威胁性刺激蛇蜿蜒形状的作用:来自眼动的证据

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• 英文论文题名：The Role of Winding Shape in Detecting Snakes:Evidence from Eye Movements
• 论文作者：童钰 ; 王福兴 ; 李文静 ; 谢和平
• 英文论文作者：TONG Yu ; WANG Fuxing ; LI Wenjing ; XIE Heping ; School of Psychology ; Central China Normal University
• 年：2015
• 作者机构：华中师范大学心理学院;
• 论文关键词：蜿蜒形状 ; 威胁性刺激 ; 蛇 ; 眼动
• 英文论文关键词：winding shape ; threat-relevant stimuli ; snake ; eye movements
• 会议召开时间：2015-10-16
• 会议录名称：第十八届全国心理学学术会议摘要集——心理学与社会发展
• 英文会议录名称：Proceedings of the 18th National Academic Congress of Psychology
• 语种：中文
• 分类号：B842.2
• 学会代码：ZGXG
• 会议名称：第十八届全国心理学学术会议
• 会议地点：中国天津
• 主办单位：中国心理学会
• 学会名称：中国心理学会
• 页数：2
• 文件大小：777k
• 原文格式：D
• 会议级别：全国

摘要

前人研究发现,成人和幼儿对威胁性刺激蛇有更快的觉察。知觉模板假说认为人类对于威胁性刺激的快速觉察是由于在进化过程中,人类的头脑中形成了包含威胁性刺激基本特征的知觉模板。根据该假说,蛇特殊的蜿蜒形状这一基本特征在人类的快速觉察中起重要作用。但是该假说是否成立还存在争议。本研究通过视觉搜索范式,结合眼动追踪技术即时性的特点,比较被试在3×3矩阵(去除中心刺激)中,对具有相似颜色纹理特征、同为爬行类动物的蛇和蜥蜴的视觉搜索过程,以探究蛇的蜿蜒形状在快速觉察中的作用。实验1选取26名大学本科生为被试,采用单因素被试内设计,以蛇和蜥蜴互为干扰物和目标物,要求被试判断刺激矩阵中是否有目标物呈现,并使用眼动仪SMI RED 500记录行为反应时和眼动数据。结果发现相对于目标物蜥蜴,被试对威胁性刺激蛇的行为反应时更长,眼动数据分析表明,被试对蛇的首次注视到达时间更慢,首个注视点的持续时间也更长。实验2平衡了实验1中不同类别干扰物的影响,以花或青蛙分别作为统一的干扰物,重新选取24名大学本科生为被试,采用2(目标物:蛇、蜥蜴)×2(干扰物:花、青蛙)两因素被试内设计,其余同实验1。结果发现,相对于目标物蜥蜴,被试对目标物蛇的反应更慢,以更长的注视到达时间注意到蛇,对蛇的首次注视时间也更长;此外,对干扰物的分析发现,相对于花,被试对干扰物青蛙的首次注视到达时间更长。本研究认为蛇特殊的蜿蜒形态在快速觉察中没有起到决定性的作用,即不支持知觉模板假说。
Past research shows that adults and preschool children detect snake rapidly. Perceptual template hypothesis argues that in the process of evolution, human's brain has evolved plenty of perceptual templates which contain basic features of threat-relevant stimuli. According to this hypothesis, unique winding shape of snake is of great importance in rapid detection. However, whether this hypothesis is true still remains to be confirmed. In this study, two experiments were conducted to testify the role that snake's winding shape played in rapid detection. We adopted visual search paradigm to compare participants' detection of snakes with lizards, for the reason that they had similar body morphology and color texture feature that characterizes them as reptiles. Eye tracking technique was used to record participants' visual search process. In experiment 1, 26 undergraduates were recruited as participants. A series of 3×3 matrices of eight colored photographs of snakes or lizards were presented on the screen, without stimulus in the middle. Participants were asked to find out the target(snake) among seven distractors(lizards) and vice versa. It was a single factor(target: snake, lizard) within-subject design. To balance the impact of different distractors in experiment 1, another 24 participants were requested to detect snake or lizard among the uniform distractors(flowers or frogs) in experiment 2. The presentation method was the same as experiment 1. Experiment 2 was a 2(target: snake, lizard) × 2(distractors: flowers, frogs) within-subject design. In two experiments, SMI RED 500 eye tracker was used to record the eye movements data. The results of experiment 1 indicated that the reaction time was faster when the target was lizard. Participants fixed snakes slower, and their first fixation duration on snakes was also longer than lizards. As distractors(lizard was the target), snakes were fixed quickly than lizards. In experiment 2, the similar results were found that participants located snakes slower than lizards, and the first fixation duration was longer on snakes than lizards. In addition, analysis on the distractors(flowers or frogs) revealed that participants located flowers faster than frogs. In conclusion, snakes' unique winding shape does not play a crucial role in rapid detection, thus does not support perceptual template hypothesis.

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