双层规划理论在电力系统中的应用研究
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摘要
现代电力系统以区域电网互联以及区域间大功率能量交换为代表,电力系统输电能力对于整个系统的安全可靠性有着很大的影响。尤其是在电力市场环境下,系统运行不确定性增大,电能交易瞬息万变,支路过负荷、节点电压越限等故障更有可能发生。这就提出了如何准确、高效地评估电网输电能力的问题。可用输电能力(Available Transfer Capability,ATC)是衡量输电网输电能力的物理量,它是在现有的输电合同基础之上,实际输电网络保留输电能力的尺度。众多工程人员和研究学者对ATC的评估方法做了大量研究,但是对于如何合理地处理众多的不确定因素,如何计算输电可靠性裕度(Transmission Reliability Margin,TRM)等这些问题都没有很好地解决。本文针对这些问题,补充、提出了一些方法和见解,具体研究成果如下:
1、针对ATC评估的是“乐观”情况下电网输电能力,提出了“保守”情况下的电网输电能力-至少传输容量的概念。
2、提出基于主从决策的TRM双层优化模型,给出了TRM计算的解析方法,两次一维搜索的算法减小了TRM求解的难度,提高了计算速度。
3、提出考虑静态电压稳定约束的至少传输容量评估模型,针对模型特点提出的BiGA算法具有较强的鲁棒性。
随着电力负荷的增加,电力供需不平衡性增大,区域间的交换容量越来越大,电网不堪重负。改变网络的结构和设备是解决上述问题的根本办法,但这需要大量的投资。另外一个有效的办法是充分利用现有网络,定量分析分布式电源可能给电网带来的影响,在保证安全稳定前提下,尽可能多地接入分布式电源。这样,既有利于缓解地区电力紧张状况、充分利用能源,也可以减小区域电网间的交换功率容量,有利于电网稳定运行。分布式电源大多通过配电网接入系统,这使得原有的辐射形配电网单向电源馈电潮流特性发生了根本性变化,一系列包括电压调整、无功平衡、继电保护在内的问题都将影响系统运行。无功电压控制装置是配电网中最主要的设备之一,本文重点研究了分布式电源的接入对这些设备的影响,以及考虑这些影响后,分布式电源的接入容量问题。具体研究成果如下:
1、分布式电源的启停受到人为以及自然因素影响,具有一定随机性。当分布式电源容量较大时,其启停可能会造成配电网无功电压控制设备(如变压器,电容器组等)非正常运行。文中,深入讨论了分布式电源启停对无功电压控制设备的影响,并给出了计算最大准入容量的模型。
2、分析了简单振荡以及VQC调节振荡条件,讨论了分布式电源的接入对振荡产生的影响及出现调节振荡的可能,进而得出了考虑振荡约束的准入功率极限模型。
3、分析了分布式电源通过单点接入系统与多点接入系统时准入功率计算的区别,提出了分布式电源多点接入的至少准入容量概念,并给出了计算模型和算法。
The transmission transfer ability has great influence on power system reliability and safety, represented by the interconnected transmission networks and power interchange between areas. This is even more severe with the increase of uncertainty in power market and instantaneous variation in electricity exchange process. It tends to have over-loaded branches and over-voltages. This brings forward the problem of how to evaluate the transmission transfer ability accurately and efficiently. Available Transfer Capability (ATC), based on the electricity contract under power market, is a physical quantity to evaluate the transfer ability of transmission networks. Many studies have been done on the methodology of ATC evaluation, however, how to consider the uncertainty appropriately still remains unsolved, such as the problem of calculating the Transmission Reliability Margin (TRM). This paper focuses on the problems mentioned above and brings forward original ideas and methodology. The majior contributions are summarized as follows:
1. Enhanced the concept of min-max transfer capacity, which is the conservative transfer ability against the optimistic transfer ability that ATC evaluates.
2. Constructed a TRM model of bi-level optimization based on leader-follower decision-making model, and an analytic method of computing TRM is proposed. A bi-section search algorithm simplifies and speeds up the calculation.
3. Proposed the min-max transfer capability model considering steady voltage stability. The BiGA algorithm used in this model is shown to be robust.
With the increase of electric loads in power system and the growing unbalance between power demand and supply, the amount of power that should be transferred over the interconnected transmission network becomes greater. Therefor, power grid tends to be over-loaded. To enhance the structure and equipments of the transmission network is the ultimate way to solve this problem. However, it requires the large amount of investment. Another effective method is, under the condition of maintaining power system safety and stability, to utilize distributed generators as more as possible based on the existed network. This helps to ease the tensity of power supply in regional systems, make fully use of resources and lower the amount of power transferred between areas. Distributed generators are usually connected via distribution network, which makes revolutionary change of the radial structure of distributed network. A series of problems, such as voltage regulation, reactive power balance and relay protection, will have effect on power system operation. Voltage/var control equipment is a major device in distribution network. This work studies the influence of the interconnection of distributed generator on these devices and the allowable penetration level considering these influences. The major achievements are summarized as follows:
1. The distributed generators unit commitment has a certain degree of randomness, as influenced by natural causes or man-made impact. With considerably large capacities of distributed generators, the shutting-down or starting up of distributed generators may cause the voltage/var control device working abnormally. This paper discusses the influence and proposes a model for evaluating the maximum allowable penetration level.
2. Analyses the condition of simple oscillation and VQC oscillation regulation, discusses the influences on the oscillation with the interconnection of distributed generators, indicates that the interconnection of distributed generators may cause the regulation of voltage/var control device to oscillate, and presents a model of allowable penetration level calculation considering tap changer oscillations.
3. Investigates the difference between the allowable penetration level of single-bus and multi-bus injection. Proposes the concept of the min-max allowable penetration level, along with its mathematic model and algorithm.
1、针对ATC评估的是“乐观”情况下电网输电能力,提出了“保守”情况下的电网输电能力-至少传输容量的概念。
2、提出基于主从决策的TRM双层优化模型,给出了TRM计算的解析方法,两次一维搜索的算法减小了TRM求解的难度,提高了计算速度。
3、提出考虑静态电压稳定约束的至少传输容量评估模型,针对模型特点提出的BiGA算法具有较强的鲁棒性。
随着电力负荷的增加,电力供需不平衡性增大,区域间的交换容量越来越大,电网不堪重负。改变网络的结构和设备是解决上述问题的根本办法,但这需要大量的投资。另外一个有效的办法是充分利用现有网络,定量分析分布式电源可能给电网带来的影响,在保证安全稳定前提下,尽可能多地接入分布式电源。这样,既有利于缓解地区电力紧张状况、充分利用能源,也可以减小区域电网间的交换功率容量,有利于电网稳定运行。分布式电源大多通过配电网接入系统,这使得原有的辐射形配电网单向电源馈电潮流特性发生了根本性变化,一系列包括电压调整、无功平衡、继电保护在内的问题都将影响系统运行。无功电压控制装置是配电网中最主要的设备之一,本文重点研究了分布式电源的接入对这些设备的影响,以及考虑这些影响后,分布式电源的接入容量问题。具体研究成果如下:
1、分布式电源的启停受到人为以及自然因素影响,具有一定随机性。当分布式电源容量较大时,其启停可能会造成配电网无功电压控制设备(如变压器,电容器组等)非正常运行。文中,深入讨论了分布式电源启停对无功电压控制设备的影响,并给出了计算最大准入容量的模型。
2、分析了简单振荡以及VQC调节振荡条件,讨论了分布式电源的接入对振荡产生的影响及出现调节振荡的可能,进而得出了考虑振荡约束的准入功率极限模型。
3、分析了分布式电源通过单点接入系统与多点接入系统时准入功率计算的区别,提出了分布式电源多点接入的至少准入容量概念,并给出了计算模型和算法。
The transmission transfer ability has great influence on power system reliability and safety, represented by the interconnected transmission networks and power interchange between areas. This is even more severe with the increase of uncertainty in power market and instantaneous variation in electricity exchange process. It tends to have over-loaded branches and over-voltages. This brings forward the problem of how to evaluate the transmission transfer ability accurately and efficiently. Available Transfer Capability (ATC), based on the electricity contract under power market, is a physical quantity to evaluate the transfer ability of transmission networks. Many studies have been done on the methodology of ATC evaluation, however, how to consider the uncertainty appropriately still remains unsolved, such as the problem of calculating the Transmission Reliability Margin (TRM). This paper focuses on the problems mentioned above and brings forward original ideas and methodology. The majior contributions are summarized as follows:
1. Enhanced the concept of min-max transfer capacity, which is the conservative transfer ability against the optimistic transfer ability that ATC evaluates.
2. Constructed a TRM model of bi-level optimization based on leader-follower decision-making model, and an analytic method of computing TRM is proposed. A bi-section search algorithm simplifies and speeds up the calculation.
3. Proposed the min-max transfer capability model considering steady voltage stability. The BiGA algorithm used in this model is shown to be robust.
With the increase of electric loads in power system and the growing unbalance between power demand and supply, the amount of power that should be transferred over the interconnected transmission network becomes greater. Therefor, power grid tends to be over-loaded. To enhance the structure and equipments of the transmission network is the ultimate way to solve this problem. However, it requires the large amount of investment. Another effective method is, under the condition of maintaining power system safety and stability, to utilize distributed generators as more as possible based on the existed network. This helps to ease the tensity of power supply in regional systems, make fully use of resources and lower the amount of power transferred between areas. Distributed generators are usually connected via distribution network, which makes revolutionary change of the radial structure of distributed network. A series of problems, such as voltage regulation, reactive power balance and relay protection, will have effect on power system operation. Voltage/var control equipment is a major device in distribution network. This work studies the influence of the interconnection of distributed generator on these devices and the allowable penetration level considering these influences. The major achievements are summarized as follows:
1. The distributed generators unit commitment has a certain degree of randomness, as influenced by natural causes or man-made impact. With considerably large capacities of distributed generators, the shutting-down or starting up of distributed generators may cause the voltage/var control device working abnormally. This paper discusses the influence and proposes a model for evaluating the maximum allowable penetration level.
2. Analyses the condition of simple oscillation and VQC oscillation regulation, discusses the influences on the oscillation with the interconnection of distributed generators, indicates that the interconnection of distributed generators may cause the regulation of voltage/var control device to oscillate, and presents a model of allowable penetration level calculation considering tap changer oscillations.
3. Investigates the difference between the allowable penetration level of single-bus and multi-bus injection. Proposes the concept of the min-max allowable penetration level, along with its mathematic model and algorithm.
引文
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