信息单向流动的初级阶段,展商的特性体现在位置锁定性和信息扩散性,而客户(具体表现为展会参观者)的特性体现在流动性和信息捕捉性；在信息双向流动阶段,信息除了由展商向客户流动外,客户的需求信息、其他参展企业的创新信息也同时流向展商。也就是说,从时间发展过程来看,展商经历了由最初只注重向展会参观者提供展品信息,到开始搜集顾客反馈信息,进而又重视与其他参展同行企业之间进行创新信息交流的过程,从而促进了不同文化、不同地域间信息的交流合作,为集群的升级发展和区域创新系统的发展创造了十分有利的条件。
第三,上海、北京、广州是我国三大暂时性集群集聚区。我国东部沿海地区暂时性集群密集,处于国内领先水平。上海中国国际工业博览会拥有相对完善的场馆服务设施和交通网络、较高的社会影响力和国际知名度,为上海暂时性集群发展提供了优良条件；而成都中国国际气体技术、设备与应用展览会国际化程度较低,但会展针对性、专业性较强,对欠发达国家和地区的企业颇具吸引力,已经成为这类企业技术交流的平台,对该地暂时性集群的促进作用也不容低估。然而,放眼全球,我国暂时性集群的辐射范围十分有限,对世界范围内的创新技术合作影响相对较小
第四,基于中国国际工业博览会的上海暂时性集群逐渐步入成熟期。依据演化经济地理学原理,从发展过程来看,基于中国国际工业博览会的上海暂时性集群可以分为孕育期(1999-2002)、成长期(2003-)、成熟期以及衰退期四个阶段。在孕育期,政府对上海暂时性集群的形成和快速发展发挥了关键作用,媒体宣传、参展企业和参观企业的积极配合也发挥了辅助作用。在此阶段,展览会、暂时性集群的影响区域仅限于上海及其邻近区域,参展企业、参观企业的联系也以纵向联系为主；在成长期,支撑上海暂时性集群的硬件设施大幅改善,来自上海以外的展商迅速增加,中国国际工业博览会首次成长为国家级重要展会,上海暂时性集群的交流合作推动作用进一步凸显,参展企业、参观企业之间的纵向联系进一步加深,横向联系开始建立。行业协会开始参与博览会的组织和运营,市场化管理开始对上海暂时性集群产生影响；在成熟期,越来越多的专业中介组织参与上海暂时性集群的建设。中国国际工业博览会国际化程度提高,境外专业观众大幅增加,国际影响开始显现。在此阶段,依托博览会的上海暂时性集群内部的信息流动开始呈现双向流动的特点,上海的中国经济中心、交通枢纽的区位优势对暂时性集群的促进作用得到更充分的发挥；然而,从长时间尺度看,上海暂时性集群最终也会进入衰退期。其他城市的展览会地位上升,上海展览会地位下降,依托于展览会的上海暂时性集群领先地位可能被其他区域暂时性集群所超越、取代,上海暂时性集群最终将退出历史舞台。
As the evolution of economic globalization, many scholars are working on why similar or complementary enterprises can form industry clusters and the process of this formation. Due to the relatively fixed members, knowledge lock-in effect is a real problem perplexes industry clusters. With the development of information age and global transportation networks, large space assemblies as represented by international trade fairs become the focus of some scholars. A new concept "temporary clusters" began to appear frequently in the field of economic geography. This kind of transient spatial agglomeration of enterprises create so much information buzz, to some extent, even more than that produced by traditional industry clusters. Although in the influence of the global economic crisis, temporary clusters still exhibit vigorous vitality.
Dissertation based on "Network Power, Enterprise Innovation and Spatial Behavior" supported by Human Science Foundation of Ministry of Education of China. In2010, with international renowned economic geographer, Prof. Harald Bathelt of Toronto University, tutor Prof. Gang Zeng and other work teamof East China Normal University, totally8members embarked on different regions and types of temporary clusters in China. Empirical researches collected133effective interview questionnaires in12th China International Industry Fair,2010(CIIF) held in Shanghai and12th China International Exhibition on Gases Technology, Equipment and Application,2010(IG-China) held in Chengdu. Communication with foreign scholars and tutor about academic experiences and latest research developmemt of international temporary clusters is much helpful for the solid foundation of this dissertation.
Analyzing of domestic and foreign researches, the author find out researches on temporary clusters are becoming popular in the fields of economic geography. The emergence of temporary clusters makes traditional industry clusters break the original territorial boundaries. That promote the integration of knowledge and information from different cultural and background. Temporary clusters have become a new platform of contacts between different enterprises. From the perspective of research fields, scholars pay much attention to European temporary clusters as the international trade fairs of Germany, Sweden, Italy, Spain et al.. From the perspective of research methods, analysis on temporary clusters changes from theoretical analysis to empirical investigation, and questionnaire interviews plus statistics. Research fields contain the characteristics of global buzz and the cycle of temporary clusters. From the time scale to the transformation of spatial scales, researches also include the relationship between enterprise network and the influence of employee's social networks by temporary clusters. However, compared to traditional industrial clusters, researches on temporary clusters are relatively few, especially less in Chinese. The study on generation, development, upgrade and evolution of temporary clusters are insufficient. And temporary gathering of research, China is lack of serious, this article intends to make up for this deficiency.
This dissertation systematic review and sum up existing researches on temporary clusters, then define the concept and connotation of temporary clusters. Also author discusses the background, formation, phase characteristics, and driving factors of temporary clusters at the same time. On the basis of empirical researches of Shanghai and Chengdu, this dissertation concentrates on the evolutional process and geographic diversity of temporary clusters. Following several conclusions:
First, governments and associations are two main driving force of temporary clusters'evolution in China's market. Different from developed countries, China's government plays an irreplaceable role on the formation and development of temporary clusters. Since the important effect in the economic and social life, China's government could easily make decision on infrastructure construction and promoting policy implementation on temporary clusters. That can also get community consensus rapidly and make the aggregation of a variety of resources. This kind of temporary clusters are easier to obtain the certification of international intermediary organization. That offers the entering opportunities for intermediary organization. Thereby China's governments make good contribution to the development of temporary clusters. The temporary clusters supported by associations have more professional background and efficiency of resource using. This kind of temporary clusters have flexible operations which are beneficial to the organization of specialized activities. That's good for the communication among enterprises from different regions. The unions of enterprises build cooperation networks which service temporary clusters. That could break the obstacles of communication and cooperation caused by regional segmentations. Have more specialization, the information and innovation exchange under association-driven temporary clusters is more frequent and fluent. That promotes the development of temporary clusters and technical progress of some industry. Supported by governments, China's temporary clusters have facilities boom in many cities. That's the reason why China's temporary clusters have rapid development recent years.
Second, the development of temporary clusters experienced the process of one-way to bi-directional information flow. Temporary cluster requires enterprise or customer choose the eligible information in a relative short time. Information flow is mainly random and one-way transmitting from exhibitors to the market during initial stage, while purposeful bi-directional information flow will took place between enterprises and customers during later stage. During one-way information flow stage, exhibitors' characteristics are the lock-in position and the information diffusions, while the customers'(mostly attendees) characteristics are mobility and the ability of information capture. During bi-directional information flow stage, the information could transmit from enterprises to customers, while the requirement information of customers and innovative information of other competitors simultaneously flow back to exhibitors. In the perspective of time process, the exhibitors experience the process of only focusing on exhibit product information to attendees, to beginning to collect feedback from customers, and to the phase of paying attention to communicate with other competitors on innovative information exchange. That promotes information cooperation and exchange from different regions and make a huge contribution to the development and upgrading of industry clusters and regional innovation system.
Third, there are three aggregations of temporary clusters with the center of Shanghai, Beijing, and Guangzhou in China. The distribution of southeast Coastal temporary clusters are more concentrated and international. In the case of12th China International Industry Fair,2010(CIIF), this kind of temporary clusters has relatively perfect facilities, service and transportation networks. That is better for social influence and international profile and provides excellent conditions for Shanghai temporary clusters. While the case of12th China International Exhibition on Gases Technology, Equipment and Application,2010(IG-China), this type of temporary clusters has lower international degree. Have more professional and specialized level, it become the platform of information exchange between technology relatively laggard countries and China. That makes a good contribution to the development of regional temporary clusters. From a national perspective, the influence of China's temporary clusters is still limited, which has little influence on innovation and technical cooperation.
Fourth, China International Industry Fair(CIIF), as represented of temporary clusters, is gradually entering the mature stage. With the perspective of evolutionary economic geography, China International Industry Fair can be divide into four phases as embryonic stage(1999-2002), growth stage(2003-), maturity stage and decay stage. Gained effective support from government, embryonic stage of temporary clusters grew quickly. Media publicity, the cooperation of exhibitors and attendees brings more social influence. At this stage, trade fairs and temporary clusters' influence are limited in Shanghai and its adjacent areas. The communication between exhibitors and attendees is limited in vertical contact. In the period of growth stage, Shanghai temporary clusters' hardware facilities greatly improved. The number of exhibitors outside Shanghai grew rapidly. China International Industry Fair grew to a national important exhibition for the first time. The information exchange and cooperation by temporary clusters of Shanghai has emerged. Vertical linkages further enhanced and horizontal linkages are established. Associations began to participate in the organization and operation of trade fairs. Market management has positive effect on Shanghai temporary cluster. With the lead of professional intermediary organizations, maturity stage of temporary clusters becomes more internationalization. The international influence of China International Industry Fair rose as the number of overseas attendees increased. Relying on Shanghai Expo, the information flow is more targeted, and reflects the characteristics of bi-directional. Shanghai, the economic center and transport hubs of China, has a good location advantage on promoting the forming of temporary clusters. However, from the perspective of long time scale, Shanghai temporary cluster will eventually entered a decay stage. Other exhibition cities' status will rise, as the importance of Shanghai trade fairs declining. Shanghai temporary clusters'leadership position based on trade fairs could be surpassed by other ones.
引文
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