消防安全视角下社区适灾韧性评价指标探讨
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摘要
城市是人工与自然共同协调发展的复杂系统,面对自然灾害风险和人为灾害风险的双重威胁,城市如何减少灾害脆弱性,营造安全、宜居、可持续发展的城市环境成为当下迫切需要解决的问题。"韧性"理念强调系统通过自我调节减弱自身的灾害脆弱性。近年来,在国际防灾领域,"韧性"这一概念已成为指导城市防灾、灾中响应、灾后复原及应对气候变化方面的核心原则。社区作为城市系统组成的基本单元,是"韧性"理念下城市防灾的基本层级;"适灾韧性"是"韧性"在防灾领域的深化概念,强调系统对于灾害的自主适应性和恢复性,更适用于社区防灾领域。目前我国针对城市社区适灾韧性的研究尚处于起步阶段,对社区适灾韧性评价指标的探讨极为缺乏。消防安全是城市防灾领域的重要范畴,社区消防安全是城市消防安全的基础保障。文章从消防安全视角出发,在探讨社区适灾韧性内涵的基础上,通过对现有国内外社区韧性指标评价体系的研究,探讨我国社区适灾韧性评价指标体系构建策略,并对消防安全视角下社区适灾韧性评价指标体系的构建目标、评价指标的选取原则以及具体指标内涵进行了阐释,初步形成了基于消防安全的社区适灾韧性评价指标体系,以期为社区消防安全建设提供新思路。
引文
[1]翟艳东.浅谈社区消防安全工作存在的问题及解决对策[EB/OL].http://119.china.com.cn/zbjs/txt/2013-11/29/content_6499491.htm,2013-11-29
[2]Mayunga,J.S.(2007).Understanding and Applying the Concept of Community Disaster.2,6-7.
[3]T.Beatley.Planning for Coastal Resilience,Island Press,2009
[4]Meyer,M.A.(2013).Social capital and collective efficacy for disaster resilience:connecting individuals with communities and vulnerability with resilience in hurricane-prone communities in florida.13,44,48.
[5]Edith.S.Ranjan.A Study on Community's Perception on Disaster Resilience Concept.4th International Conference on Building Resilience.Procedia Economics and Finance 8(2014):88-94
[6]Burton,C.G.(2012).The development of metrics for community resilience to natural disasters.17.
[7]常健,邓燕.社区空间结构防灾性分析[J].华中建筑,2010,10:31-34.
[8]杨威.应急管理视角下社区柔韧性评估研究[D].大连理工大学,2015.
[9]Susan L.Cutter,Kevin D.Ash,Christopher T.Emrich.The geographies of community disaster resilience.Global Environmental Change29(2014):65-77
[10]Susan L.Cutter,Lindsey Barnes,Melissa Berry,Christopher Burton,Elijah Evans,Eric Tate,Jennifer Webb.Aplace-based model for understanding community resilienceto natural disasters.Global Environmental Change 18(2008):598-606
[11]Morrow,B.,2008.Community Resilience:A Social Justice Perspective.CARRI
[12]Research Report 4 Community and Regional Resilience Institute,Oak Ridge,TN.
[13]Peek,L.,2010.Age.In:Phillips,B.D.,Thomas,D.S.K.,Fothergill,A.,Blinn-Pike,L.(Eds.),Social Vulnerability to Disasters.CRC Press,Boca Raton,FL,pp.155-185.
[14]Norris,F.H.,Stevens,S.P.,Pfefferbaum,B.,Wyche,K.F.,Pfefferbaum,R.L.,2008.Community resilience as a metaphor,theory,set of capacities,and strategy for disaster readiness.Am.J.Community Psychol.41,127-150.
[15]Sherrieb,K.,Norris,F.H.,Galea,S.,2010.Measuring capacities for community resilience.Soc.Indic.Res.99,227-247.
[16]Chandra,A.,Acosta,J.,Stern,S.,Uscher-Pines,L.,Williams,M.,Yeung,D.,Garnett,J.,Meredith,L.,2011.Building Community Resilience to Disasters:A Way Forward to Enhance National Health Security.RANDCorporation Technical Report US Dept.of Health and Human Services,Washington,DC.
[17]Walsh,F.,2007.Traumatic loss and major disasters:strengthening family and community resilience.Fam.Process 46,207-227.
[18]Godschalk,D.R.,2003.Urban hazard mitigation:creating resilient cities.Nat.Hazards Rev.4,136-143
(1)泛指广义上的物质空间。
(2)广义上的适灾韧性包括自然系统韧性和人工系统韧性两大部分,由于本文所探讨社区指城市社区,主要由人工环境构成,因此本文以探讨人工系统韧性为主,不对自然系统韧性进行过多论述。
(3)根据《中华人民共和国老年人权益保障法》,界定老年人年龄为60岁及以上。
(4)资本理论主要应用于可持续发展研究,Mayunga认为其可以扩展以资源为导向的韧性评估框架的视角,因此构建了由社会资本、经济资本、人力资本、物理资本及自然资本构成的社区资本模型。
[2]Mayunga,J.S.(2007).Understanding and Applying the Concept of Community Disaster.2,6-7.
[3]T.Beatley.Planning for Coastal Resilience,Island Press,2009
[4]Meyer,M.A.(2013).Social capital and collective efficacy for disaster resilience:connecting individuals with communities and vulnerability with resilience in hurricane-prone communities in florida.13,44,48.
[5]Edith.S.Ranjan.A Study on Community's Perception on Disaster Resilience Concept.4th International Conference on Building Resilience.Procedia Economics and Finance 8(2014):88-94
[6]Burton,C.G.(2012).The development of metrics for community resilience to natural disasters.17.
[7]常健,邓燕.社区空间结构防灾性分析[J].华中建筑,2010,10:31-34.
[8]杨威.应急管理视角下社区柔韧性评估研究[D].大连理工大学,2015.
[9]Susan L.Cutter,Kevin D.Ash,Christopher T.Emrich.The geographies of community disaster resilience.Global Environmental Change29(2014):65-77
[10]Susan L.Cutter,Lindsey Barnes,Melissa Berry,Christopher Burton,Elijah Evans,Eric Tate,Jennifer Webb.Aplace-based model for understanding community resilienceto natural disasters.Global Environmental Change 18(2008):598-606
[11]Morrow,B.,2008.Community Resilience:A Social Justice Perspective.CARRI
[12]Research Report 4 Community and Regional Resilience Institute,Oak Ridge,TN.
[13]Peek,L.,2010.Age.In:Phillips,B.D.,Thomas,D.S.K.,Fothergill,A.,Blinn-Pike,L.(Eds.),Social Vulnerability to Disasters.CRC Press,Boca Raton,FL,pp.155-185.
[14]Norris,F.H.,Stevens,S.P.,Pfefferbaum,B.,Wyche,K.F.,Pfefferbaum,R.L.,2008.Community resilience as a metaphor,theory,set of capacities,and strategy for disaster readiness.Am.J.Community Psychol.41,127-150.
[15]Sherrieb,K.,Norris,F.H.,Galea,S.,2010.Measuring capacities for community resilience.Soc.Indic.Res.99,227-247.
[16]Chandra,A.,Acosta,J.,Stern,S.,Uscher-Pines,L.,Williams,M.,Yeung,D.,Garnett,J.,Meredith,L.,2011.Building Community Resilience to Disasters:A Way Forward to Enhance National Health Security.RANDCorporation Technical Report US Dept.of Health and Human Services,Washington,DC.
[17]Walsh,F.,2007.Traumatic loss and major disasters:strengthening family and community resilience.Fam.Process 46,207-227.
[18]Godschalk,D.R.,2003.Urban hazard mitigation:creating resilient cities.Nat.Hazards Rev.4,136-143
(1)泛指广义上的物质空间。
(2)广义上的适灾韧性包括自然系统韧性和人工系统韧性两大部分,由于本文所探讨社区指城市社区,主要由人工环境构成,因此本文以探讨人工系统韧性为主,不对自然系统韧性进行过多论述。
(3)根据《中华人民共和国老年人权益保障法》,界定老年人年龄为60岁及以上。
(4)资本理论主要应用于可持续发展研究,Mayunga认为其可以扩展以资源为导向的韧性评估框架的视角,因此构建了由社会资本、经济资本、人力资本、物理资本及自然资本构成的社区资本模型。