Effect of supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and/or β-glucans on performance, feeding behaviour and immune status of Holstein Friesian bull calves during the pre-and post-weaning periods
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摘要
Background: Previous research in both calves and other species has suggested n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA) and β-glucans may have positive effects on immune function. This experiment measured performance,behaviour, metabolite and immunological responses to pre-weaning supplementation of dairy bull calves with n-3 PUFA in the form of fish oil and β-glucans derived from seaweed extract. 44 Holstein Friesian bull calves, aged 13.7± 2.5 d and weighing 48.0 ± 5.8 kg were artificially reared using an electronic feeding system. Each calf was offered5 L(120 g/L) per day of milk replacer(MR) and assigned to one of four treatments included in the MR,(1) Control(CON);(2) 40 g n-3 PUFA per day(FO);(3) 1 g β-glucans per day(GL) and(4) 40 g n-3 PUFA per day & 1 g/d β-glucans(FOGL) in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Milk replacer and concentrate was offered from d 0–62(pre-weaning),while concentrate provision continued for a further 31 d post-weaning period. Individual daily feed intake and feeding behaviour was recorded throughout, while bodyweight and blood analyte data were collected at regular intervals.Results: Overall mean concentrate DMI from d 0–93 was 1.39, 1.27, 1.00 and 0.72 kg/d for CON, FO, GL and FOGL calves, respectively(SEM = 0.037; P < 0.0001). Calves supplemented with GL were significantly lighter(P < 0.0001) at both weaning(d 62) and turnout to pasture(d 93) than un-supplemented calves, with a similar effect(P < 0.0001)evident for calves receiving FO compared to un-supplemented contemporaries. Supplementation with GL reduced the number of unrewarded visits where milk was not consumed(P < 0.0001) while supplementation with FO increased mean drinking speed(P < 0.0001). Supplementation with GL resulted in greater concentrations of haptoglobin(P = 0.034), greater serum osmolality(P = 0.021) and lower lymphocyte levels(P = 0.027). In addition,cells from GL supplemented calves exhibited a lower response than un-supplemented contemporaries to both Phytohaemagglutinin A stimulated IFN-γ(P = 0.019) and Concanavalin A stimulated IFN-γ(P = 0.012) following in vitro challenges.Conclusions: Pre-weaning supplementation of bull calves with either n-3 PUFA or β-glucan resulted in reduced voluntary feed intake of concentrate and consequently poorer pre-weaning calf performance. There was no evidence for any beneficial effect of either supplementation strategy on calves' immune responses.
Background: Previous research in both calves and other species has suggested n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA) and β-glucans may have positive effects on immune function. This experiment measured performance,behaviour, metabolite and immunological responses to pre-weaning supplementation of dairy bull calves with n-3 PUFA in the form of fish oil and β-glucans derived from seaweed extract. 44 Holstein Friesian bull calves, aged 13.7± 2.5 d and weighing 48.0 ± 5.8 kg were artificially reared using an electronic feeding system. Each calf was offered5 L(120 g/L) per day of milk replacer(MR) and assigned to one of four treatments included in the MR,(1) Control(CON);(2) 40 g n-3 PUFA per day(FO);(3) 1 g β-glucans per day(GL) and(4) 40 g n-3 PUFA per day & 1 g/d β-glucans(FOGL) in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Milk replacer and concentrate was offered from d 0–62(pre-weaning),while concentrate provision continued for a further 31 d post-weaning period. Individual daily feed intake and feeding behaviour was recorded throughout, while bodyweight and blood analyte data were collected at regular intervals.Results: Overall mean concentrate DMI from d 0–93 was 1.39, 1.27, 1.00 and 0.72 kg/d for CON, FO, GL and FOGL calves, respectively(SEM = 0.037; P < 0.0001). Calves supplemented with GL were significantly lighter(P < 0.0001) at both weaning(d 62) and turnout to pasture(d 93) than un-supplemented calves, with a similar effect(P < 0.0001)evident for calves receiving FO compared to un-supplemented contemporaries. Supplementation with GL reduced the number of unrewarded visits where milk was not consumed(P < 0.0001) while supplementation with FO increased mean drinking speed(P < 0.0001). Supplementation with GL resulted in greater concentrations of haptoglobin(P = 0.034), greater serum osmolality(P = 0.021) and lower lymphocyte levels(P = 0.027). In addition,cells from GL supplemented calves exhibited a lower response than un-supplemented contemporaries to both Phytohaemagglutinin A stimulated IFN-γ(P = 0.019) and Concanavalin A stimulated IFN-γ(P = 0.012) following in vitro challenges.Conclusions: Pre-weaning supplementation of bull calves with either n-3 PUFA or β-glucan resulted in reduced voluntary feed intake of concentrate and consequently poorer pre-weaning calf performance. There was no evidence for any beneficial effect of either supplementation strategy on calves' immune responses.
Background: Previous research in both calves and other species has suggested n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA) and β-glucans may have positive effects on immune function. This experiment measured performance,behaviour, metabolite and immunological responses to pre-weaning supplementation of dairy bull calves with n-3 PUFA in the form of fish oil and β-glucans derived from seaweed extract. 44 Holstein Friesian bull calves, aged 13.7± 2.5 d and weighing 48.0 ± 5.8 kg were artificially reared using an electronic feeding system. Each calf was offered5 L(120 g/L) per day of milk replacer(MR) and assigned to one of four treatments included in the MR,(1) Control(CON);(2) 40 g n-3 PUFA per day(FO);(3) 1 g β-glucans per day(GL) and(4) 40 g n-3 PUFA per day & 1 g/d β-glucans(FOGL) in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Milk replacer and concentrate was offered from d 0–62(pre-weaning),while concentrate provision continued for a further 31 d post-weaning period. Individual daily feed intake and feeding behaviour was recorded throughout, while bodyweight and blood analyte data were collected at regular intervals.Results: Overall mean concentrate DMI from d 0–93 was 1.39, 1.27, 1.00 and 0.72 kg/d for CON, FO, GL and FOGL calves, respectively(SEM = 0.037; P < 0.0001). Calves supplemented with GL were significantly lighter(P < 0.0001) at both weaning(d 62) and turnout to pasture(d 93) than un-supplemented calves, with a similar effect(P < 0.0001)evident for calves receiving FO compared to un-supplemented contemporaries. Supplementation with GL reduced the number of unrewarded visits where milk was not consumed(P < 0.0001) while supplementation with FO increased mean drinking speed(P < 0.0001). Supplementation with GL resulted in greater concentrations of haptoglobin(P = 0.034), greater serum osmolality(P = 0.021) and lower lymphocyte levels(P = 0.027). In addition,cells from GL supplemented calves exhibited a lower response than un-supplemented contemporaries to both Phytohaemagglutinin A stimulated IFN-γ(P = 0.019) and Concanavalin A stimulated IFN-γ(P = 0.012) following in vitro challenges.Conclusions: Pre-weaning supplementation of bull calves with either n-3 PUFA or β-glucan resulted in reduced voluntary feed intake of concentrate and consequently poorer pre-weaning calf performance. There was no evidence for any beneficial effect of either supplementation strategy on calves' immune responses.
引文
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5.Calder PC.Dietary fatty acids and the immune system.Nutr Rev.1998;56:S70-83.
6.Calder PC.Marine omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes:effects,mechanisms and clinical relevance.Biochim Biophys Acta.2015;1851:469-84.
7.Ballou MA,DePeters EJ.Supplementing milk replacer with omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil on immunocompetence and health of Jersey calves.JDairy Sci.2008;91:3488-500.
8.Muturi KN,Scaife JR,Lomax MA,Jackson F,Huntley J,Coop RL.The effect of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA)on infection with the nematodes Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia oncophora in calves.Vet parasitology.2005;129:273-83.
9.Meydani SN,Endres S,Woods MM,Goldin BR,Soo C,Morrill-Labrode A,et al.Oral(n-3)fatty acid supplementation suppresses cytokine production and lymphocyte:comparison between young and older women.J Nutr.1991;121:547-55.
10.Ballou MA,Cruz GD,Pittroff W,Keisler DH,DePeters EJ.Modifying the acute phase response of Jersey calves by supplementing milk replacer with omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil.J Dairy Sci.2008;91:3478-87.
11.Sweeney T,Collins B,Reilly P,Pierce KM,Ryan M,O’Doherty JV.Effect of purifiedβ-glucans derived from Laminaria digitata,Laminaria hyperborea and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on piglet performance,selected bacterial populations,volatile fatty acids and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs.Br J Nutr.2012;108:1226-34.
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14.Brown GD,Gordon S.Immune recognition of fungalβ-glucans.Cell Microbiol.2005;7:471-9.
15.Eicher SD,Wesley IV,Sharma VK,Johnson TR.Yeast cell-wall products containingβ-glucan plus ascorbic acid affect neonatal Bos taurus calf leukocyte and growth after a transport stressor.J Anim Sci.2010;88:1195-203.
16.Davis EM.The impacts of various milk replacer supplements on the health and performance of high-risk dairy calves.USA:Texas Tech.University;2018.Masters Thesis
17.Kim MH,Seo JK,Yun CH,Kang SJ,Ko JY,Ha JK.Effects of hydrolyzed yeast supplementation in calf starter on immune responses to vaccine challenge in neonatal calves.Animal.2011;5:953-60.
18.Childs S,Hennessy AA,Sreenan JM,Wathes DC,Cheng Z,Stanton C,et al.Effect of level of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on systemic and tissue fatty acid concentrations and on selected reproductive variables in cattle.Theriogenology.2008;70:595-611.
19.Lynch MB,Sweeney T,Callan JJ,O’Sullivan JT,O’Doherty JV.The effect of dietary Laminaria-derived laminarin and fucoidan on nutrient digestibility,nitrogen utilisation,intestinal microflora and volatile fatty acid concentration in pigs.J Sci Food Agric.2010;90:430-7.
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24.Christie W.A simple procedure for rapid transmethylation of glycerolipids and cholesteryl esters.J Lipid Res.1982;23:1072-5.
25.Van Soest PJ,Robertson JB,Lewis BA.Methods for dietary fiber,neutral detergent fiber and non starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition.J Dairy Sci.1991;74:3583-97.
26.Sweeney RA.Generic combustion method for determination of crude protein in feeds:collaborative study.J Assoc Off Anal Chem.1989;72:770-4.
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28.Fallon RJ,Harte FJ.Effect of giving three different levels of milk replacer on calf performance.Irish J Agr Res.1986;25:23-9.
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30.Ghasemi E,Azad-Shahraki M,Khorvash M.Effect of different fat supplements on performance of dairy calves during cold season.J Dairy Sci.2017;100:5319-28.
31.Castells L,Bach A,Araujo G,Montoro C,TerréM.Effect of different forage sources on performance and feeding behavior of Holstein calves.J Dairy Sci.2012;95:286-93.
32.Garcia M,Shin JH,Schlaefli A,Greco LF,Maunsell FP,Thatcher WW,et al.Increasing intake of essential fatty acids from milk replacer benefits performance,immune responses,and health of preweaned Holstein calves.J Dairy Sci.2015;98:458-77.
33.Soberon F,Raffrenato E,Everett RW,Van Amburgh ME.Preweaning milk replacer intake and effects on long term productivity of dairy calves.J Dairy Sci.2012;95:783-93.
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35.Jensen MB,Weary D.Group housing and milk feeding of dairy calves.Proc.25th Western Canadian dairy seminar-advances in dairy.Technology.2013;25:179-89.
36.Svensson C,Jensen MB.Short communication:identification of diseased calves by use of data from automatic milk feeders.J Dairy Sci.2007;90:994-7.
37.Borderas TF,de Passille AMB,Rushen J.Feeding behavior of calves fed small or large amounts of milk.J Dairy Sci.2009;92:2843-52.
38.Jensen MB,Holm L.The effect of milk flow rate and milk allowance on feeding behaviour in dairy calves fed by computer controlled milk feeders.Appl Anim Behav Sci.2003;82:87-100.
39.Jensen MB.Computer-controlled milk feeding of group-housed calves:the effect of milk allowance and weaning type.J Dairy Sci.2006;89:201-6.
40.Haley DB,Rushen J,Duncan IHJ,Widowski TM,de Passille AM.Effects of resistance to milk flow and the provision of hay on nonnutritive sucking by dairy calves.J Dairy Sci.1998;81:2165-72.
41.Quigley JD,Wolfe TA,Elsasser TH.Effects of additional milk replacer feeding on calf health,growth,and selected blood metabolites in calves.J Dairy Sci.2006;89:207-16.
42.Hickey MC,Drennan M,Earley B.The effect of abrupt weaning of suckler calves on the plasma concentrations of cortisol,catecholamines,leukocytes
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2.Henderson LF,Miglior A,Sewalem A,Kelton D,Robinson A,Leslie KE.Estimation of genetic parameters for measures of calf survival in a population of Holstein heifer calves from a heifer-raising facility in New York State.J Dairy Sci.2011;94:461-70.
3.O’Doherty JV,Pierce KM,Kenny DA.Fermentable fibre and gut health in non-and pre-ruminants.In:Garnsworthy PC,Wiseman J,editors.Recent advances in animal nutrition:Nottingham University Press;2005.p.103-28.
4.Leonard SG,Sweeney T,Bahar B,Lynch BP,O’Doherty JV.Effect of maternal fish oil and seaweed extract supplementation on colostrum and milk composition,humoral immune response,and performance of suckled piglets.J Anim Sci.2010;88:2988-97.
5.Calder PC.Dietary fatty acids and the immune system.Nutr Rev.1998;56:S70-83.
6.Calder PC.Marine omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes:effects,mechanisms and clinical relevance.Biochim Biophys Acta.2015;1851:469-84.
7.Ballou MA,DePeters EJ.Supplementing milk replacer with omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil on immunocompetence and health of Jersey calves.JDairy Sci.2008;91:3488-500.
8.Muturi KN,Scaife JR,Lomax MA,Jackson F,Huntley J,Coop RL.The effect of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA)on infection with the nematodes Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia oncophora in calves.Vet parasitology.2005;129:273-83.
9.Meydani SN,Endres S,Woods MM,Goldin BR,Soo C,Morrill-Labrode A,et al.Oral(n-3)fatty acid supplementation suppresses cytokine production and lymphocyte:comparison between young and older women.J Nutr.1991;121:547-55.
10.Ballou MA,Cruz GD,Pittroff W,Keisler DH,DePeters EJ.Modifying the acute phase response of Jersey calves by supplementing milk replacer with omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil.J Dairy Sci.2008;91:3478-87.
11.Sweeney T,Collins B,Reilly P,Pierce KM,Ryan M,O’Doherty JV.Effect of purifiedβ-glucans derived from Laminaria digitata,Laminaria hyperborea and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on piglet performance,selected bacterial populations,volatile fatty acids and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs.Br J Nutr.2012;108:1226-34.
12.Reilly P,O’Doherty JV,Pierce KM,Callan JJ,O’Sullivan JT,Sweeney T.The effects of seaweed extract inclusion on gut morphology,selected intestinal microbiota,nutrient digestibility,volatile fatty acid concentrations and the immune status of the weaned pig.Animal.2008;2:1465-73.
13.Yun CH,Estrada A,Kessel AV,Park BC,Laarveld B.β-Glucan,extracted from oat,enhances disease resistance against bacterial and parasitic infections.FEMS Immu Med Microbiol.2003;35:67-75.
14.Brown GD,Gordon S.Immune recognition of fungalβ-glucans.Cell Microbiol.2005;7:471-9.
15.Eicher SD,Wesley IV,Sharma VK,Johnson TR.Yeast cell-wall products containingβ-glucan plus ascorbic acid affect neonatal Bos taurus calf leukocyte and growth after a transport stressor.J Anim Sci.2010;88:1195-203.
16.Davis EM.The impacts of various milk replacer supplements on the health and performance of high-risk dairy calves.USA:Texas Tech.University;2018.Masters Thesis
17.Kim MH,Seo JK,Yun CH,Kang SJ,Ko JY,Ha JK.Effects of hydrolyzed yeast supplementation in calf starter on immune responses to vaccine challenge in neonatal calves.Animal.2011;5:953-60.
18.Childs S,Hennessy AA,Sreenan JM,Wathes DC,Cheng Z,Stanton C,et al.Effect of level of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on systemic and tissue fatty acid concentrations and on selected reproductive variables in cattle.Theriogenology.2008;70:595-611.
19.Lynch MB,Sweeney T,Callan JJ,O’Sullivan JT,O’Doherty JV.The effect of dietary Laminaria-derived laminarin and fucoidan on nutrient digestibility,nitrogen utilisation,intestinal microflora and volatile fatty acid concentration in pigs.J Sci Food Agric.2010;90:430-7.
20.Brooks HW,Michell AR,Wagstaff AJ,White DG.Fallability of faecal consistency as a criterion of success in the evaluation of oral fluid therapy for calf diarrhoea.Br Vet J.1996;152:75-81.
21.Eckersall PD,Duthie S,Safi S,Moffatt D,Horadagoda NU,Doyle S,et al.An automated biochemical assay for haptoglobin:prevention of interference from albumin.Comp Haem Inter.1999;9:117-24.
22.Wood PR,Corner LA,Plackett P.Development of a simple,rapid in vitro cellular assay for bovine tuberculosis based on the production of gamma interferon.Res Vet Sci.1990;49:46-9.
23.Rothel JS,Jones SL,Corner LA,Cox JC,Wood PR.A sandwich enzyme immunoassay for bovine interferongamma and its use for the detection of tuberculosis in cattle.Aust Vet J.1990;67:134-7.
24.Christie W.A simple procedure for rapid transmethylation of glycerolipids and cholesteryl esters.J Lipid Res.1982;23:1072-5.
25.Van Soest PJ,Robertson JB,Lewis BA.Methods for dietary fiber,neutral detergent fiber and non starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition.J Dairy Sci.1991;74:3583-97.
26.Sweeney RA.Generic combustion method for determination of crude protein in feeds:collaborative study.J Assoc Off Anal Chem.1989;72:770-4.
27.Soberon F,Van Amburgh ME.The effect of nutrient intake from milk or milk replacer of pre-weaned dairy calves on lactation yield as adults:a metaanalysis of current data.J Anim Sci.2013;96:706-12.
28.Fallon RJ,Harte FJ.Effect of giving three different levels of milk replacer on calf performance.Irish J Agr Res.1986;25:23-9.
29.Byrne CJ,Fair S,English AM,Johnston D,Lonergan P,Kenny DA.Effect of milk replacer and concentrate intake on growth rate,feeding behaviour and systemic metabolite concentrations of pre-weaned bull calves of two dairy breeds.Animal.2017;11:1531-8.
30.Ghasemi E,Azad-Shahraki M,Khorvash M.Effect of different fat supplements on performance of dairy calves during cold season.J Dairy Sci.2017;100:5319-28.
31.Castells L,Bach A,Araujo G,Montoro C,TerréM.Effect of different forage sources on performance and feeding behavior of Holstein calves.J Dairy Sci.2012;95:286-93.
32.Garcia M,Shin JH,Schlaefli A,Greco LF,Maunsell FP,Thatcher WW,et al.Increasing intake of essential fatty acids from milk replacer benefits performance,immune responses,and health of preweaned Holstein calves.J Dairy Sci.2015;98:458-77.
33.Soberon F,Raffrenato E,Everett RW,Van Amburgh ME.Preweaning milk replacer intake and effects on long term productivity of dairy calves.J Dairy Sci.2012;95:783-93.
34.Hulbert LE,Moisa SJ.Stress,immunity,and the management of calves.JDairy Sci.2016;99:3199-216.
35.Jensen MB,Weary D.Group housing and milk feeding of dairy calves.Proc.25th Western Canadian dairy seminar-advances in dairy.Technology.2013;25:179-89.
36.Svensson C,Jensen MB.Short communication:identification of diseased calves by use of data from automatic milk feeders.J Dairy Sci.2007;90:994-7.
37.Borderas TF,de Passille AMB,Rushen J.Feeding behavior of calves fed small or large amounts of milk.J Dairy Sci.2009;92:2843-52.
38.Jensen MB,Holm L.The effect of milk flow rate and milk allowance on feeding behaviour in dairy calves fed by computer controlled milk feeders.Appl Anim Behav Sci.2003;82:87-100.
39.Jensen MB.Computer-controlled milk feeding of group-housed calves:the effect of milk allowance and weaning type.J Dairy Sci.2006;89:201-6.
40.Haley DB,Rushen J,Duncan IHJ,Widowski TM,de Passille AM.Effects of resistance to milk flow and the provision of hay on nonnutritive sucking by dairy calves.J Dairy Sci.1998;81:2165-72.
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