最后通牒博弈中的公平决策:社会价值取向的影响

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• 英文论文题名：Fairness Decision-making in the ultimatum game:Effect of Social Value Orientation
• 论文作者：王俊坤 ; 梁福成
• 英文论文作者：WANG Junkun ; LIANG Fucheng ; Academy of Psychology and Behavior ; Tianjin Normal University ; President Office ; Tianjin Normal University
• 年：2015
• 作者机构：天津师范大学心理与行为研究院;天津师范大学校长办公室;
• 论文关键词：最后通牒博弈 ; 意图 ; 绝对收益 ; 相对收益 ; 社会价值取向
• 英文论文关键词：Ultimatum game ; intention ; comparative payoffs ; absolute payoffs ; social value orientation
• 会议召开时间：2015-10-16
• 会议录名称：第十八届全国心理学学术会议摘要集——心理学与社会发展
• 英文会议录名称：Proceedings of the 18th National Academic Congress of Psychology
• 语种：中文
• 分类号：B842
• 学会代码：ZGXG
• 会议名称：第十八届全国心理学学术会议
• 会议地点：中国天津
• 主办单位：中国心理学会
• 学会名称：中国心理学会
• 页数：2
• 文件大小：786k
• 原文格式：D
• 会议级别：全国

摘要

本实验采用最后通牒博弈的3种实验情境:匿名者分配情境中,匿名者提出方案,且与被试分享资源,故成熟的回应者需考虑意图、相对收益和绝对收益;随机数生成器(RNG)分配情境中,无关的匿名他人与被试分享资源,故需考虑相对收益和绝对收益;计算机分配情境中,因计算机不能带走资源,故只需考虑绝对收益。分配方案有5个水平:1/9、2/8、3/7、4/6、5/5,因变量为拒绝次数。人们在综合考虑自身利益、他人利益及两者之间的关系时又会表现出不同的倾向,这种对自己和他人或群体利益分配的特定偏好称之为社会价值取向。本试验通过分析3种分配情境下不同价值取向回应者对同一分配方案的拒绝情况,探讨意图、相对收益和绝对收益对对不同价值取向的个体的公平行为的影响。结果显示:合作取向的个体在随机数情境和计算机情境下较多选择合作行为,在匿名者情境下更多根据对方意图做决策,说明合作取向的个体追求群体利益的最大化和成员彼此的平等,更关心对方意图,对绝对收益和相对收益并不怎么关注;竞争取向的个体在匿名情境下和随机数分配情境下,当自我收益比对方多时选择接受,自我收益比对方少时选择拒绝,说明竞争取向的个体追求自我相对利益的最大化,并不太关注意图和绝对收益,而更关心相对收益;而个体取向的个体在三种情境下都追求自我绝对收益的最大化,对意图和相对收益并不关注,更符合经济人假设。
This experiment considers 3 experimental situation of ultimatum game: In anonymous allocation situation, the anonym raises a proposal and shares the resources with the examinee, and thus a mature respondent needs to consider the intention, relative returns and absolute returns. In random number generator allocation situation, the irrelevant anonym shares resources with the examinee, thus relative returns and absolute returns needs to be considered.In computer allocation situation, because computer can not take away resources, only absolute resources are considered.There are 5 levels in allocation plan: 1/9、2/8、3/7、4/6、5/5, and the dependent variable is the number of refusal.People show different tendencies when considering comprehensively their own interests, the other's interests and the relations between the two. This kind of specific preference in the allocation of their own interests and others or group's interests is called orientation of social values.By analyzing the refusals towards the same allocation plan, which are made by different value orientated respondents in the three allocation situations, this experiment explores into the influences of intention, relative returns and absolute returns on fair practices of individuals with different value orientations. The results show: Cooperation oriented individuals tend to choose cooperative behaviors in random number situation and computer situation, and tend to make decisions according to the other party's intention in anonymous situation. This shows that cooperation oriented individuals pursue the maximization of group benefits and the equality among members, care more about the other party's intention and give little attention to absolute returns and relative returns.In anonymous situation and random number allocation situation, competition oriented individuals choose to accept when his own gains are more than the other party's, and refuse when his own gains are less than the other party's. This shows that competition oriented individual pursue the maximization of his own relative returns instead of intention and absolute returns.And individual oriented individuals pursue the maximization of his own absolute returns in all three situation, ignoring the intention and relative returns, which conforms to the hypothesis of economic man.

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