Microbial Geochemical Characteristics of the Coalbed Methane in the Shizhuangnan Block of Qinshui Basin, North China and their Geological Implications
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摘要
Methanogens and sulfate reducing bacteria were detected by the 16SrRNA sequencing of coalbed methane(CBM)co-produced water in the south of the Qinshui Basin,which is indicative of the presence of secondary biological gas in the south of this basin,in contradiction to the previous understanding of thermogenic gas.This work systematically collected water samples from the CBM wells in the Shizhuangnan Block and analyzed the microbial geochemical characteristics from the aspects of water ions,hydrogen and oxygen isotopes,dissolved inorganic carbon and microbial diversity.It is shown that the Shizhuangnan Block has a nearly SN-trending monoclinic structure,and the elevation of coal seam decreases gradually from the east to west.Because of the water blocking effect of Sitou fault in the west,the precipitation flowed from the east to west,and gradually transited to stagnant flow area.The concentration variation of some ions such as Na~+,K~+,Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+),Cl~-,HCO~-_3 and total dissolved solids(TDS)suggest the variation of redox condition in the coal reservoir water.The 16SrDNA sequencing analysis of the collected water samples detected the presence of methanogens and sulfate reduction bacteria.The presence of methane production zone and sulfate methane transition zone(SMTZ)was identified.The effect of methanogens in the methane production zone leads to an increase in the methane concentration,resulting in a high gas content in the study area.In the SMTZ,most methane is consumed by anaerobic oxidation due to high sulfate concentrations.
Methanogens and sulfate reducing bacteria were detected by the 16SrRNA sequencing of coalbed methane(CBM)co-produced water in the south of the Qinshui Basin,which is indicative of the presence of secondary biological gas in the south of this basin,in contradiction to the previous understanding of thermogenic gas.This work systematically collected water samples from the CBM wells in the Shizhuangnan Block and analyzed the microbial geochemical characteristics from the aspects of water ions,hydrogen and oxygen isotopes,dissolved inorganic carbon and microbial diversity.It is shown that the Shizhuangnan Block has a nearly SN-trending monoclinic structure,and the elevation of coal seam decreases gradually from the east to west.Because of the water blocking effect of Sitou fault in the west,the precipitation flowed from the east to west,and gradually transited to stagnant flow area.The concentration variation of some ions such as Na~+,K~+,Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+),Cl~-,HCO~-_3 and total dissolved solids(TDS)suggest the variation of redox condition in the coal reservoir water.The 16SrDNA sequencing analysis of the collected water samples detected the presence of methanogens and sulfate reduction bacteria.The presence of methane production zone and sulfate methane transition zone(SMTZ)was identified.The effect of methanogens in the methane production zone leads to an increase in the methane concentration,resulting in a high gas content in the study area.In the SMTZ,most methane is consumed by anaerobic oxidation due to high sulfate concentrations.
Methanogens and sulfate reducing bacteria were detected by the 16SrRNA sequencing of coalbed methane(CBM)co-produced water in the south of the Qinshui Basin,which is indicative of the presence of secondary biological gas in the south of this basin,in contradiction to the previous understanding of thermogenic gas.This work systematically collected water samples from the CBM wells in the Shizhuangnan Block and analyzed the microbial geochemical characteristics from the aspects of water ions,hydrogen and oxygen isotopes,dissolved inorganic carbon and microbial diversity.It is shown that the Shizhuangnan Block has a nearly SN-trending monoclinic structure,and the elevation of coal seam decreases gradually from the east to west.Because of the water blocking effect of Sitou fault in the west,the precipitation flowed from the east to west,and gradually transited to stagnant flow area.The concentration variation of some ions such as Na~+,K~+,Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+),Cl~-,HCO~-_3 and total dissolved solids(TDS)suggest the variation of redox condition in the coal reservoir water.The 16SrDNA sequencing analysis of the collected water samples detected the presence of methanogens and sulfate reduction bacteria.The presence of methane production zone and sulfate methane transition zone(SMTZ)was identified.The effect of methanogens in the methane production zone leads to an increase in the methane concentration,resulting in a high gas content in the study area.In the SMTZ,most methane is consumed by anaerobic oxidation due to high sulfate concentrations.
引文
Blumenberg,M.,Mollenhauer,G.,Zabel,M.,Reimer,A.,and Thiel,V.,2010.Decoupling of bio-and geohopanoids in sediments of the Benguela Upwelling System(BUS).Organic Geochemistry,41(10):1119-1129.
Canfield,D.E.,1998.A new model for Proterozoic ocean chemistry.Nature,396(6710):450-453.
Cheng,C.,Zhao,F.H.,Ren,D.Y.,and Miao X.N.,2018.Preliminary study on the characteristics of nitrogen isotopic compositions in Chinese coals.Acta Geologica Sinica,92(9):1959-1969(in Chinese with English abstract).
Chi,W.G.,1998.Hydrogeological control of coalbed gas in Qinshui Basin.Petroleum Exploration and Development,25(3):15-18(in Chinese with English abstract).
Guo,H.G.,Yu,Z.S.,and Zhang,H.X.,2015.Phylogenetic diversity of microbial communities associated with coalbed methane gas from Eastern Ordos Basin,China.International Journal of Coal Geology,150-151:120-126.
Hinrichs,K.U.,Hayes,J.M.,Sylva,S.P.,Brewer,P.G.,and DeLong,E.F.,1999.Methane-consuming archae bacteria in marine sediments.Nature,398(6730):802-805.
Hong,W.L.,Torres,M.E.,Kim,J.H.,Choi,J.,and Bahk,J.J.,2014.Towards quantifying the reaction network around the sulfate-methane-transition-zone in the Ulleung Basin,East Sea,with a kinetic modeling approach.Geochimicaet Cosmochimica Acta,140:127-141.
Hu,G.Y.,Li,J.,Li,J.,Li,Z.S.,Luo,X.,Sun,Q.W.,and Ma,C.H.,2007.Study on light hydrocarbon index of natural gas origin.Science in China(Series D:Earth Sciences),37(A02):111-117(in Chinese).
Johnston,C.R.,Vance,G.F.,and Ganjegunte,G.K.,2008.Irrigation with coalbed natural gas co-produced water.Agricultural Water Management,95(11):1243-1252.
Kang,Y.S.,Jiang,S.Y.,Wang,J.,Zhang,B.,and Guo,M.Q.,2018.Original hydrodynamic patterns and their influence on coalbed methane drainage in Qinshui Basin.Geological Review,64(4):927-936(in Chinese with English abstract).
Komada,T.,Burdige,D.J.,Li,H.L.,Magen,C.,Chanton,J.P.,and Cada,A.K.,2016.Organic matter cycling across the sulfate-methane transition zone of the Santa Barbara Basin,California Borderland.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,176:2592-78.
Li,Q.,Cai,F.,Yan,G.J.,Liang,J.,Shao,H.B.,Wang,M.,Dong,G.,Wang,F.,Sun,Y.B.,and Luo,D.,2017.Widespread methane seep activities along the western slope of the Okinawa trough,East China Sea.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),91(4):1505-1506.
Luo,G.M.,Kump,L.R.,Wang,Y.B.,Tong,J.N.,Arthur,M.A.,Yang,H,Huang,J.H.,Yin,H.F.,and Xie,S.C.,2010.Isotopic evidence for an anomalously low oceanic sulfate concentration following end-Permian mass extinction.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,300(1-2):101-111.
Luo,G.M.,Thomas,J.,Algeo,Zhan,R.B.,Yan,D.T.,Huang,J.H.,Liu,J.S.,and Xie,S.H.,2016.Perturbation of the marine nitrogen cycle during the Late Ordovician glaciation and mass extinction.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,448:339-348.
Meng,Z.P.,and Hou,Q.L.,2013.Coupling model of stressdependent permeability in high-rank coal reservoir and its control mechanism.Chinese Journal of Geophysics,56(2):667-675(in Chinese with English abstract).
Orphan,V.J.,Hinrichs,K.U.,Ussler,III.W.,Paull,C.K.,Taylor,L.T.,Sylva,S.P.,Hayes,J.M.,and Delong,E.F.,2001.Comparative analysis of methane-oxidizing archaea and sulfate-reducing bacteria in anoxic marine sediments.Applied Environmental Microbiology,67(4):1922-1934.
Qin,Y.,Song,D.Y.,and Wang,C.,1997.Late Paleozoic coal in southern Shanxi Province and its gas control characteristics.Journal of Coal,22(3):230-235(in Chinese).
Rice,C.A.,Flores,R.M.,Sticker,G.D.,and Ellis,M.S.,2008.Chemical and stable isotopic evidence for water/rock interaction and biogenic origin of coalbed methane,Fort Union Formation,Powder River Basin,Wyoming and Montana USA.International Journal of Coal Geology,76(1-2):76-85.
Rice,D.D.,and Claypool,G.E.,1981.Generation,accumulation,and resource potential of biogenic gas.American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,65(1):5-25.
Schofield,S.,and Jankowski,J.,2004.Hydrochemistry and isotopic composition of Na-HCO3-rich groundwaters from the Ballimore region,central New South Wales,Australia.Chemical Geology,211(1-2):111-134.
Shen,Y.N.,Buick,R.,and Canfield,D.E.,2001.Isotopic evidence for microbial sulphate reduction in the early Archaean era.Nature,410(6824):77-81.
Song,Y.L.,2016.Analysis of gas aquatic colony-count and species classification in coal seam of Zhaozhuang mining area.Energy and Energy Conservation,11:51-53(in Chinese with English abstract).
Su,X.B.,Chen,R.,Lin,X.Y.,and Song,Y.,2008.Application of adsorption potential theory in the fractionation of coalbed gas during the process of adsorption/desorption.Acta Geologica Sinica,82(10):1382-1389(in Chinese with English abstract).
Tang,S.H.,Sun,S.L.,Hao,D.H.,and Tang,D.Z.,2004.Coalbed methane-bearing characteristics and reservoir physical properties of principal target areas in North China.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),78(3):724-728.
Tang,Y.,Tang,D.Z.,and Du,Z.L.,2016.The first report of thermochemical sulfate reduction reaction in the upper Paleozoic carbonate rocks of southeastern Ordos Basin.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),90(6):2277-2278.
Valentine,D.L.,2011.Emerging topics in marine methane biogeochemistry.Annual Review of Marine Science,3:147-171.
Van Voast,W.A.,2003.Geochemical signature of formation waters associated with coalbed methane.American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,87(4):667-676.
Wang,M.,Li,Q.,Cai,F.,Liang,J.,Yan,G.J.,Dong,G.,Wang,F.,Shao,H.B.,Luo,D.,and Cao,Y.M.,2017.Characteristics of authigenic pyrite and its sulfur isotopes influenced by methane seep-taking the core A at site 79 of the middle Okinawa trough as an example.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),91(1):365-366.
Wang,S.B.,Tang,S.H.,Wan,Y.,Li,Z.C.,and Zhang S.H.,2015.The hydrogen and oxygen isotope characteristics of drainage water from Taiyuan coal reservoir.Journal of Coal,38(3):449-453(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang,T.,Wang,Q.W.,Shao,L.Y.,Xia,Y.C.,Fu,X.H.,Ning,S.Z.,Xie,Z.Q.,and Jiang,T.,2016.Current status of the research on coal geology in China.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),90(4):1284-1297.
Wang,X.B.,Chen,J.C.,Guo,Q.S.,Liu,Y.,Yu,J.B.,and Zhang,B.,2013.Research of the CSAMT exploration mode and experiment for the coalbed methane enrichment region in the north Qinshui Basin.Chinese Journal of Geophysics,56(12):4310-4323(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wu,C.F.,Qin,Y.,and Fu,X.H,2007.Elastic energy of coal reservoir and its control on CBM reservoir formation.Science in China(Series D:Earth Sciences),37(9):1163-1168(in Chinese with English abstract).
Xiao,H.,Ren,Z.L.,and Cui J.P.,2007.Carboniferous-Permian coalbed methane-accumulating stages in the Qinshui basin Shanxi.Geology in China,34(3):490-496(in Chinese with English abstract).
Xie,S.C.,Yang,H.,Dang,X.Y.,and Wang,C.F.,2018.Some issues in microbial responses to environmental change and the application of molecular proxies.Geological Review,64(1):183-189(in Chinese with English abstract).
Xie,S.C.,Yang,H.,Luo,G.M.,Huang,X.Y.,Liu,D.,Wang,Y.B.,Gong,Y.M.,and Xu,R.,2012.Geological microbiota:an important breakthrough in the interaction between life and the environment.Chinese Science Bulletin,57(1):3-22(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yan,Z.F.,Ju,Y.W.,Tang,S.H.,Hou,Q.L.,Zhu,B.C.,and Wang,G.H.,2013.Numerical simulation study of fracturing process in coalbed methane reservoirs in southern Qinshui Basin.Chinese Journal of Geophysics,56(5):734-1744(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yin,H.F.,Xie,S.C.,Qin,J.Z.,Yan,J.X.,and Luo,G.M.,2008.Some discussions on geophysics,biogeology and terrestrial biofacies.Science in China(Series D:Earth Sciences),38(12):1473-1480(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang,J.Y.,Liu,D.M,Cai,Y.D.,Pan,Z.J.,Yao,Y.B.,and Wang,Y.J.,2017.Geological and hydrological controls on the accumulation of coalbed methane within the No.3 coal seam of the southern Qinshui Basin.International Journal of Coal Geology,182:94-111.
Zhang,S.C.,and Zhu,G.Y.,2007.Distribution of large and medium gas fields and natural gas genesis in China sedimentary basin.Science in China(Series D:Earth Sciences),37(A02):1-11(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang,S.H.,Tang,S.H.,Li,Z.C.,Pan,Z.J.,and Shi,W.,2016.Study of hydrochemical characteristics of CBM co-produced water of theShizhuangnan Block in the southern Qinshui Basin,China,on its implication of CBM development.International Journal of Coal Geology,159:169-182.
Zhang,S.H.,Tang,S.H.,Li,Z.C.,Guo,Q.L.,and Pan,Z.J.,2015.Stable isotope characteristics of CBM co-produced water and implications for CBM development:The example of the Shizhuangnan Block in the southern Qinshui Basin,China.Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering,27(3):1400-1411.
Canfield,D.E.,1998.A new model for Proterozoic ocean chemistry.Nature,396(6710):450-453.
Cheng,C.,Zhao,F.H.,Ren,D.Y.,and Miao X.N.,2018.Preliminary study on the characteristics of nitrogen isotopic compositions in Chinese coals.Acta Geologica Sinica,92(9):1959-1969(in Chinese with English abstract).
Chi,W.G.,1998.Hydrogeological control of coalbed gas in Qinshui Basin.Petroleum Exploration and Development,25(3):15-18(in Chinese with English abstract).
Guo,H.G.,Yu,Z.S.,and Zhang,H.X.,2015.Phylogenetic diversity of microbial communities associated with coalbed methane gas from Eastern Ordos Basin,China.International Journal of Coal Geology,150-151:120-126.
Hinrichs,K.U.,Hayes,J.M.,Sylva,S.P.,Brewer,P.G.,and DeLong,E.F.,1999.Methane-consuming archae bacteria in marine sediments.Nature,398(6730):802-805.
Hong,W.L.,Torres,M.E.,Kim,J.H.,Choi,J.,and Bahk,J.J.,2014.Towards quantifying the reaction network around the sulfate-methane-transition-zone in the Ulleung Basin,East Sea,with a kinetic modeling approach.Geochimicaet Cosmochimica Acta,140:127-141.
Hu,G.Y.,Li,J.,Li,J.,Li,Z.S.,Luo,X.,Sun,Q.W.,and Ma,C.H.,2007.Study on light hydrocarbon index of natural gas origin.Science in China(Series D:Earth Sciences),37(A02):111-117(in Chinese).
Johnston,C.R.,Vance,G.F.,and Ganjegunte,G.K.,2008.Irrigation with coalbed natural gas co-produced water.Agricultural Water Management,95(11):1243-1252.
Kang,Y.S.,Jiang,S.Y.,Wang,J.,Zhang,B.,and Guo,M.Q.,2018.Original hydrodynamic patterns and their influence on coalbed methane drainage in Qinshui Basin.Geological Review,64(4):927-936(in Chinese with English abstract).
Komada,T.,Burdige,D.J.,Li,H.L.,Magen,C.,Chanton,J.P.,and Cada,A.K.,2016.Organic matter cycling across the sulfate-methane transition zone of the Santa Barbara Basin,California Borderland.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,176:2592-78.
Li,Q.,Cai,F.,Yan,G.J.,Liang,J.,Shao,H.B.,Wang,M.,Dong,G.,Wang,F.,Sun,Y.B.,and Luo,D.,2017.Widespread methane seep activities along the western slope of the Okinawa trough,East China Sea.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),91(4):1505-1506.
Luo,G.M.,Kump,L.R.,Wang,Y.B.,Tong,J.N.,Arthur,M.A.,Yang,H,Huang,J.H.,Yin,H.F.,and Xie,S.C.,2010.Isotopic evidence for an anomalously low oceanic sulfate concentration following end-Permian mass extinction.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,300(1-2):101-111.
Luo,G.M.,Thomas,J.,Algeo,Zhan,R.B.,Yan,D.T.,Huang,J.H.,Liu,J.S.,and Xie,S.H.,2016.Perturbation of the marine nitrogen cycle during the Late Ordovician glaciation and mass extinction.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,448:339-348.
Meng,Z.P.,and Hou,Q.L.,2013.Coupling model of stressdependent permeability in high-rank coal reservoir and its control mechanism.Chinese Journal of Geophysics,56(2):667-675(in Chinese with English abstract).
Orphan,V.J.,Hinrichs,K.U.,Ussler,III.W.,Paull,C.K.,Taylor,L.T.,Sylva,S.P.,Hayes,J.M.,and Delong,E.F.,2001.Comparative analysis of methane-oxidizing archaea and sulfate-reducing bacteria in anoxic marine sediments.Applied Environmental Microbiology,67(4):1922-1934.
Qin,Y.,Song,D.Y.,and Wang,C.,1997.Late Paleozoic coal in southern Shanxi Province and its gas control characteristics.Journal of Coal,22(3):230-235(in Chinese).
Rice,C.A.,Flores,R.M.,Sticker,G.D.,and Ellis,M.S.,2008.Chemical and stable isotopic evidence for water/rock interaction and biogenic origin of coalbed methane,Fort Union Formation,Powder River Basin,Wyoming and Montana USA.International Journal of Coal Geology,76(1-2):76-85.
Rice,D.D.,and Claypool,G.E.,1981.Generation,accumulation,and resource potential of biogenic gas.American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,65(1):5-25.
Schofield,S.,and Jankowski,J.,2004.Hydrochemistry and isotopic composition of Na-HCO3-rich groundwaters from the Ballimore region,central New South Wales,Australia.Chemical Geology,211(1-2):111-134.
Shen,Y.N.,Buick,R.,and Canfield,D.E.,2001.Isotopic evidence for microbial sulphate reduction in the early Archaean era.Nature,410(6824):77-81.
Song,Y.L.,2016.Analysis of gas aquatic colony-count and species classification in coal seam of Zhaozhuang mining area.Energy and Energy Conservation,11:51-53(in Chinese with English abstract).
Su,X.B.,Chen,R.,Lin,X.Y.,and Song,Y.,2008.Application of adsorption potential theory in the fractionation of coalbed gas during the process of adsorption/desorption.Acta Geologica Sinica,82(10):1382-1389(in Chinese with English abstract).
Tang,S.H.,Sun,S.L.,Hao,D.H.,and Tang,D.Z.,2004.Coalbed methane-bearing characteristics and reservoir physical properties of principal target areas in North China.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),78(3):724-728.
Tang,Y.,Tang,D.Z.,and Du,Z.L.,2016.The first report of thermochemical sulfate reduction reaction in the upper Paleozoic carbonate rocks of southeastern Ordos Basin.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),90(6):2277-2278.
Valentine,D.L.,2011.Emerging topics in marine methane biogeochemistry.Annual Review of Marine Science,3:147-171.
Van Voast,W.A.,2003.Geochemical signature of formation waters associated with coalbed methane.American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,87(4):667-676.
Wang,M.,Li,Q.,Cai,F.,Liang,J.,Yan,G.J.,Dong,G.,Wang,F.,Shao,H.B.,Luo,D.,and Cao,Y.M.,2017.Characteristics of authigenic pyrite and its sulfur isotopes influenced by methane seep-taking the core A at site 79 of the middle Okinawa trough as an example.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),91(1):365-366.
Wang,S.B.,Tang,S.H.,Wan,Y.,Li,Z.C.,and Zhang S.H.,2015.The hydrogen and oxygen isotope characteristics of drainage water from Taiyuan coal reservoir.Journal of Coal,38(3):449-453(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang,T.,Wang,Q.W.,Shao,L.Y.,Xia,Y.C.,Fu,X.H.,Ning,S.Z.,Xie,Z.Q.,and Jiang,T.,2016.Current status of the research on coal geology in China.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),90(4):1284-1297.
Wang,X.B.,Chen,J.C.,Guo,Q.S.,Liu,Y.,Yu,J.B.,and Zhang,B.,2013.Research of the CSAMT exploration mode and experiment for the coalbed methane enrichment region in the north Qinshui Basin.Chinese Journal of Geophysics,56(12):4310-4323(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wu,C.F.,Qin,Y.,and Fu,X.H,2007.Elastic energy of coal reservoir and its control on CBM reservoir formation.Science in China(Series D:Earth Sciences),37(9):1163-1168(in Chinese with English abstract).
Xiao,H.,Ren,Z.L.,and Cui J.P.,2007.Carboniferous-Permian coalbed methane-accumulating stages in the Qinshui basin Shanxi.Geology in China,34(3):490-496(in Chinese with English abstract).
Xie,S.C.,Yang,H.,Dang,X.Y.,and Wang,C.F.,2018.Some issues in microbial responses to environmental change and the application of molecular proxies.Geological Review,64(1):183-189(in Chinese with English abstract).
Xie,S.C.,Yang,H.,Luo,G.M.,Huang,X.Y.,Liu,D.,Wang,Y.B.,Gong,Y.M.,and Xu,R.,2012.Geological microbiota:an important breakthrough in the interaction between life and the environment.Chinese Science Bulletin,57(1):3-22(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yan,Z.F.,Ju,Y.W.,Tang,S.H.,Hou,Q.L.,Zhu,B.C.,and Wang,G.H.,2013.Numerical simulation study of fracturing process in coalbed methane reservoirs in southern Qinshui Basin.Chinese Journal of Geophysics,56(5):734-1744(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yin,H.F.,Xie,S.C.,Qin,J.Z.,Yan,J.X.,and Luo,G.M.,2008.Some discussions on geophysics,biogeology and terrestrial biofacies.Science in China(Series D:Earth Sciences),38(12):1473-1480(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang,J.Y.,Liu,D.M,Cai,Y.D.,Pan,Z.J.,Yao,Y.B.,and Wang,Y.J.,2017.Geological and hydrological controls on the accumulation of coalbed methane within the No.3 coal seam of the southern Qinshui Basin.International Journal of Coal Geology,182:94-111.
Zhang,S.C.,and Zhu,G.Y.,2007.Distribution of large and medium gas fields and natural gas genesis in China sedimentary basin.Science in China(Series D:Earth Sciences),37(A02):1-11(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang,S.H.,Tang,S.H.,Li,Z.C.,Pan,Z.J.,and Shi,W.,2016.Study of hydrochemical characteristics of CBM co-produced water of theShizhuangnan Block in the southern Qinshui Basin,China,on its implication of CBM development.International Journal of Coal Geology,159:169-182.
Zhang,S.H.,Tang,S.H.,Li,Z.C.,Guo,Q.L.,and Pan,Z.J.,2015.Stable isotope characteristics of CBM co-produced water and implications for CBM development:The example of the Shizhuangnan Block in the southern Qinshui Basin,China.Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering,27(3):1400-1411.