氟对蜈蚣草去除地下水中砷的影响研究
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摘要
近年来，饮水型地方性砷中毒已成为一个世界性的环境问题。因此，高砷地下水的治理技术是广大学者关注的焦点之一。高砷地下水中往往存在着砷-氟共存的现象，研究氟对砷去除效果的影响对于高砷水的治理有着重要的意义。蜈蚣草是一种砷的超累积植物，能够快速有效地环境介质中的砷。本文在水培条件下，研究蜈蚣草的砷累积性和除砷过程中砷形态的变化以及氟对蜈蚣草除砷的影响。
在不同培养时间下，蜈蚣草对水中不同形态砷的累积性不同。暴露在4.3 mg/L的AsⅤ溶液中1天后，蜈蚣草根部的砷累积浓度略高于叶部的砷累积浓度，转移系数为仅为0.81。AsⅤ处理16天后蜈蚣草中砷累积转移系数为2.83，而As（Ⅲ）处理16天后蜈蚣草中砷累积转移系数为4.96。
砷-氟共存条件下，初始砷浓度相同，F-浓度不同时对蜈蚣草除砷的影响不同。在去离子水中AsⅤ初始浓度为5 mg/L，共存F-浓度为1 mmol/L时，F-对蜈蚣草累积砷产生一定的抑制作用，且植物体内砷转移系数有所降低。但当共存F-浓度为4 mg/L和6 mg/L时，却比F-浓度为0 mg/L，1 mg/L和2 mg/L的累积浓度高。
蜈蚣草去除离子水和营养液中砷时，溶液中AsⅤ基本不发生还原作用，但是As（Ⅲ）在去离子水和营养液中分别在试验后4天和6天全部氧化为AsⅤ。F-浓度对As（Ⅲ）的氧化过程没有显著影响。蜈蚣草与As（Ⅲ）处理中，溶液中AsⅤ浓度随着时间的变化而变化：去离子水中，试验后6天AsⅤ浓度达到了最大值；营养液中，实验后4天AsⅤ浓度达到了最大值，之后慢慢减少。
砷-氟共存时，蜈蚣草叶部和根茎部中不同形态的砷累积浓度均表现为：叶部主要为A（sⅢ），占总砷的60.41%～76.9%；根茎部主要为A（sⅤ），占总砷的68.49%～85.99%。共存F-对蜈蚣草体内不同形态砷的分布没有显著影响。
由页岩陶粒、沸石、石英砂和蜈蚣草构建的小型人工湿地除砷过程中，基质在系统运行的初期对水中砷起到一定的拦截作用，系统运行稳定后主要是蜈蚣草去除水中的砷。当进水As（Ⅲ）浓度为1 mg/L，单个系统稳定后的除砷率在7%左右，而两柱串联后的去除率在22.2%～66.6%之间，最后稳定在33%左右，高于单个系统的除砷率。
In recent years, endemic arsenism due to drinking high arsenic groundwater hasbecome a worldwide environmental issue. As a result, arsenic removal technologies fromgroundwater have become the focus of environmental scientists. There were both arsenicand fluoride in groundwater in many countries and regions in the world. It was importantto study effects of fluoride on arsenic removal from groundwater during high arsenicgroundwater remediation. Pteris vittata was an arsenic hyperaccumulator and couldremove arsenic from environmental media fastly and effectively. In the paper, Pterisvittata was grown hydroponically to study its arsenic accumulation in plants, its variationin arsenic species and effects of fluoride on arsenic removal during the process ofuptaking arsenic.
Arsenic accumulation in Pteris vittata was different when incubation time and theinitial arsenic species were different. One day after exposure to 4.3 mg/L of As(V),arsenic concentration accumulated in roots was slightly higher than that of fronds. Thetransfer factor was only 0.81. Sixteen days after exposure to about 5 mg/L of AsⅤandAs (Ⅲ), the transfer factor was 4.96 and 2.83, respectively.
When F-concentration was different, fluoride had different effects on arsenicremoval from groundwater. The experiment results indicated that 1 mmol/L F-suppressedarsenic accumulation by Pteris vittata. When Pteris vittata was hydroponically exposedto As(Ⅲ) or AsⅤin the presence of 4 mg/L and 6 mg/L of F-, As concentration inPteris vittata were higher than that of 0 mg/L, 1mg/L, 2mg/L. It indicated that if F-concentration was appropriate; F-would promote arsenic’s uptaking by Pteris vittata.
Pteris vittata was incubated in deionized water or nutrient solution which containedabout 5 mg/L As(Ⅲ) or AsⅤin the presence of different concentration of F-. As (V)was not reducted in AsⅤbatches. As (Ⅲ) was transformed completely to AsⅤafter 4d in deionized water-As(Ⅲ) batches and 6 d in nutrient solution-As(Ⅲ) batches.Concentration of F-had no effect on oxidation of As(Ⅲ) to As(V). In As(Ⅲ) batches, As9(Ⅴ)concentration reached the maximum at 6 th day in de-ionized water and at 4th dayin nutrient solution. After that, the As(Ⅴ)concentration became lower.
When arsenic and fluoride co-existed in treatement solutions, arsenic species in thefronds and roots were investigated. Results showed that As (Ⅲ) was the major species infronds, accounting for 60.4%-76.9% of total As. However, As(Ⅴ)was the major speciesin roots, accounting for 68.5%-86.0%. The concentration of F-had no significant effecton arsenic species in fronds and roots of Pteris vittata.
During arsenic removal process in the small artificial wetlands composed of shaleceramic, zeolite, quartz sand and Pteris vittata, the natural media played the role ofarsenic removal in the early stage and Pteris vittata played the role of arsenic removalfrom water in the later stage. When As(Ⅲ) concentration in inflow was about 1 mg/L, thearsenic removal efficiency by single artificial wetland was about 7%, and the arsenicremoval ratio by two small Pteris vittata-natural medium artificial wetlands was between22.2% and 66.6%. The arsenic removal efficiency kept about 33% after the artificialwetland was stable. It was higher than that of the single artificial wetland.
在不同培养时间下，蜈蚣草对水中不同形态砷的累积性不同。暴露在4.3 mg/L的AsⅤ溶液中1天后，蜈蚣草根部的砷累积浓度略高于叶部的砷累积浓度，转移系数为仅为0.81。AsⅤ处理16天后蜈蚣草中砷累积转移系数为2.83，而As（Ⅲ）处理16天后蜈蚣草中砷累积转移系数为4.96。
砷-氟共存条件下，初始砷浓度相同，F-浓度不同时对蜈蚣草除砷的影响不同。在去离子水中AsⅤ初始浓度为5 mg/L，共存F-浓度为1 mmol/L时，F-对蜈蚣草累积砷产生一定的抑制作用，且植物体内砷转移系数有所降低。但当共存F-浓度为4 mg/L和6 mg/L时，却比F-浓度为0 mg/L，1 mg/L和2 mg/L的累积浓度高。
蜈蚣草去除离子水和营养液中砷时，溶液中AsⅤ基本不发生还原作用，但是As（Ⅲ）在去离子水和营养液中分别在试验后4天和6天全部氧化为AsⅤ。F-浓度对As（Ⅲ）的氧化过程没有显著影响。蜈蚣草与As（Ⅲ）处理中，溶液中AsⅤ浓度随着时间的变化而变化：去离子水中，试验后6天AsⅤ浓度达到了最大值；营养液中，实验后4天AsⅤ浓度达到了最大值，之后慢慢减少。
砷-氟共存时，蜈蚣草叶部和根茎部中不同形态的砷累积浓度均表现为：叶部主要为A（sⅢ），占总砷的60.41%～76.9%；根茎部主要为A（sⅤ），占总砷的68.49%～85.99%。共存F-对蜈蚣草体内不同形态砷的分布没有显著影响。
由页岩陶粒、沸石、石英砂和蜈蚣草构建的小型人工湿地除砷过程中，基质在系统运行的初期对水中砷起到一定的拦截作用，系统运行稳定后主要是蜈蚣草去除水中的砷。当进水As（Ⅲ）浓度为1 mg/L，单个系统稳定后的除砷率在7%左右，而两柱串联后的去除率在22.2%～66.6%之间，最后稳定在33%左右，高于单个系统的除砷率。
In recent years, endemic arsenism due to drinking high arsenic groundwater hasbecome a worldwide environmental issue. As a result, arsenic removal technologies fromgroundwater have become the focus of environmental scientists. There were both arsenicand fluoride in groundwater in many countries and regions in the world. It was importantto study effects of fluoride on arsenic removal from groundwater during high arsenicgroundwater remediation. Pteris vittata was an arsenic hyperaccumulator and couldremove arsenic from environmental media fastly and effectively. In the paper, Pterisvittata was grown hydroponically to study its arsenic accumulation in plants, its variationin arsenic species and effects of fluoride on arsenic removal during the process ofuptaking arsenic.
Arsenic accumulation in Pteris vittata was different when incubation time and theinitial arsenic species were different. One day after exposure to 4.3 mg/L of As(V),arsenic concentration accumulated in roots was slightly higher than that of fronds. Thetransfer factor was only 0.81. Sixteen days after exposure to about 5 mg/L of AsⅤandAs (Ⅲ), the transfer factor was 4.96 and 2.83, respectively.
When F-concentration was different, fluoride had different effects on arsenicremoval from groundwater. The experiment results indicated that 1 mmol/L F-suppressedarsenic accumulation by Pteris vittata. When Pteris vittata was hydroponically exposedto As(Ⅲ) or AsⅤin the presence of 4 mg/L and 6 mg/L of F-, As concentration inPteris vittata were higher than that of 0 mg/L, 1mg/L, 2mg/L. It indicated that if F-concentration was appropriate; F-would promote arsenic’s uptaking by Pteris vittata.
Pteris vittata was incubated in deionized water or nutrient solution which containedabout 5 mg/L As(Ⅲ) or AsⅤin the presence of different concentration of F-. As (V)was not reducted in AsⅤbatches. As (Ⅲ) was transformed completely to AsⅤafter 4d in deionized water-As(Ⅲ) batches and 6 d in nutrient solution-As(Ⅲ) batches.Concentration of F-had no effect on oxidation of As(Ⅲ) to As(V). In As(Ⅲ) batches, As9(Ⅴ)concentration reached the maximum at 6 th day in de-ionized water and at 4th dayin nutrient solution. After that, the As(Ⅴ)concentration became lower.
When arsenic and fluoride co-existed in treatement solutions, arsenic species in thefronds and roots were investigated. Results showed that As (Ⅲ) was the major species infronds, accounting for 60.4%-76.9% of total As. However, As(Ⅴ)was the major speciesin roots, accounting for 68.5%-86.0%. The concentration of F-had no significant effecton arsenic species in fronds and roots of Pteris vittata.
During arsenic removal process in the small artificial wetlands composed of shaleceramic, zeolite, quartz sand and Pteris vittata, the natural media played the role ofarsenic removal in the early stage and Pteris vittata played the role of arsenic removalfrom water in the later stage. When As(Ⅲ) concentration in inflow was about 1 mg/L, thearsenic removal efficiency by single artificial wetland was about 7%, and the arsenicremoval ratio by two small Pteris vittata-natural medium artificial wetlands was between22.2% and 66.6%. The arsenic removal efficiency kept about 33% after the artificialwetland was stable. It was higher than that of the single artificial wetland.
引文
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