嵌入式操作系统μClinux剖析与研究
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摘要
随着现代计算机技术的飞速发展和互联网技术的广泛应用，人类社会从PC时代过渡到了以个人数字助理、个人电脑和信息家电为代表的3C(计算机、通信、消费电子)一体的后PC时代。在后PC时代里，嵌入式系统扮演着越来越重要的角色，被广泛应用于信息电器、移动计算机设备、网络设备和数控仿真等领域。嵌入式系统的开发必将成为未来IT行业的技术热点。
嵌入式操作系统μClinux是专门为没有存储器管理部件的微处理器而设计的，μClinux由于其代码的开放性、系统的稳定性、强大的网络功能以及优秀的文件系统支持，在嵌入式设备中得到了广泛的应用。
本文从μClinux的基本架构出发，对μClinux操作系统作了深入的探讨，分析了μClinux的C运行库、进程管理、内存管理、文件系统，最后介绍了其在嵌入式方面应用的有关知识，重点分析了其在进程管理方面的实现原理及方法。本论文以μClinux操作系统内核2.6.X版本为基础，对其各部分源代码做了深入研究。全文共分为七个章节：
第一章主要确立课题的研究内容，并对μClinux操作系统的基本知识作了分析与引入；第二章重点介绍了μClinux操作系统的基本架构、启动过程以及其运行时间库μClibc，从总体上把握μClinux；第三章详细介绍了μClinux进程管理有关的知识，重点分析了μClinux的进程有关各数据项，通过有关函数调用的分析对进程的创建、状态转换及终止作了深入研究，然后分析了μClinux进程调度器以及进程同步的相关部分，并对2.6版本与2.4版本的进程管理做了对比研究；第四章介绍了μClinux内存管理，针对没有MMU的特点，对μClinux内存管理的实现过程做了详细分析，章节的最后对μClinux与标准Linux的内存管理作了对比研究；第五章针对μClinux操作系统在嵌入式领域应用的特点，对嵌入式系统中常用的文件系统作了分析和介绍，尤其根据VFS文件系统的源代码重点剖析了VFS文件系统的实现原理和方法；第六章对μClinux在嵌入式领域的应用相关知识作了介绍，并重点对μClinux的移植过程做了分析；第七章对本论文做了总结和展望，指出了μClinux的发展前景和μClinux对于国内软件业的发展的重大际遇。
With the development of technology in computer and the application of Internet, we are going into the post-PC age after experiencing the PC age , in which PDA (Personal Digital Assistant), PC and IA (Information Appliance) are the leader in the field of 3C (Computer, Communication and Consume). In the age of post-PC, embedded system plays a more and more important role and is widely applied to information appliance, mobile device, network device and numerical control emulator, etc.. It's sure that the development of embedded system will be the focus of IT in the future.
μClinux, the embedded system, is designed for the microprocessor without MMU technically.μClinux follows the GPL (General Public License ) and its source codes is free. for the reason of its well stability, strong supporting network and file system,μClinux is applied widely in the embedded devices.
From the basic architecture ofμClinux on, this paper analyzes theμClinux operating system in detail, and its contents include C runtime libraryμClibc, process scheduling, memory management, file system and others related to application of embedded system, and among them the process scheduling is the most important. The analysis is based on the source codes of the version 2.6.X ofμClinux. The paper is composed of seven chapters.
Chapter one tells the main content of this paper and introduces the ABC about the embedded operating systemμClinux. Chapter two introduces theμClinux basic architecture, the steps of booting andμClibc, and gives an outline of the embedded systemμClinux. Chapter three introduces the knowledge about process scheduling, specially the related fields of a process and analyzes the process about creation, transition and death in detail and in the end of this chapter, compares the process scheduling between the version 2.6 and version 2.4. Chapter four introduces the memory management under having no MMU, analyzes the implementation of memory management ofμClinux and finally compares the memory management between standard Linux andμClinux. Chapter five introduces the common file systems based on the application of embedded system and analyzes the principle of VFS through its the source codes. Chapter six introduces the knowledge about development of embedded system and analyzes the porting ofμClinux speciallyo Chapter seven is regarded as a summary of the full thesis, telling the blueprint ofμClinux and indicatingμClinux is the opportunity of software in China.
嵌入式操作系统μClinux是专门为没有存储器管理部件的微处理器而设计的，μClinux由于其代码的开放性、系统的稳定性、强大的网络功能以及优秀的文件系统支持，在嵌入式设备中得到了广泛的应用。
本文从μClinux的基本架构出发，对μClinux操作系统作了深入的探讨，分析了μClinux的C运行库、进程管理、内存管理、文件系统，最后介绍了其在嵌入式方面应用的有关知识，重点分析了其在进程管理方面的实现原理及方法。本论文以μClinux操作系统内核2.6.X版本为基础，对其各部分源代码做了深入研究。全文共分为七个章节：
第一章主要确立课题的研究内容，并对μClinux操作系统的基本知识作了分析与引入；第二章重点介绍了μClinux操作系统的基本架构、启动过程以及其运行时间库μClibc，从总体上把握μClinux；第三章详细介绍了μClinux进程管理有关的知识，重点分析了μClinux的进程有关各数据项，通过有关函数调用的分析对进程的创建、状态转换及终止作了深入研究，然后分析了μClinux进程调度器以及进程同步的相关部分，并对2.6版本与2.4版本的进程管理做了对比研究；第四章介绍了μClinux内存管理，针对没有MMU的特点，对μClinux内存管理的实现过程做了详细分析，章节的最后对μClinux与标准Linux的内存管理作了对比研究；第五章针对μClinux操作系统在嵌入式领域应用的特点，对嵌入式系统中常用的文件系统作了分析和介绍，尤其根据VFS文件系统的源代码重点剖析了VFS文件系统的实现原理和方法；第六章对μClinux在嵌入式领域的应用相关知识作了介绍，并重点对μClinux的移植过程做了分析；第七章对本论文做了总结和展望，指出了μClinux的发展前景和μClinux对于国内软件业的发展的重大际遇。
With the development of technology in computer and the application of Internet, we are going into the post-PC age after experiencing the PC age , in which PDA (Personal Digital Assistant), PC and IA (Information Appliance) are the leader in the field of 3C (Computer, Communication and Consume). In the age of post-PC, embedded system plays a more and more important role and is widely applied to information appliance, mobile device, network device and numerical control emulator, etc.. It's sure that the development of embedded system will be the focus of IT in the future.
μClinux, the embedded system, is designed for the microprocessor without MMU technically.μClinux follows the GPL (General Public License ) and its source codes is free. for the reason of its well stability, strong supporting network and file system,μClinux is applied widely in the embedded devices.
From the basic architecture ofμClinux on, this paper analyzes theμClinux operating system in detail, and its contents include C runtime libraryμClibc, process scheduling, memory management, file system and others related to application of embedded system, and among them the process scheduling is the most important. The analysis is based on the source codes of the version 2.6.X ofμClinux. The paper is composed of seven chapters.
Chapter one tells the main content of this paper and introduces the ABC about the embedded operating systemμClinux. Chapter two introduces theμClinux basic architecture, the steps of booting andμClibc, and gives an outline of the embedded systemμClinux. Chapter three introduces the knowledge about process scheduling, specially the related fields of a process and analyzes the process about creation, transition and death in detail and in the end of this chapter, compares the process scheduling between the version 2.6 and version 2.4. Chapter four introduces the memory management under having no MMU, analyzes the implementation of memory management ofμClinux and finally compares the memory management between standard Linux andμClinux. Chapter five introduces the common file systems based on the application of embedded system and analyzes the principle of VFS through its the source codes. Chapter six introduces the knowledge about development of embedded system and analyzes the porting ofμClinux speciallyo Chapter seven is regarded as a summary of the full thesis, telling the blueprint ofμClinux and indicatingμClinux is the opportunity of software in China.
引文
[1] 魏忠，蔡勇，雷红卫．嵌入式开发详解[M]．电子工业出版社，2003
[2] 嵌入式操作系统VxWorks简介及编程方法．中国个人站长站，http://www.chinageren.corn/jc/HTML/101004.html, 2006
[3] 探矽工作室．嵌入式系统开发圣经[M]．中国青年出版社，2002
[4] 涂刚．嵌入式操作系统综述[J]．计算机应用研究，2000，17(1 1)：4-6．
[5] 2006 Embedded Linux Market Survey. LinuxDevices Polls. http://www.linuxdevices.com/cgi-bin/survey/survey.cgi?view=archive&id=02202006173436
[6] zhaowei．嵌入式系统的分类．炎黄视讯网，http://www.21yh.net/bbs/viewtheme.asp?area=100&id=172, 2005.12.04
[7] 电子信息技术网，http://www.52electron.com/embed/20060406411827528164.shtml, 2005.11
[8] Embest S3CEV40 μCLinux实验指导手册[M]．深圳市英蓓特信息技术有限公司，2004
[9] mobilechannel的专栏．中国软件中心网，http://blog.csdn.net/mobilechannel/
[10] 李诚人，高宏洋，刘淼等．嵌入式系统及单片机应用[M]．清华大学出版社，2005
[11] 三种嵌入式操作系统的分析与比较．理工论文网，http://www.lw999.cn/lunwen/lw43-lw99911733/
[12] 罗国庆．VxWorks与嵌入式软件开发[M]．机械工业出版社，2003
[13] 陈智育，温彦军，陈琪．VxWorks程序开发实践[M]．人民邮电出版社，2004
[14] David A Rusling. Linux The OS for the GNU Generation. Banyan, Fifa 译
[15] uClinux-dist-20070130.tar.gz, uClinux 官方网战, http://www.uclinux.org/
[16] Fedora Core 6. redhat.com|Home, http://www.redhat.com/
[17] The GNU Operating system, http://www.gnu.org/
[18] The Linux Kernel Archives, http://www.kernel.org/
[19] Linux 0.01 内核分析心得. Linux 吧, http://www.linux8.net/html/linuxnh/2006-3/31/10_14_44_344_3.html, 2006
[20] 喻锋荣．Linux内核分析方法谈．北大未名BBS精华区，http://www.fegensoft.com/fegensoft2002/seeksilence/Linux/11/16/index.htm, 2001
[21] 毛德操，胡希明．Linux内核源代码情景分析[M]．浙江大学出版社，2001
[22] 赵炯．Linux内核完全剖析[M]．机械工业出版社，2006
[23] 李岩，荣盘祥．基于S3C44BOX嵌入式μCLinux系统原理及应用[M]．清华大学出版社，2005
[24] 骆耀祖．Linux操作系统分析教程[M]．北京交通大学出版社，清华大学出版社，2004
[25] 雷澍．Linux内核与编程[M]．机械工业出版社，2000
[26] 肖杰，李仁发，徐成．基于μCLinux嵌入式系统开发平台的建立[J]．科学技术与工程，2005．5：28-32
[27] Tigran Aivazian. Linux Kernel 2.4 Intemals. http://www.faqs.org/docs/kernel_2_4/lki.html, 2002
[28] Linux Kemel核心中文手册．太平洋软件资讯，http://PCsoftware.com.cn
[29] Michael Barr. Programming Embedded Systems in C and C++. O'Reilly, 1999
[30] Daniel P. Bovet, Marco Cesati. Understanding the Linux Kernel (3rd Edition) [M]. O'Reilly, 2005
[31] Greg Hankins. Linux HOWTO. http://member.netease.com/
[32] Claudia Salzberg Rodriguez，Gordon Fischer，Steven Smolski．Linux内核编程必读[M]．机械工业出版社，2006
[33] Michael Jang．邱仲潘译．红帽Linux 9从入门到精通[M]．电子工业出版社，2003
[34] 胡皓，陈晓禾．Lmux系统及其网络应用[M]．人民邮电出版社，1999
[35] KemelTrap, http://kemeltrap.org/
[36] Hao-Ran Liu's homepage, http://www.cs.ccu.edu.tw:8080/～lhr89/
[37] Index of/～abhi/files, http://puggy.symonds.net/～abhi/files/
[38] 邹思轶．嵌入式Linux设计与应用[M]．清华大学出版社，2002
[39] Richard Murray. ARM ASSEMBLER, 2002
[40] 杜春雷．ARM体系结构与编程[M]．清华大学出版社，2003
[41] 周立功．ARM嵌入式系统基础教程[M]．北京航空航天大学出版社，2005
[42] 陈赜．ARM嵌入式教学实践教程[M]．华中科技大学，国家电工电子教学基地，武汉创维特信息技术有限公司，2003
[43] 陈良银．嵌入式系统开发，http://cs.scu.edu.cn/～chenliangyin/embedded/embedded%20system%20design/7_text/
[44] 刘峥嵘，张智超，许振山等．嵌入式Linux应用开发详解[M]．机械工业出版社，2004
[2] 嵌入式操作系统VxWorks简介及编程方法．中国个人站长站，http://www.chinageren.corn/jc/HTML/101004.html, 2006
[3] 探矽工作室．嵌入式系统开发圣经[M]．中国青年出版社，2002
[4] 涂刚．嵌入式操作系统综述[J]．计算机应用研究，2000，17(1 1)：4-6．
[5] 2006 Embedded Linux Market Survey. LinuxDevices Polls. http://www.linuxdevices.com/cgi-bin/survey/survey.cgi?view=archive&id=02202006173436
[6] zhaowei．嵌入式系统的分类．炎黄视讯网，http://www.21yh.net/bbs/viewtheme.asp?area=100&id=172, 2005.12.04
[7] 电子信息技术网，http://www.52electron.com/embed/20060406411827528164.shtml, 2005.11
[8] Embest S3CEV40 μCLinux实验指导手册[M]．深圳市英蓓特信息技术有限公司，2004
[9] mobilechannel的专栏．中国软件中心网，http://blog.csdn.net/mobilechannel/
[10] 李诚人，高宏洋，刘淼等．嵌入式系统及单片机应用[M]．清华大学出版社，2005
[11] 三种嵌入式操作系统的分析与比较．理工论文网，http://www.lw999.cn/lunwen/lw43-lw99911733/
[12] 罗国庆．VxWorks与嵌入式软件开发[M]．机械工业出版社，2003
[13] 陈智育，温彦军，陈琪．VxWorks程序开发实践[M]．人民邮电出版社，2004
[14] David A Rusling. Linux The OS for the GNU Generation. Banyan, Fifa 译
[15] uClinux-dist-20070130.tar.gz, uClinux 官方网战, http://www.uclinux.org/
[16] Fedora Core 6. redhat.com|Home, http://www.redhat.com/
[17] The GNU Operating system, http://www.gnu.org/
[18] The Linux Kernel Archives, http://www.kernel.org/
[19] Linux 0.01 内核分析心得. Linux 吧, http://www.linux8.net/html/linuxnh/2006-3/31/10_14_44_344_3.html, 2006
[20] 喻锋荣．Linux内核分析方法谈．北大未名BBS精华区，http://www.fegensoft.com/fegensoft2002/seeksilence/Linux/11/16/index.htm, 2001
[21] 毛德操，胡希明．Linux内核源代码情景分析[M]．浙江大学出版社，2001
[22] 赵炯．Linux内核完全剖析[M]．机械工业出版社，2006
[23] 李岩，荣盘祥．基于S3C44BOX嵌入式μCLinux系统原理及应用[M]．清华大学出版社，2005
[24] 骆耀祖．Linux操作系统分析教程[M]．北京交通大学出版社，清华大学出版社，2004
[25] 雷澍．Linux内核与编程[M]．机械工业出版社，2000
[26] 肖杰，李仁发，徐成．基于μCLinux嵌入式系统开发平台的建立[J]．科学技术与工程，2005．5：28-32
[27] Tigran Aivazian. Linux Kernel 2.4 Intemals. http://www.faqs.org/docs/kernel_2_4/lki.html, 2002
[28] Linux Kemel核心中文手册．太平洋软件资讯，http://PCsoftware.com.cn
[29] Michael Barr. Programming Embedded Systems in C and C++. O'Reilly, 1999
[30] Daniel P. Bovet, Marco Cesati. Understanding the Linux Kernel (3rd Edition) [M]. O'Reilly, 2005
[31] Greg Hankins. Linux HOWTO. http://member.netease.com/
[32] Claudia Salzberg Rodriguez，Gordon Fischer，Steven Smolski．Linux内核编程必读[M]．机械工业出版社，2006
[33] Michael Jang．邱仲潘译．红帽Linux 9从入门到精通[M]．电子工业出版社，2003
[34] 胡皓，陈晓禾．Lmux系统及其网络应用[M]．人民邮电出版社，1999
[35] KemelTrap, http://kemeltrap.org/
[36] Hao-Ran Liu's homepage, http://www.cs.ccu.edu.tw:8080/～lhr89/
[37] Index of/～abhi/files, http://puggy.symonds.net/～abhi/files/
[38] 邹思轶．嵌入式Linux设计与应用[M]．清华大学出版社，2002
[39] Richard Murray. ARM ASSEMBLER, 2002
[40] 杜春雷．ARM体系结构与编程[M]．清华大学出版社，2003
[41] 周立功．ARM嵌入式系统基础教程[M]．北京航空航天大学出版社，2005
[42] 陈赜．ARM嵌入式教学实践教程[M]．华中科技大学，国家电工电子教学基地，武汉创维特信息技术有限公司，2003
[43] 陈良银．嵌入式系统开发，http://cs.scu.edu.cn/～chenliangyin/embedded/embedded%20system%20design/7_text/
[44] 刘峥嵘，张智超，许振山等．嵌入式Linux应用开发详解[M]．机械工业出版社，2004
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