Surface Rainfall Processes during the Genesis Period of Tropical Cyclone Durian(2001)
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摘要
The rainfall processes during the formation of tropical cyclone(TC) Durian(2001) were investigated quantitatively using the three-dimensional(3 D) WRF-based precipitation equation. The rain rate(PS) decreased slightly as the TC approached to formation, and then increased as Durian began to intensify. The rate of moisture-related processes(QWV) in the equation contributed around 80% to PSbefore TC genesis, and made more contribution during and after TC genesis. The rate of hydrometeor-related processes(QCM) contributed about 20% before TC formation, followed by less contribution during and after TC formation. QWVwere dominated by the 3 D moisture flux advection rate(QWVA), while the surface evaporation rate(QWVE) also played an important role. Just before TC genesis, moisture from QWVAand QWVEhelped the local atmosphere moisten(negative QWVL). QCMwere determined by the 3 D hydrometeor advection rates(QCLAand QCIA) and the local change rates of hydrometeors(QCLLand QCIL). During TC formation, QCMlargely decreased and then reactivated as Durian began to intensify, accompanied by the development of TC cloud. Both the height and the strength of the net latent heating center associated with microphysical processes generally lowered before and during TC genesis, resulting mainly from lessening deposition and condensation. The downward shift of the net latent heating center induced a more bottom-heavy upward mass flux profile, suggesting to promote lower-tropospheric convergence in a shallower layer, vorticity amplification and TC spin-up.
The rainfall processes during the formation of tropical cyclone(TC) Durian(2001) were investigated quantitatively using the three-dimensional(3 D) WRF-based precipitation equation. The rain rate(PS) decreased slightly as the TC approached to formation, and then increased as Durian began to intensify. The rate of moisture-related processes(QWV) in the equation contributed around 80% to PSbefore TC genesis, and made more contribution during and after TC genesis. The rate of hydrometeor-related processes(QCM) contributed about 20% before TC formation, followed by less contribution during and after TC formation. QWVwere dominated by the 3 D moisture flux advection rate(QWVA), while the surface evaporation rate(QWVE) also played an important role. Just before TC genesis, moisture from QWVAand QWVEhelped the local atmosphere moisten(negative QWVL). QCMwere determined by the 3 D hydrometeor advection rates(QCLAand QCIA) and the local change rates of hydrometeors(QCLLand QCIL). During TC formation, QCMlargely decreased and then reactivated as Durian began to intensify, accompanied by the development of TC cloud. Both the height and the strength of the net latent heating center associated with microphysical processes generally lowered before and during TC genesis, resulting mainly from lessening deposition and condensation. The downward shift of the net latent heating center induced a more bottom-heavy upward mass flux profile, suggesting to promote lower-tropospheric convergence in a shallower layer, vorticity amplification and TC spin-up.
The rainfall processes during the formation of tropical cyclone(TC) Durian(2001) were investigated quantitatively using the three-dimensional(3 D) WRF-based precipitation equation. The rain rate(PS) decreased slightly as the TC approached to formation, and then increased as Durian began to intensify. The rate of moisture-related processes(QWV) in the equation contributed around 80% to PSbefore TC genesis, and made more contribution during and after TC genesis. The rate of hydrometeor-related processes(QCM) contributed about 20% before TC formation, followed by less contribution during and after TC formation. QWVwere dominated by the 3 D moisture flux advection rate(QWVA), while the surface evaporation rate(QWVE) also played an important role. Just before TC genesis, moisture from QWVAand QWVEhelped the local atmosphere moisten(negative QWVL). QCMwere determined by the 3 D hydrometeor advection rates(QCLAand QCIA) and the local change rates of hydrometeors(QCLLand QCIL). During TC formation, QCMlargely decreased and then reactivated as Durian began to intensify, accompanied by the development of TC cloud. Both the height and the strength of the net latent heating center associated with microphysical processes generally lowered before and during TC genesis, resulting mainly from lessening deposition and condensation. The downward shift of the net latent heating center induced a more bottom-heavy upward mass flux profile, suggesting to promote lower-tropospheric convergence in a shallower layer, vorticity amplification and TC spin-up.
引文
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Gao,S.T.,and X.F.Li,2010:Precipitation equations and their applications to the analysis of diurnal variation of tropical oceanic rainfall.J.Geophys.Res.,115,https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012452.
Gao,S.T.,X.P.Cui,Y.S.Zhou,and X.F.Li,2005:Surface rainfall processes as simulated in a cloud-resolving model.J.Geophys.Res.,110,https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005467.
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Hong,S.Y.,Y.Noh,and J.Dudhia,2006:A new vertical diffusion package with an explicit treatment of entrainment processes.Mon.Wea.Rev.,134,2318-2341,https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR3199.1.
Huang,H.L.,M.J.Yang,and C.H.Sui,2014:Water budget and precipitation efficiency of Typhoon Morakot(2009).J.Atmos.Sci.,71,112-129,https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-13-053.1.
Huang,Y.J.,X.P.Cui,and X.F.Li,2016:A three-dimensional WRF-based precipitation equation and its application in the analysis of roles of surface evaporation in a torrential rainfall event.Atmos.Res.,169,54-64,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.09.026.
Jin,Y.,and Coauthors,2014:The impact of ice phase cloud parameterizations on tropical cyclone prediction.Mon.Wea.Rev.,142,606-625,https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-13-00058.1.
Joyce,R.J.,J.E.Janowiak,P.A.Arkin,and P.P.Xie,2004:CMORPH:A method that produces global precipitation estimates from passive microwave and infrared data at high spatial and temporal resolution.Journal of Hydrometeorology,5,487-503,https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2004)005<0487:CAMTPG>2.0.CO;2.
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Li,X.,2006:Cloud microphysical and precipitation responses to a large-scale forcing in the tropical deep convective regime.Meteor.Atmos.Phys.,94,87-102,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-005-0172-5.
Li,X.T.,and S.F.Gao,2016:Cloud-Resolving Modeling of Convective Processes.2nd ed.,Springer,57-68.
Li,X.F.,X.Y.Shen,and J.Liu,2011:A partitioning analysis of tropical rainfall based on cloud budget.Atmos.Res.,102,444-451,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.09.010.
Liao,F.,Y.C.Hong,and G.G.Zheng,2006:Research reviews of dynamic,thermodynamic and microphysical factors affecting cloud and precipitation.Meteorological Monthly,32,3-11,https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-0526.2006.11.001.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Liu,S.N.,and X.P.Cui,2018:Diagnostic analysis of rate and efficiency of torrential rainfall associated with Bilis(2006).Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,42,192-208,https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1704.17148.(in Chinese)
McFarquhar,G.M.,H.N.Zhang,G.Heymsfield,J.B.Halverson,R.Hood,J.Dudhia,and F.Marks,2006:Factors affecting the evolution of Hurricane Erin(2001)and the distributions of hydrometeors:Role of microphysical processes.J.Atmos.Sci.,63,127-150,https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS3590.1.
Montgomery,M.T.,M.E.Nicholls,T.A.Cram,and A.B.Saunders,2006:A vortical hot tower route to tropical cyclogenesis.J.Atmos.Sci.,63,355-386,https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS3604.1.
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