Mineral association and graphite inclusions in nephrite jade from Liaoning, northeast China: Implications for metamorphic conditions and ore genesis
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摘要
The Liaoning Province in the northeastern part of the North China Craton(NCC) hosts several tremolite jade(nephrite) deposits. Here we investigate the Sangpiyu tremolite jade deposit where the relationship between abundant graphite inclusions within the jade remains enigmatic. We employ petrography, electron probe microanalysis, X-ray-diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy to characterize the tremolite jade and its inclusion minerals. The Sangpiyu jade is predominately composed of tremolite with minor calcite, dolomite, serpentine, titanite, zoisite, allanite, chlorite,apatite, chromite and graphite. Raman spectroscopy of graphite inclusions shows that the D1/G intensity ratio ranges from 0.78 to 0.88 in deep green samples and from 0.05 to 0.23 in dark green samples. The ranges of D1/(D1 + G) integral area ratio for these types are from 0.0548 to 0.3037 and 0.5528 to 0.7355 respectively. The formation temperature of graphite inclusions in the dark green tremolite jade is computed as 549.8 ℃, whereas that for the deep green sample is about343.2 ℃. Our results suggest that the jade formation occurred in a multi-stage process through the action of hydrothermal fluids and metamorphism possibly in a subduction-related setting at moderate to high temperatures.
The Liaoning Province in the northeastern part of the North China Craton(NCC) hosts several tremolite jade(nephrite) deposits. Here we investigate the Sangpiyu tremolite jade deposit where the relationship between abundant graphite inclusions within the jade remains enigmatic. We employ petrography, electron probe microanalysis, X-ray-diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy to characterize the tremolite jade and its inclusion minerals. The Sangpiyu jade is predominately composed of tremolite with minor calcite, dolomite, serpentine, titanite, zoisite, allanite, chlorite,apatite, chromite and graphite. Raman spectroscopy of graphite inclusions shows that the D1/G intensity ratio ranges from 0.78 to 0.88 in deep green samples and from 0.05 to 0.23 in dark green samples. The ranges of D1/(D1 + G) integral area ratio for these types are from 0.0548 to 0.3037 and 0.5528 to 0.7355 respectively. The formation temperature of graphite inclusions in the dark green tremolite jade is computed as 549.8 ℃, whereas that for the deep green sample is about343.2 ℃. Our results suggest that the jade formation occurred in a multi-stage process through the action of hydrothermal fluids and metamorphism possibly in a subduction-related setting at moderate to high temperatures.
The Liaoning Province in the northeastern part of the North China Craton(NCC) hosts several tremolite jade(nephrite) deposits. Here we investigate the Sangpiyu tremolite jade deposit where the relationship between abundant graphite inclusions within the jade remains enigmatic. We employ petrography, electron probe microanalysis, X-ray-diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy to characterize the tremolite jade and its inclusion minerals. The Sangpiyu jade is predominately composed of tremolite with minor calcite, dolomite, serpentine, titanite, zoisite, allanite, chlorite,apatite, chromite and graphite. Raman spectroscopy of graphite inclusions shows that the D1/G intensity ratio ranges from 0.78 to 0.88 in deep green samples and from 0.05 to 0.23 in dark green samples. The ranges of D1/(D1 + G) integral area ratio for these types are from 0.0548 to 0.3037 and 0.5528 to 0.7355 respectively. The formation temperature of graphite inclusions in the dark green tremolite jade is computed as 549.8 ℃, whereas that for the deep green sample is about343.2 ℃. Our results suggest that the jade formation occurred in a multi-stage process through the action of hydrothermal fluids and metamorphism possibly in a subduction-related setting at moderate to high temperatures.
引文
Adamo, I., Bocchio, R., 2013. Nephrite jade from val Malenco, Italy:reviewand update. Gems and Gemology 49(2), 98-106.
Adams, C.J., Beck, R.J., Campbell, H.J., 2007. Characterisation and origin of New Zealand nephrite jade using its strontium isotopic signature. Lithos 97(3),307-322.
Beny-Bassez, C., Rouzaud, J.N., 1985. Characterization of carbonaceous materials by correlated electron and optical microscopy and Raman microspectroscopy.Scanning Electron Microscopy 119-132.
Beyssac, O., Goffe, B., Chopin, C., Rouzaud, J.N., 2002a. Raman spectra of carbonaceous material in metasediments:a new geothermometer. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 20(9), 859-871.
Beyssac, O., Rouzaud,J.N., Goffe, B., Brunet, F., Chopin, C., 2002b. Graphitization in a high-pressure, low-temperature metamorphic gradient:a Raman microspectroscopy and HRTEM study. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 143(1), 19-31.
Dorling, M.,1985. An investigation of nephrite jade by electron microscope.Mineralogical Magazine 49(350), 31-36.
Harlow, G.E., Sorensen, S.S., 2000. In:Jade:Occurrence and metasomatic origin[abs.]:31st International Geologic Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, August 6-17,2000, Congress Program, Abstracts, 72.
Harlow, G.E., Sorensen, S.S., 2005. Jade(nephrite and jadeitite)and serpentinite:metasomatic connections. International Geology Review 47(2), 113-146.
Jiang, T.L., 2014. The Study on Gemological and Mineralogical Characteristics of Nephrite in Sangpiyu, Liaoning Provice. China University of Geosciences, Beijing.
Kwieciriska, B., Petersen, H., 2004. Graphite, semi-graphite, natural coke, and natural char classification-ICCP system. International Journal of Coal Geology 57(2), 99-116.
Kim, W.S., 2007. Nephrite from Korea and Canada. Canadian Gemmologist 4(28), 119.
Liu, L., Yang, X.Y., Santosh, M., Wang, G.J., Aulbach, S., 2017. Initial gold enrichment within a Neoarchean granite-greenstone belt:Evidence from ore-bearing and ore-barren samples in the Jiapigou deposits, NE China. Ore Geology Reviews 1(81), 211-229.
Liu, Y., Zhang, R., Zhang, Z., Shi, G., Zhang,Q., Anuduwayiti, M., Liu, J., 2015. Mineral inclusions and SHRIMP U-Pb dating of zircons from the Alamas nephrite andgranodiorite:implications for the genesis of a magnesian skarn deposit. Lithos212-215, 128-144(212-215).
Liu, Y., Deng, J.,Shi, G.H.,Yu, T.F., Zhang, G.,2011a. Geochemistry and petrology of nephrite from Alams, NW China. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 42(03),440-451.
Liu, Y., Deng, J., Shi, G.H., Sun, X., Yang, L., 2011b. Geochemistry and petrogenenesis placer nephrite from Hetian, Xinjiang northwest China. Ore Geology Reviews 41(01),122-132.
Liu, F., Yu, X.Y., 2009. Classification and mineralogical characteristics of nephrite deposits in China. Mineral Resources and Geology 23(04), 375-380.
Liao, R.Q., Zhu, Q.W., 2005. Chemical composition analyses of nephrite from all Chinese locations in China. Journal of Gems&Gemmology 1(07), 25-30.
Pasteris, J.D., Wopenka, B., 1991. Raman spectra of graphite as indicators of degree of metamorphism. Canadian Mineralogist 1(29), 1-9.
Qiu, Z.L., Jiang, Q.Y., Luo, H., Qin, S.C., Li, L.F., 2010. Raman spectra and its application of graphite enclaves in nephrite jades in xiuyan Liaoning. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis 30(11), 2985-2988.
Rantitsch, G., Lammerer, W., Fisslthaler, E., Mitsche, S., Kaltenbock, H., 2016. On the discrimination of semi-graphite and graphite by Raman spectroscopy. International Journal of Coal Geology 159, 48-56.
Santosh, M., 2010. Assembling North China Craton within the Columbia supercontinent:the role of double-sided subduction. Precambrian Research 178(1-4).149-167.
Tan,T.L, NG, L.L., LIM, LC., 2013. Studies on nephrite and jadeite jades by fourier transform infrared(FTIR)and Raman spectroscopic techniques. Cosmos 9(01), 47-56.
Wu, Z.Y., 2014. Characteristics and origin of nephrite from Sangpiyu, Xiuyan County,Liaoning Province. Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica s2(33), 15-24.
Wang, S.Q., Zhao, C.H., Yu, G., Yuan, X.M., Duan, T.Y., 2007. Xiu Yan Jades In China.Science Press, Beijing.
Wopenka, B., Pasteris, J.D., 1993. Structural characterization of kerogens to granulite-facies graphite:applicability of Raman microprobe spectroscopy.American Mineralogist 78(5), 533-557.
Wang, A., Dhamelincourt, P., Dubessy,J., Guerard, D., Landais, P., Lelaurain, M., 1989.Characterization of graphite alteration in an uranium deposit by micro-Ramanspectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Carbon 27(2), 209-218.
Wang, G.F., 1989. Carbonaceous material in the Ryoke metamorphic rocks Kinki district. Japan Lithos 22(4), 305-316.
Wang, F., Liu, F., Liu, P., Cai, J., Tian, Z., 2017. In situ zircon U-Pb dating and wholerock geochemistry of metasedimentary rocks from South Liaohe Group, JiaoLiao-Ji orogenic belt:constraints on the depositional and metamorphic ages,and implications for tectonic setting. Precambrian Research 303, 764-780.
Xiong, D.X., Sun, X.M., Zhai, W., Shi, G.Y., Wang, S.W., 2006. High-crystallinity graphite inclusions in the gold-bearing quartz veins of the Daping gold deposit, Yunnan:the evidence of involvement of the lower crustal granulite facies-metamorphic fluids in mineralization. Acta Geologica Sinica 80(9),1448-1456.
Yin, Z., Jiang, C., Santosh, M., et al., 2014. Nephrite Jade from Guangxi Province,China. Gem&Gemology 50(3), 228-235.
Yu, X.Y., 2016. Colored Gemmology, second ed. Geological Publishing House, Beijing.
Yui, T.F., Huang, E., Xu, J., 1996. Raman spectrum of carbonaceous material:a possible metamorphic grade indicator for low-grade metamorphic rocks.Journal of Metamorphic Geology 14(2), 115-124.
Zhang, Y.F., Qiu, Z.L., Peng, S.Y., Zhong, Y.P., Li, L.F., Wu, M., 2015. The Genesis of Graphites in Xiuyan Gravel Nephrite Jades and Its Constraint on Their Host Nephrite Jade Rocks. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni 54(2), 118-126(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhai, M.G., Santosh, M., 2011. The early Precambrian odyssey of the North China Craton:a synoptic overview. Gondwana Research 20(1), 6-25.
Zhao, G.C., Sun, M., Wilde, S.A., Li, S.Z., 2005. Late archean to paleoproterozoic evolution of the north China Craton:key issues revisited. Precambrian Research136,177-202.
Zhao, G.C., Zhai, M.G., 2013. Litho tectonic elements of Precambrian basement in the North China Craton:review and tectonic implications. Gondwana Research 23(4), 1207-1240.
Zhang, Z.W., Gan, F.X., Cheng, H.S., 2011. PIXE analysis of nephrite minerals from different deposits. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 269(4), 460-465.
Adams, C.J., Beck, R.J., Campbell, H.J., 2007. Characterisation and origin of New Zealand nephrite jade using its strontium isotopic signature. Lithos 97(3),307-322.
Beny-Bassez, C., Rouzaud, J.N., 1985. Characterization of carbonaceous materials by correlated electron and optical microscopy and Raman microspectroscopy.Scanning Electron Microscopy 119-132.
Beyssac, O., Goffe, B., Chopin, C., Rouzaud, J.N., 2002a. Raman spectra of carbonaceous material in metasediments:a new geothermometer. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 20(9), 859-871.
Beyssac, O., Rouzaud,J.N., Goffe, B., Brunet, F., Chopin, C., 2002b. Graphitization in a high-pressure, low-temperature metamorphic gradient:a Raman microspectroscopy and HRTEM study. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 143(1), 19-31.
Dorling, M.,1985. An investigation of nephrite jade by electron microscope.Mineralogical Magazine 49(350), 31-36.
Harlow, G.E., Sorensen, S.S., 2000. In:Jade:Occurrence and metasomatic origin[abs.]:31st International Geologic Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, August 6-17,2000, Congress Program, Abstracts, 72.
Harlow, G.E., Sorensen, S.S., 2005. Jade(nephrite and jadeitite)and serpentinite:metasomatic connections. International Geology Review 47(2), 113-146.
Jiang, T.L., 2014. The Study on Gemological and Mineralogical Characteristics of Nephrite in Sangpiyu, Liaoning Provice. China University of Geosciences, Beijing.
Kwieciriska, B., Petersen, H., 2004. Graphite, semi-graphite, natural coke, and natural char classification-ICCP system. International Journal of Coal Geology 57(2), 99-116.
Kim, W.S., 2007. Nephrite from Korea and Canada. Canadian Gemmologist 4(28), 119.
Liu, L., Yang, X.Y., Santosh, M., Wang, G.J., Aulbach, S., 2017. Initial gold enrichment within a Neoarchean granite-greenstone belt:Evidence from ore-bearing and ore-barren samples in the Jiapigou deposits, NE China. Ore Geology Reviews 1(81), 211-229.
Liu, Y., Zhang, R., Zhang, Z., Shi, G., Zhang,Q., Anuduwayiti, M., Liu, J., 2015. Mineral inclusions and SHRIMP U-Pb dating of zircons from the Alamas nephrite andgranodiorite:implications for the genesis of a magnesian skarn deposit. Lithos212-215, 128-144(212-215).
Liu, Y., Deng, J.,Shi, G.H.,Yu, T.F., Zhang, G.,2011a. Geochemistry and petrology of nephrite from Alams, NW China. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 42(03),440-451.
Liu, Y., Deng, J., Shi, G.H., Sun, X., Yang, L., 2011b. Geochemistry and petrogenenesis placer nephrite from Hetian, Xinjiang northwest China. Ore Geology Reviews 41(01),122-132.
Liu, F., Yu, X.Y., 2009. Classification and mineralogical characteristics of nephrite deposits in China. Mineral Resources and Geology 23(04), 375-380.
Liao, R.Q., Zhu, Q.W., 2005. Chemical composition analyses of nephrite from all Chinese locations in China. Journal of Gems&Gemmology 1(07), 25-30.
Pasteris, J.D., Wopenka, B., 1991. Raman spectra of graphite as indicators of degree of metamorphism. Canadian Mineralogist 1(29), 1-9.
Qiu, Z.L., Jiang, Q.Y., Luo, H., Qin, S.C., Li, L.F., 2010. Raman spectra and its application of graphite enclaves in nephrite jades in xiuyan Liaoning. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis 30(11), 2985-2988.
Rantitsch, G., Lammerer, W., Fisslthaler, E., Mitsche, S., Kaltenbock, H., 2016. On the discrimination of semi-graphite and graphite by Raman spectroscopy. International Journal of Coal Geology 159, 48-56.
Santosh, M., 2010. Assembling North China Craton within the Columbia supercontinent:the role of double-sided subduction. Precambrian Research 178(1-4).149-167.
Tan,T.L, NG, L.L., LIM, LC., 2013. Studies on nephrite and jadeite jades by fourier transform infrared(FTIR)and Raman spectroscopic techniques. Cosmos 9(01), 47-56.
Wu, Z.Y., 2014. Characteristics and origin of nephrite from Sangpiyu, Xiuyan County,Liaoning Province. Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica s2(33), 15-24.
Wang, S.Q., Zhao, C.H., Yu, G., Yuan, X.M., Duan, T.Y., 2007. Xiu Yan Jades In China.Science Press, Beijing.
Wopenka, B., Pasteris, J.D., 1993. Structural characterization of kerogens to granulite-facies graphite:applicability of Raman microprobe spectroscopy.American Mineralogist 78(5), 533-557.
Wang, A., Dhamelincourt, P., Dubessy,J., Guerard, D., Landais, P., Lelaurain, M., 1989.Characterization of graphite alteration in an uranium deposit by micro-Ramanspectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Carbon 27(2), 209-218.
Wang, G.F., 1989. Carbonaceous material in the Ryoke metamorphic rocks Kinki district. Japan Lithos 22(4), 305-316.
Wang, F., Liu, F., Liu, P., Cai, J., Tian, Z., 2017. In situ zircon U-Pb dating and wholerock geochemistry of metasedimentary rocks from South Liaohe Group, JiaoLiao-Ji orogenic belt:constraints on the depositional and metamorphic ages,and implications for tectonic setting. Precambrian Research 303, 764-780.
Xiong, D.X., Sun, X.M., Zhai, W., Shi, G.Y., Wang, S.W., 2006. High-crystallinity graphite inclusions in the gold-bearing quartz veins of the Daping gold deposit, Yunnan:the evidence of involvement of the lower crustal granulite facies-metamorphic fluids in mineralization. Acta Geologica Sinica 80(9),1448-1456.
Yin, Z., Jiang, C., Santosh, M., et al., 2014. Nephrite Jade from Guangxi Province,China. Gem&Gemology 50(3), 228-235.
Yu, X.Y., 2016. Colored Gemmology, second ed. Geological Publishing House, Beijing.
Yui, T.F., Huang, E., Xu, J., 1996. Raman spectrum of carbonaceous material:a possible metamorphic grade indicator for low-grade metamorphic rocks.Journal of Metamorphic Geology 14(2), 115-124.
Zhang, Y.F., Qiu, Z.L., Peng, S.Y., Zhong, Y.P., Li, L.F., Wu, M., 2015. The Genesis of Graphites in Xiuyan Gravel Nephrite Jades and Its Constraint on Their Host Nephrite Jade Rocks. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni 54(2), 118-126(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhai, M.G., Santosh, M., 2011. The early Precambrian odyssey of the North China Craton:a synoptic overview. Gondwana Research 20(1), 6-25.
Zhao, G.C., Sun, M., Wilde, S.A., Li, S.Z., 2005. Late archean to paleoproterozoic evolution of the north China Craton:key issues revisited. Precambrian Research136,177-202.
Zhao, G.C., Zhai, M.G., 2013. Litho tectonic elements of Precambrian basement in the North China Craton:review and tectonic implications. Gondwana Research 23(4), 1207-1240.
Zhang, Z.W., Gan, F.X., Cheng, H.S., 2011. PIXE analysis of nephrite minerals from different deposits. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 269(4), 460-465.