施助者的心理距离和利他的关系:远近胜近邻
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- 英文论文题名：The Effect of Givers' Psychological Distance on Altruistic Behavior:Distant Relatives are Better than Close Neighbors
- 论文作者：吕厚超 ; 蒋旭玲
- 英文论文作者：Houchao Lv ; Xuling Jiang ; School of Psychology ; Southwest University ; The Third Middle School at Pan Zhihua
- 年：2015
- 作者机构：西南大学心理学部;攀枝花市第三中学;
- 论文关键词：心理距离 ; 解释水平理论 ; 社会距离 ; 利他 ; 社会价值取向
- 英文论文关键词：psychological distance ; Construal Level Theory ; social distance ; altruistic behavior ; social values orientation
- 会议召开时间：2015-10-16
- 会议录名称：第十八届全国心理学学术会议摘要集——心理学与社会发展
- 英文会议录名称：Proceedings of the 18th National Academic Congress of Psychology
- 语种：中文
- 分类号：C912.6
- 学会代码：ZGXG
- 会议名称：第十八届全国心理学学术会议
- 会议地点：中国天津
- 主办单位：中国心理学会
- 学会名称：中国心理学会
- 页数：3
- 文件大小：811k
- 原文格式：D
- 会议级别：全国
摘要
在日常生活中,人际间越亲密心理距离就越近,空间距离越远心理距离就越远。解释水平理论(construal level theory,CLT)认为,人们与客体的心理距离感决定其心理表征的抽象程度(即解释水平),影响个体的判断与行为决策。以往的研究表明,心理距离和行为的关系有不一致的结论。一种观点认为,心理距离近,个体有更多的利他,人们通常不愿意帮助那些与他们社会距离较远的人。另一种观点则认为,心理距离远也会有更多的利他。由于社会规范和社会赞许性的压力,在远的未来时间距离条件下,个体更愿意参与道德利他。由此可见,相同的心理距离水平,在不同的维度上会有不同的行为反应。为了探讨心理距离的两个维度——空间距离和社会距离对利他行为的影响,本研究基于施助者的角度,选取大学生被试,采用利克特等级评价和独裁者博弈范式,首先分别探讨了空间距离、社会距离和利他行为的关系,然后进一步考察了个体在不同心理距离水平下的利他行为差异,个体对哪种心理距离更敏感。鉴于个体的行为受价值观的影响,研究三中加入社会价值取向这一变量,探讨不同价值取向的个体受心理距离的影响,亲社会者和亲个人者对心理距离的敏感度差异。在面对不同心理距离的求助者时,个体利他行为是否存在"远亲胜近邻"现象。综合三个研究结果,得到以下结论:(1)心理距离近,个体利他行为更多:个体会对空间距离近的人有更多的利他;个体会对社会距离近的人有更多的利他。(2)个体对社会距离更敏感。相比空间距离,求助者的社会距离更可能影响个体的利他行为。(3)相比亲社会者,求助者的空间距离对亲个人者的利他行为影响更大。(4)无论亲社会者还是亲个人者,都是对空间距离近社会距离近(同地朋友)的资助大于对空间距离远社会距离远(异地同学)的资助。(5)个体对异地朋友的帮助大于同地同学的,存在"远亲胜近邻"现象。
In the social relationships, psychological distance is a common psychological phenomenon. The more intimate we are, the closer we feel psychologically. The farther the space distance is, the farther we feel psychologically. According to the Construal Level Theory, the psychological distance which people perceived from the objects determines their mental representation's abstraction level or the construal level, which consequently affects individual's judgment and decision-making. However, previous studies have indicated that there are inconsistent conclusions about the psychological distance and behavior. There is a view that the closer of the psychological distance is, the more altruistic individuals will be. Usually, people are unwilling to help those who are far away from their social distance. Another view is that even the psychological distance is far, people also will be more altruistic. Because of the impact of social norms and social desirability, under the far and future distance condition, the individuals are more willing to participate in moral altruism. Thus, even if the level of psychological distance is the same, the behavioral responses in different psychological dimensions are different. In order to explore the effect of psychological distance, spatial distance and social distance on individual's altruistic behavior, and on the basis of predecessor's researches, this study first discusses the relationship between spatial distance, social distance and altruistic behavior respectively. Then it further examines the difference of individual's altruism under different levels of psychological distance, and which distance the individual is more sensitive to. Considering the fact that the individual's behavior is influenced by values, the third research adds a variable of Social Value Orientation to explore the effect of individual' s altruism affected by psychological distance and different value orientation, as well as the sensitivity difference of psychological distance between pro-socials and pro-selfs. When faced with a help seeker in different psychological distance, whether in individual's altruistic behavior the phenomenon of "far-off relative is better than neighbor" exists. In this research, all participants are college students. Different evaluation is adopted in the dependent variable measuring, including Likert grade evaluation and the dictator game of amount allocation. The conclusions are as the followings:(1) the closer of the psychological distance, the more altruism the giver will be: individuals will be more altruistic to the help seeker with closer space distance; individuals will be more altruistic to the help seeker with closer social distance.(2) Individuals are more sensitive to the social distance. Compared to the space distance, help seeker's social distance is more likely to affect individual's altruistic behavior.(3) Compared with the pro-social, the space distance between the help seekers' and the pro-self will have a greater impact on the pro-self's altruistic behavior.(4) No matter it is the pro-social or the pro-self, either will provide more altruism to the space distance near and the social distance close(friends at the same place), compared to the space distance far-off and social distance distant(classmates in another place).(5) Individuals provide more help to the distant friend than the classmates nearby, so the phenomenon of "distant relatives are better than close neighbor" exists.
In the social relationships, psychological distance is a common psychological phenomenon. The more intimate we are, the closer we feel psychologically. The farther the space distance is, the farther we feel psychologically. According to the Construal Level Theory, the psychological distance which people perceived from the objects determines their mental representation's abstraction level or the construal level, which consequently affects individual's judgment and decision-making. However, previous studies have indicated that there are inconsistent conclusions about the psychological distance and behavior. There is a view that the closer of the psychological distance is, the more altruistic individuals will be. Usually, people are unwilling to help those who are far away from their social distance. Another view is that even the psychological distance is far, people also will be more altruistic. Because of the impact of social norms and social desirability, under the far and future distance condition, the individuals are more willing to participate in moral altruism. Thus, even if the level of psychological distance is the same, the behavioral responses in different psychological dimensions are different. In order to explore the effect of psychological distance, spatial distance and social distance on individual's altruistic behavior, and on the basis of predecessor's researches, this study first discusses the relationship between spatial distance, social distance and altruistic behavior respectively. Then it further examines the difference of individual's altruism under different levels of psychological distance, and which distance the individual is more sensitive to. Considering the fact that the individual's behavior is influenced by values, the third research adds a variable of Social Value Orientation to explore the effect of individual' s altruism affected by psychological distance and different value orientation, as well as the sensitivity difference of psychological distance between pro-socials and pro-selfs. When faced with a help seeker in different psychological distance, whether in individual's altruistic behavior the phenomenon of "far-off relative is better than neighbor" exists. In this research, all participants are college students. Different evaluation is adopted in the dependent variable measuring, including Likert grade evaluation and the dictator game of amount allocation. The conclusions are as the followings:(1) the closer of the psychological distance, the more altruism the giver will be: individuals will be more altruistic to the help seeker with closer space distance; individuals will be more altruistic to the help seeker with closer social distance.(2) Individuals are more sensitive to the social distance. Compared to the space distance, help seeker's social distance is more likely to affect individual's altruistic behavior.(3) Compared with the pro-social, the space distance between the help seekers' and the pro-self will have a greater impact on the pro-self's altruistic behavior.(4) No matter it is the pro-social or the pro-self, either will provide more altruism to the space distance near and the social distance close(friends at the same place), compared to the space distance far-off and social distance distant(classmates in another place).(5) Individuals provide more help to the distant friend than the classmates nearby, so the phenomenon of "distant relatives are better than close neighbor" exists.
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