Simulating bed evolution following the Barlin Dam(Taiwan,China)failure with implications for sediment dynamics modeling of dam removal
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摘要
The failure of the Barlin Dam in Taiwan,China offers an important case study for evaluating concepts in modeling the rapid erosion and channel recovery following intentional and unplanned dam removals.We present a modeling effort that applied a 1D and quasi-2D uncoupled hydraulics and sediment model(NETSTARS) to evaluate how discretization and parameterization influence thefitofbed elevationpredictions to observations following dam failure.Our analysis evaluated the model sensitivity to sediment transport function,active layer thickness,and number of stream tubes used to define the cross-section.Results indicate that a) the model is more sensitive to active layer thickness and sediment transport function than to the number of stream tubes,b) development of dam removal models are likely to benefit from varying the active layer thickness in time,and c) increased lateral discretization does not appear to improve model fit in the steep and rapidly changing river environment at our site.We conclude with discussion on differences between,identifying the need for,and general use of 1D,quasi-2D,and fully 2D models in dam removal and failure analysis.
The failure of the Barlin Dam in Taiwan,China offers an important case study for evaluating concepts in modeling the rapid erosion and channel recovery following intentional and unplanned dam removals.We present a modeling effort that applied a 1D and quasi-2D uncoupled hydraulics and sediment model(NETSTARS) to evaluate how discretization and parameterization influence thefitofbed elevationpredictions to observations following dam failure.Our analysis evaluated the model sensitivity to sediment transport function,active layer thickness,and number of stream tubes used to define the cross-section.Results indicate that a) the model is more sensitive to active layer thickness and sediment transport function than to the number of stream tubes,b) development of dam removal models are likely to benefit from varying the active layer thickness in time,and c) increased lateral discretization does not appear to improve model fit in the steep and rapidly changing river environment at our site.We conclude with discussion on differences between,identifying the need for,and general use of 1D,quasi-2D,and fully 2D models in dam removal and failure analysis.
The failure of the Barlin Dam in Taiwan,China offers an important case study for evaluating concepts in modeling the rapid erosion and channel recovery following intentional and unplanned dam removals.We present a modeling effort that applied a 1D and quasi-2D uncoupled hydraulics and sediment model(NETSTARS) to evaluate how discretization and parameterization influence thefitofbed elevationpredictions to observations following dam failure.Our analysis evaluated the model sensitivity to sediment transport function,active layer thickness,and number of stream tubes used to define the cross-section.Results indicate that a) the model is more sensitive to active layer thickness and sediment transport function than to the number of stream tubes,b) development of dam removal models are likely to benefit from varying the active layer thickness in time,and c) increased lateral discretization does not appear to improve model fit in the steep and rapidly changing river environment at our site.We conclude with discussion on differences between,identifying the need for,and general use of 1D,quasi-2D,and fully 2D models in dam removal and failure analysis.
引文
Ackers,P..&White,W.R.(1973).Sediment Transport:A New Approach and Analysis.Journal of the Hydraulics Division,ASCE,99(11),2041-2060.
Agriculture Engineering Research Center(2009).Hydrologicat data of Shinmen Watershed.Agriculture Engineering Research Center(in Chinese).
Barry,J.J.,Buffington,J.M.,&King,J.G.(2004).A general power equation for predicting bed load transport rates in gravel bed rivers.Wafer Resources Research,40(10).
Bennett,J.P.,&Nordin.C.F.(1977).Simulation of sediment transport and armoring.Hydrological Science Bulletin,4(12),555-570.
Cantelli,A.,Paola,C,&Parker,G.(2004).Experiments on upstream-migrating erosional narrowing and widening of an incisional channel caused by dam removal.Wafer Resources Research,40(3),1-12.
Cantelli,A.,Wong,M.,Parker,G.,&Paola,C.(2007).Numerical model linking bed and bank evolution of incisional channel created by dam removal.Wafer Resources Research,43,1-16.
Chang,C.H.,Yang,J.C,&Tung,Y.K.(1993).Sensitivity and uncertainty analyses of a sediment transport model:a global approach.Journal of Stochastic Hydrology and Hydraulics,7(4),299-314.
Chang,H.H.(2008).Case study of fluvial modeling of river responses to dam removal.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,134(3),295-302.
Cui,Y.,Parker,G.,Braudrick,C,Dietrich,W.E.,&Cluer,B.(2006).Dam Removal Express Assessment Models(DREAM).Part 1:Model development and validation.Journal of Hydraulic Research,44(3),291-307.
Cui,Y,&Wilcox,A.C.(2008).Sedimentation Engineering:Theory,Measurements,Modeling and Practice In:M.H.Garcia(Ed.),Development and application of numerical modeling of sediment transport associated with dam removal(pp.995-1020).American Society of Civil Engineers.
Cui,Y.,Wooster,J.K.,Venditti.J.C.Dusterhoff,S.R.,Dietrich,W.E.,&Sklar,L.S.(2008).Simulating Sediment Transport in a Flume with Forced Pool-Riffle Morphology:Examinations of Two One-Dimensional Numerical Models.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,134,892-904.
Dadson,S.J.,Hovius,N..Chen,H.,Dade,W.B.,Hsieh,M.L,Willett,S.D.,&Lin,J.C.(2003).Links between erosion,runoff variability and seismiciry in the Taiwan orogen.Nature,426,648-651.
Downs,P.W.,Cui.Y.,Wooster,J.K.,Dusterhoff,S.R..Booth,D.K.,Dietrich,W.E.,&Sklar,L.S.(2009).Managing reservoir sediment release in dam removal projects:An approach informed by physical and numerical modelling of noncohesive sediment.International Journal of River Basin Management,7(4),433-452.
Doyle,M.W.,Stanley,E.H.,&Harbor,J.M.(2002).Geomorphic Analogies for Assessing Probable Channel Response to Dam Removal.Journal of the American Water Resources Association,38(6),1567-1579.
Emmett,W.W.(1980).A field calibration of the sediment-trapping characteristics of the Helley-Smith bedload sampler.United States Geological Survey Professional Paper,1139,44.
Ferguson,R.,&Church,M.(2009).A critical perspective on 1-D modeling of river processes:Gravel load and aggradation in lower Fraser River.Water Resources Research,45(11).
Gomez,B.(1991).Bedload transport.Earth Science Reviews,31(2),89-132.
Gomez,B.,&Church,M.(1989).An assessment of bedload sediment transport formulae for gravel bed rivers.Wafer Resources Research,25(6),1161-1186.
Goode,J.R.,&Wohl,E.(2010).Substrate controls on the longitudinal profile of bedrock channels:Implications for reach-scale roughness.Journal of Geophysical Research,115,F03018.http://dx.doi.org/10.l029/2008JF00H88.
Grant,G.,Marr,J.,Hill,C,Johnson,S.,Campbell,K.,Mohseni,O.,Burkholder,B.(2008).Experimental and Field Observations of Breach Dynamics Accompanying Erosion of Marmot Cofferdam,Sandy River,Oregon.Proceedings of the World Environmental&Water Resources Congress,Honolulu,HI,USA,12-16.
Hsieh,H.M.(1996).Quasi-two Dimensional of Scour and Deposition in Alluvial Channels.Taiwan:National Taiwan University Doctoral Dissertation.
Huang,J.S.(1994).A Study of the Sustainable Water Resources System in Taiwan Considering the Problems of Reservoir Desilting(p.159)Taichung City,Taiwan:Taiwan Provincial Water Conservancy Bureau.
Hubbell,D.W.(1964).Apparatus and techniques for measuring bedload.US.Geol.Surv.Water Supply Pap,1748.
Hubbell,D.W.(1987).Bed load sampling and analysis(pp.89-106)New Yorfe:John Wiley and Sons In Sediment Transport in Gravel-bed Rivers.
Kibler,K.,Tullos,D.,&Kondolf,M.(2011).Evolving Expectations of Dam Removal Outcomes:Downstream Geomorphic Effects Following Removal of a Small,Gravel-Filled Dam.Journal of the American Water Resources Association,47(2),408-423.
Konrad,C.P.(2009).Simulating the recovery of suspended sediment transport and river-bed stability in response to dam removal on the Elwha River,Washington.Ecological Engineering,35(7).1104-1115.
Lai,Y.,Griemann,B.,Sabatine,S.,&Niemann,J.(2011).Stream Bank Erosion,Turbidity Current,and Uncertainty Analysis:A Progress Report.Denver,Colorado:USBR Technical Services Center USBR Technical Report No.SRH-2011-37.
Langendoen,E.J.,&Simon,A.(2008).Modeling the Evolution of Incised Streams.II:Streambank Erosion.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,134(7),905-915.
Lee,H.Y.,Hsieh,H.M.,&Yang,C.T.(2003).User's Manual for NETSTARS.
Lee,H.Y,Hsieh,H.M.,Yang,J.C.&Yang,C.T.(1997).Quasi two-dimensional simulation of scour and deposition in an Alluvial Channel.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,123(3).600-609.
Lisle,T.E.,Cui,Y,Parker,G.,Pizzuto,J.E.,&Dodd.A.M.(2001).The dominance of dispersion in the evolution of bed material waves in gravel bed rivers.Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,26(13),1409-1420.
Major,J.J.,O'Connor,J.E.,Podolak,C.J..Keith.M.K.,Crant,G.E.,Spicer,K.R.,&Wilcock,P.R.(2012).Geomorphic response of the Sandy River,Oregon,to removal of Marmot Dam.U.S.Geological Survey Professional Paper,1792,64.
McLean,D.G.(1985).Sensitivity analysis of bedload equations.Proceedings Canadian Society for Civil Engineering Annual Conference,Saskatoon,Sask,1-15.
Milliman,J.D.,&Syvitski,P.M.(1992).Geomorphic/tectonic control of sediment discharge to the ocean:the importance of small mountainous rivers.Journal of Geology,100(5),525-544.
Morris,G.L,&Fan,J.(1998).Reservoir Sedimentation Handbook.New York:McGraw-Hill.
Newham,L T.H.,Norton,J.P.,Prosser.1.P.,Croke,B.F.W.,&Jakeman,A.J.(2003).Sensitivity analysis for assessing the behaviour of a landscape-based sediment source and transport model.Environmental Modelling and Software,18,741-751.
Osman,A.M.,&Thorne.C.R.(1988).Riverbank stability analysis.1:Theory.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,114(2),134-150.
Pizzuto,J.(2002).Effects of Dam Removal on River Form and Process.BioScience,52(8),683-691.
Rathburn,S.,&Wohl,E.(2003).Predicting fine sediment dynamics along a poolriffle mountain channel.Geomorphology,55(1),111-124.
Ruark,M.D.,Niemann,J.D.,Greimann,B.P.,&Arabi,M.(2011).Method for assessing impacts of parameter uncertainty in sediment transport modeling applications.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,137(6),623-636.
Rulot,R,Dewals,B.J.,Erpicum,S.,Archambeau,P..&Pirotton,M.(2012).Modelling sediment transport over partially non-erodible bottoms.International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids,70(2),186-199.
Simon,A.,Curini.A.,Darby,S.E.,&Langendoen,E.J.(2000).Bank and near-bank processes in an incised channel.Geomorphology,35(3),193-217.
Simons,D.B.,&Senturk,F.(1992).Sediment Transport Technology:water and sediment dynamics.Littleton,Colorado:Water Resources Publications.
Stein,O.R.,&Julien,P.Y.(1993).Criterion delineating the mode of headcut migration.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,119(1),37-50.
Stock,J.D.,Montgomery,D.R..Collins.B.D.,Dietrich,W.E.,&Sklar,L(2005).Field measurements of incision rates following bedrock exposure:Implications for process controls on the long profile of valleys cut by rivers and debris flows.Geological Society of America Bulletin,117(11/12),174-194.
Struiksma,N.(1999).Mathematical modelling of bedload transport over nonerodible layers.In Proceedings of 1AHR Symposium on River,Coastal and Estuarine Morphodynamics,Genova,1,89-98.
Tullos,D.,Cox,M.,&Walter,C.(2010).Simulating dam removal with a ID hydraulic model:Accuracy and techniques for reservoir erosion and downstream deposition at the Chiloquin Dam removal.In Proceedings of the 2010 ASCE Environmental and Water Resources Institute conference.Providence,RI,pp.1737-1749.
Tullos,D.,&Wang,H.W.(2014).Morphological Responses and Sediment Processes following a Typhoon-induced Dam failure,Dahan River,Taiwan,China.Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,39(2),245-258.
Water Resources Agency(2007).Preliminary Investigation of Barlin Dam Failure.Water Resources Agency,Taiwan in Chinese.
Water Resources Agency(2008b).Management and Planning Report for Dahan River.Taiwan,China:Water Resources Agency in Chinese.
Wells,R.R.,Langendoen,E.,&Simon,A.(2007).Modeling pre and post removal sediment dynamics:The Kalamazoo River,Michigan.Journal of the American Water Resources Association,43(3),773-785.
Wilcock,P.R.,Barta,A.E,Shea,C.C,Kondolf,G.M.,Matthews,W.G.,&Pitlick,J.(1996).Observations of Flow and Sediment Entrainment on a Large Gravel-Bed River.Water Resources Research,32(9),2897-2909.http://dx.doi.org/10.l029/96WR01628.
Williams,D.T.&Julien,P.Y.(1989).Applicability index for sand transport equations.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,775(1),1578-1581.
Wu,W.(2004).Depth-Averaged Two-Dimensional Numerical Modeling of Unsteady Flow and Nonuniform Sediment Transport in Open Channels.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,730(100),1013-1024.
Yang,C.T.(1973).Incipient Motion and Sediment Transport.Journal of the Hydraulics Division,99(10),1679-1704.
Yang,C.T.(2006).Erosion and Sedimentation Manual.Technical Service Center,US Bureau of Reclamation Denver,Colorado.
Yang,C.T.(2008).GSTARS Computer Models and Sedimentation Control in Surface Water Systems.In The 3rd International Conference on Water Resources and Arid Environments.
Yang,C.T,&Young,C.A.(1997).Major Sediment Issues Confronting the Bureau of Reclamation and Research Needs towards Resolving these Issues.Proceedings of the U.S.Geological Survey(USGS)Sediment Workshop In.
Cao,Z.,&Carling,P.A.(2003).On evolution of bed material waves in alluvial rivers.Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,28(4),437-441.
Cao,Z.,Pender,C,Wallis,S.,&Carling,P.(2004).Computational dam-break hydraulics over erodible sediment bed.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,130(7),689-703.
Cui,Y.,Parker,G..Lisle,T.E.,Pizzuto,J.E.,&Dodd,A.M.(2005).More on the evolution of bed materia]waves in alluvial rivers.Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,30(1),107-114.
Evans,J.(2007).Sediment impacts of the 1994 Failure of IVEX dam(Chagrin River,NE Ohio):A Test of channel evolution models.Journal of Great Lakes Research,33,90-102.
Gomez,B.,&Phillips,J.D.(1999).Deterministic Uncertainty in Bed Load Transport.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,125(3),305-308.
Lisle,T.E.,Pizzuto,J.E.,Ikeda,H.,Iseya,F.,&Kodama,Y.(1997).Evolution of a sediment wave in an experimental channel.Water Resources Research,33(8),1971-1981.
Madej,M.A.(2001).Development of channel organization and roughness following sediment pulses in single-thread,gravel bed rivers.Water Resources Research,37(8),2259-2272.
Meyer-Peter,E.,&Muller.R.(1948).Formulas for Bedload Transport.2nd IAHR congress,Stockholm,39-64.
Shei-Pa National Park(2010).Numerical Simulations and Physical Modeling of Potential Sediment Impact Assessment and Dam Removal Strategies for the No.1 Check Dam on Chijiawan Creek.).Shei-pa National Park in Chinese.
Water Resources Agency(2006).Evaluation Study of Landslide Susceptibility and Landslide Size in Reservoir Watersheds.Taiwan:Water Resources Agency in Chinese.
Water Resources Agency(2008a).Field Investigation on Barlin Dam reach.Taiwan,China:Water Resources Agency in Chinese.
Wilcock,P.R.(1996).Estimating local bed shear stress from velocity observations.Water Resources Research.32(11),3361-3366.
Agriculture Engineering Research Center(2009).Hydrologicat data of Shinmen Watershed.Agriculture Engineering Research Center(in Chinese).
Barry,J.J.,Buffington,J.M.,&King,J.G.(2004).A general power equation for predicting bed load transport rates in gravel bed rivers.Wafer Resources Research,40(10).
Bennett,J.P.,&Nordin.C.F.(1977).Simulation of sediment transport and armoring.Hydrological Science Bulletin,4(12),555-570.
Cantelli,A.,Paola,C,&Parker,G.(2004).Experiments on upstream-migrating erosional narrowing and widening of an incisional channel caused by dam removal.Wafer Resources Research,40(3),1-12.
Cantelli,A.,Wong,M.,Parker,G.,&Paola,C.(2007).Numerical model linking bed and bank evolution of incisional channel created by dam removal.Wafer Resources Research,43,1-16.
Chang,C.H.,Yang,J.C,&Tung,Y.K.(1993).Sensitivity and uncertainty analyses of a sediment transport model:a global approach.Journal of Stochastic Hydrology and Hydraulics,7(4),299-314.
Chang,H.H.(2008).Case study of fluvial modeling of river responses to dam removal.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,134(3),295-302.
Cui,Y.,Parker,G.,Braudrick,C,Dietrich,W.E.,&Cluer,B.(2006).Dam Removal Express Assessment Models(DREAM).Part 1:Model development and validation.Journal of Hydraulic Research,44(3),291-307.
Cui,Y,&Wilcox,A.C.(2008).Sedimentation Engineering:Theory,Measurements,Modeling and Practice In:M.H.Garcia(Ed.),Development and application of numerical modeling of sediment transport associated with dam removal(pp.995-1020).American Society of Civil Engineers.
Cui,Y.,Wooster,J.K.,Venditti.J.C.Dusterhoff,S.R.,Dietrich,W.E.,&Sklar,L.S.(2008).Simulating Sediment Transport in a Flume with Forced Pool-Riffle Morphology:Examinations of Two One-Dimensional Numerical Models.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,134,892-904.
Dadson,S.J.,Hovius,N..Chen,H.,Dade,W.B.,Hsieh,M.L,Willett,S.D.,&Lin,J.C.(2003).Links between erosion,runoff variability and seismiciry in the Taiwan orogen.Nature,426,648-651.
Downs,P.W.,Cui.Y.,Wooster,J.K.,Dusterhoff,S.R..Booth,D.K.,Dietrich,W.E.,&Sklar,L.S.(2009).Managing reservoir sediment release in dam removal projects:An approach informed by physical and numerical modelling of noncohesive sediment.International Journal of River Basin Management,7(4),433-452.
Doyle,M.W.,Stanley,E.H.,&Harbor,J.M.(2002).Geomorphic Analogies for Assessing Probable Channel Response to Dam Removal.Journal of the American Water Resources Association,38(6),1567-1579.
Emmett,W.W.(1980).A field calibration of the sediment-trapping characteristics of the Helley-Smith bedload sampler.United States Geological Survey Professional Paper,1139,44.
Ferguson,R.,&Church,M.(2009).A critical perspective on 1-D modeling of river processes:Gravel load and aggradation in lower Fraser River.Water Resources Research,45(11).
Gomez,B.(1991).Bedload transport.Earth Science Reviews,31(2),89-132.
Gomez,B.,&Church,M.(1989).An assessment of bedload sediment transport formulae for gravel bed rivers.Wafer Resources Research,25(6),1161-1186.
Goode,J.R.,&Wohl,E.(2010).Substrate controls on the longitudinal profile of bedrock channels:Implications for reach-scale roughness.Journal of Geophysical Research,115,F03018.http://dx.doi.org/10.l029/2008JF00H88.
Grant,G.,Marr,J.,Hill,C,Johnson,S.,Campbell,K.,Mohseni,O.,Burkholder,B.(2008).Experimental and Field Observations of Breach Dynamics Accompanying Erosion of Marmot Cofferdam,Sandy River,Oregon.Proceedings of the World Environmental&Water Resources Congress,Honolulu,HI,USA,12-16.
Hsieh,H.M.(1996).Quasi-two Dimensional of Scour and Deposition in Alluvial Channels.Taiwan:National Taiwan University Doctoral Dissertation.
Huang,J.S.(1994).A Study of the Sustainable Water Resources System in Taiwan Considering the Problems of Reservoir Desilting(p.159)Taichung City,Taiwan:Taiwan Provincial Water Conservancy Bureau.
Hubbell,D.W.(1964).Apparatus and techniques for measuring bedload.US.Geol.Surv.Water Supply Pap,1748.
Hubbell,D.W.(1987).Bed load sampling and analysis(pp.89-106)New Yorfe:John Wiley and Sons In Sediment Transport in Gravel-bed Rivers.
Kibler,K.,Tullos,D.,&Kondolf,M.(2011).Evolving Expectations of Dam Removal Outcomes:Downstream Geomorphic Effects Following Removal of a Small,Gravel-Filled Dam.Journal of the American Water Resources Association,47(2),408-423.
Konrad,C.P.(2009).Simulating the recovery of suspended sediment transport and river-bed stability in response to dam removal on the Elwha River,Washington.Ecological Engineering,35(7).1104-1115.
Lai,Y.,Griemann,B.,Sabatine,S.,&Niemann,J.(2011).Stream Bank Erosion,Turbidity Current,and Uncertainty Analysis:A Progress Report.Denver,Colorado:USBR Technical Services Center USBR Technical Report No.SRH-2011-37.
Langendoen,E.J.,&Simon,A.(2008).Modeling the Evolution of Incised Streams.II:Streambank Erosion.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,134(7),905-915.
Lee,H.Y.,Hsieh,H.M.,&Yang,C.T.(2003).User's Manual for NETSTARS.
Lee,H.Y,Hsieh,H.M.,Yang,J.C.&Yang,C.T.(1997).Quasi two-dimensional simulation of scour and deposition in an Alluvial Channel.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,123(3).600-609.
Lisle,T.E.,Cui,Y,Parker,G.,Pizzuto,J.E.,&Dodd.A.M.(2001).The dominance of dispersion in the evolution of bed material waves in gravel bed rivers.Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,26(13),1409-1420.
Major,J.J.,O'Connor,J.E.,Podolak,C.J..Keith.M.K.,Crant,G.E.,Spicer,K.R.,&Wilcock,P.R.(2012).Geomorphic response of the Sandy River,Oregon,to removal of Marmot Dam.U.S.Geological Survey Professional Paper,1792,64.
McLean,D.G.(1985).Sensitivity analysis of bedload equations.Proceedings Canadian Society for Civil Engineering Annual Conference,Saskatoon,Sask,1-15.
Milliman,J.D.,&Syvitski,P.M.(1992).Geomorphic/tectonic control of sediment discharge to the ocean:the importance of small mountainous rivers.Journal of Geology,100(5),525-544.
Morris,G.L,&Fan,J.(1998).Reservoir Sedimentation Handbook.New York:McGraw-Hill.
Newham,L T.H.,Norton,J.P.,Prosser.1.P.,Croke,B.F.W.,&Jakeman,A.J.(2003).Sensitivity analysis for assessing the behaviour of a landscape-based sediment source and transport model.Environmental Modelling and Software,18,741-751.
Osman,A.M.,&Thorne.C.R.(1988).Riverbank stability analysis.1:Theory.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,114(2),134-150.
Pizzuto,J.(2002).Effects of Dam Removal on River Form and Process.BioScience,52(8),683-691.
Rathburn,S.,&Wohl,E.(2003).Predicting fine sediment dynamics along a poolriffle mountain channel.Geomorphology,55(1),111-124.
Ruark,M.D.,Niemann,J.D.,Greimann,B.P.,&Arabi,M.(2011).Method for assessing impacts of parameter uncertainty in sediment transport modeling applications.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,137(6),623-636.
Rulot,R,Dewals,B.J.,Erpicum,S.,Archambeau,P..&Pirotton,M.(2012).Modelling sediment transport over partially non-erodible bottoms.International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids,70(2),186-199.
Simon,A.,Curini.A.,Darby,S.E.,&Langendoen,E.J.(2000).Bank and near-bank processes in an incised channel.Geomorphology,35(3),193-217.
Simons,D.B.,&Senturk,F.(1992).Sediment Transport Technology:water and sediment dynamics.Littleton,Colorado:Water Resources Publications.
Stein,O.R.,&Julien,P.Y.(1993).Criterion delineating the mode of headcut migration.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,119(1),37-50.
Stock,J.D.,Montgomery,D.R..Collins.B.D.,Dietrich,W.E.,&Sklar,L(2005).Field measurements of incision rates following bedrock exposure:Implications for process controls on the long profile of valleys cut by rivers and debris flows.Geological Society of America Bulletin,117(11/12),174-194.
Struiksma,N.(1999).Mathematical modelling of bedload transport over nonerodible layers.In Proceedings of 1AHR Symposium on River,Coastal and Estuarine Morphodynamics,Genova,1,89-98.
Tullos,D.,Cox,M.,&Walter,C.(2010).Simulating dam removal with a ID hydraulic model:Accuracy and techniques for reservoir erosion and downstream deposition at the Chiloquin Dam removal.In Proceedings of the 2010 ASCE Environmental and Water Resources Institute conference.Providence,RI,pp.1737-1749.
Tullos,D.,&Wang,H.W.(2014).Morphological Responses and Sediment Processes following a Typhoon-induced Dam failure,Dahan River,Taiwan,China.Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,39(2),245-258.
Water Resources Agency(2007).Preliminary Investigation of Barlin Dam Failure.Water Resources Agency,Taiwan in Chinese.
Water Resources Agency(2008b).Management and Planning Report for Dahan River.Taiwan,China:Water Resources Agency in Chinese.
Wells,R.R.,Langendoen,E.,&Simon,A.(2007).Modeling pre and post removal sediment dynamics:The Kalamazoo River,Michigan.Journal of the American Water Resources Association,43(3),773-785.
Wilcock,P.R.,Barta,A.E,Shea,C.C,Kondolf,G.M.,Matthews,W.G.,&Pitlick,J.(1996).Observations of Flow and Sediment Entrainment on a Large Gravel-Bed River.Water Resources Research,32(9),2897-2909.http://dx.doi.org/10.l029/96WR01628.
Williams,D.T.&Julien,P.Y.(1989).Applicability index for sand transport equations.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,775(1),1578-1581.
Wu,W.(2004).Depth-Averaged Two-Dimensional Numerical Modeling of Unsteady Flow and Nonuniform Sediment Transport in Open Channels.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,730(100),1013-1024.
Yang,C.T.(1973).Incipient Motion and Sediment Transport.Journal of the Hydraulics Division,99(10),1679-1704.
Yang,C.T.(2006).Erosion and Sedimentation Manual.Technical Service Center,US Bureau of Reclamation Denver,Colorado.
Yang,C.T.(2008).GSTARS Computer Models and Sedimentation Control in Surface Water Systems.In The 3rd International Conference on Water Resources and Arid Environments.
Yang,C.T,&Young,C.A.(1997).Major Sediment Issues Confronting the Bureau of Reclamation and Research Needs towards Resolving these Issues.Proceedings of the U.S.Geological Survey(USGS)Sediment Workshop In.
Cao,Z.,&Carling,P.A.(2003).On evolution of bed material waves in alluvial rivers.Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,28(4),437-441.
Cao,Z.,Pender,C,Wallis,S.,&Carling,P.(2004).Computational dam-break hydraulics over erodible sediment bed.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,130(7),689-703.
Cui,Y.,Parker,G..Lisle,T.E.,Pizzuto,J.E.,&Dodd,A.M.(2005).More on the evolution of bed materia]waves in alluvial rivers.Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,30(1),107-114.
Evans,J.(2007).Sediment impacts of the 1994 Failure of IVEX dam(Chagrin River,NE Ohio):A Test of channel evolution models.Journal of Great Lakes Research,33,90-102.
Gomez,B.,&Phillips,J.D.(1999).Deterministic Uncertainty in Bed Load Transport.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,125(3),305-308.
Lisle,T.E.,Pizzuto,J.E.,Ikeda,H.,Iseya,F.,&Kodama,Y.(1997).Evolution of a sediment wave in an experimental channel.Water Resources Research,33(8),1971-1981.
Madej,M.A.(2001).Development of channel organization and roughness following sediment pulses in single-thread,gravel bed rivers.Water Resources Research,37(8),2259-2272.
Meyer-Peter,E.,&Muller.R.(1948).Formulas for Bedload Transport.2nd IAHR congress,Stockholm,39-64.
Shei-Pa National Park(2010).Numerical Simulations and Physical Modeling of Potential Sediment Impact Assessment and Dam Removal Strategies for the No.1 Check Dam on Chijiawan Creek.).Shei-pa National Park in Chinese.
Water Resources Agency(2006).Evaluation Study of Landslide Susceptibility and Landslide Size in Reservoir Watersheds.Taiwan:Water Resources Agency in Chinese.
Water Resources Agency(2008a).Field Investigation on Barlin Dam reach.Taiwan,China:Water Resources Agency in Chinese.
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