我国典型秸秆露天燃烧黑碳的高时间分辨率排放特征及其排放清单
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摘要
农作物秸秆燃烧是大气中黑碳(black carbon,BC)气溶胶的主要来源之一。目前农作物秸秆燃烧排放黑碳的研究主要集中在通过离线样品分析获得的BC排放特征,缺少实时在线排放特征的研究。本研究收集了我国具有代表性的4种农作物秸秆(小麦秸秆、水稻秸秆、玉米秸秆和大豆秸秆),通过在实验室燃烧平台模拟农作物秸秆露天燃烧的过程,利用黑碳仪获得农作物秸秆燃烧过程中BC的实时浓度排放变化;利用质量重建,获得BC在线排放因子。结果表明:农作物秸秆在明燃过程中BC的排放因子较为稳定。通过平均排放因子的计算,获得小麦秸秆、水稻秸秆、玉米秸秆和大豆秸秆的BC排放因子分别为(0.32±0.05) g?kg~(-1)、(0.31±0.13) g?kg~(-1)、(0.31±0.09) g?kg~(-1)和(0.44±0.01) g?kg~(-1)。在排放因子的基础上,结合我国农作物秸秆露天燃烧量,最终建立了2015年我国省级(不含港澳台地区)典型农作物秸秆燃烧的BC排放清单。
Background, aim, and scope Biomass burning is a major source of black carbon(BC). China is a large agricultural country, with an average annual straw output of about 600 million tons. Open burning of crop residues accounts for about 26.8% of the total biomass burning. There are still limited studies focusing on the characteristics of BC from crop residues emissions. In this study, a custom-made combustion chamber was used to simulate the open burning of several representative types of crop residues. We obtained the characteristics of real-time emission factors of BC, and its emission inventory was established based on the crop yields in 2015 in China(not including Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan of China). Materials and methods The crop residues were mainly collected in the main grain producing areas of China. Test burns were conducted in a custom-made combustion chamber at the Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences(IEECAS) to simulate the open burning of crop residues. The combustion chamber is a ～8 m~3 cavity container with a length, width, and height of 1.8 m, 1.8 m, and 2.2 m, respectively. The combustion chamber was equipped with a thermocouple, a thermoanemometer, and an air purification system. A dilution sampler(Model18, Baldwin Environmental Inc., Reno, NV, USA) was installed downstream of the chamber to dilute the smoke before sampling. Results BC emission stability of crop residues during the process of flaming. The BC average emission factors for wheat straw, rice straw, corn stalk and soybean straw were(0.32 ± 0.05) g?kg~(-1),(0.31 ± 0.13) g?kg~(-1),(0.31 ± 0.09) g?kg~(-1), and(0.44 ± 0.01) g?kg~(-1). The estimated BC emissions for open burning of wheat, rice, corn and soybean were 13900 tons, 7100 tons, 8550 tons and 1330 tons, respectively, in China in 2015. Discussion The carbon content of straw calculated by mass balance and the average emission factors are consistent with those of previous studies. The four kinds of crop residue mass did not change much during the initial combustion, and the mass decreased rapidly during the steady combustion process. The realtime emission factor of BC has little change in stable combustion. The quality reconstruction is inaccurate in this experiment at the initial and end of the combustion, and the BC emission factor is based on the mean value of the stable combustion stage. Conclusions Calculating the carbon content of crop residue can well reflect the changes of straw burning quality. The BC average emission factor of soybean straw was higher than that of the other three straws. The quality reconstruction method is not accurate due to the less BC emission in the initial and end of combustion. According to the estimation of BC emissions of opening burning crop straw in all Chinese mainland provinces in 2015, we can see that BC emissions are mainly concentrated in Jiangsu,Anhui, Henan and Hunan provinces. Recommendations and perspectives This experiment mainly simulates the change of BC emission in crop straw open burning during flaming stage, and the BC emissions from crop straw smoldering process is less.
Background, aim, and scope Biomass burning is a major source of black carbon(BC). China is a large agricultural country, with an average annual straw output of about 600 million tons. Open burning of crop residues accounts for about 26.8% of the total biomass burning. There are still limited studies focusing on the characteristics of BC from crop residues emissions. In this study, a custom-made combustion chamber was used to simulate the open burning of several representative types of crop residues. We obtained the characteristics of real-time emission factors of BC, and its emission inventory was established based on the crop yields in 2015 in China(not including Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan of China). Materials and methods The crop residues were mainly collected in the main grain producing areas of China. Test burns were conducted in a custom-made combustion chamber at the Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences(IEECAS) to simulate the open burning of crop residues. The combustion chamber is a ～8 m~3 cavity container with a length, width, and height of 1.8 m, 1.8 m, and 2.2 m, respectively. The combustion chamber was equipped with a thermocouple, a thermoanemometer, and an air purification system. A dilution sampler(Model18, Baldwin Environmental Inc., Reno, NV, USA) was installed downstream of the chamber to dilute the smoke before sampling. Results BC emission stability of crop residues during the process of flaming. The BC average emission factors for wheat straw, rice straw, corn stalk and soybean straw were(0.32 ± 0.05) g?kg~(-1),(0.31 ± 0.13) g?kg~(-1),(0.31 ± 0.09) g?kg~(-1), and(0.44 ± 0.01) g?kg~(-1). The estimated BC emissions for open burning of wheat, rice, corn and soybean were 13900 tons, 7100 tons, 8550 tons and 1330 tons, respectively, in China in 2015. Discussion The carbon content of straw calculated by mass balance and the average emission factors are consistent with those of previous studies. The four kinds of crop residue mass did not change much during the initial combustion, and the mass decreased rapidly during the steady combustion process. The realtime emission factor of BC has little change in stable combustion. The quality reconstruction is inaccurate in this experiment at the initial and end of the combustion, and the BC emission factor is based on the mean value of the stable combustion stage. Conclusions Calculating the carbon content of crop residue can well reflect the changes of straw burning quality. The BC average emission factor of soybean straw was higher than that of the other three straws. The quality reconstruction method is not accurate due to the less BC emission in the initial and end of combustion. According to the estimation of BC emissions of opening burning crop straw in all Chinese mainland provinces in 2015, we can see that BC emissions are mainly concentrated in Jiangsu,Anhui, Henan and Hunan provinces. Recommendations and perspectives This experiment mainly simulates the change of BC emission in crop straw open burning during flaming stage, and the BC emissions from crop straw smoldering process is less.
引文
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谢光辉,王晓玉,任兰天.2010.中国作物秸秆资源评估研究现状[J].生物工程学报,26(7):855-863.[Xie G H,Wang X Y,Ren L T.2010.China’s crop residues resources evaluation[J].Chinese Journal of Biotechnology,26(7):855-863.]
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Bond T C,Streets D G,Yarber K F,et al.2004.A technologybased global inventory of black and organic carbon emissions from combustion[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,109(D14).DOI:10.1029/2003JD003697.
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Drinovec L,Mo?nik G,Zotter P,et al.2015.The“Dual-Spot”Aethalometer:an improved measurement of aerosol black carbon with real-time loading compensation[J]Atmospheric Measurement Techniques,8:1965-1979.
Hays M D,Fine P M,Geron C D,et al.2005.Open burning of agricultural biomass:physical and chemical properties of particle-phase emissions[J].Atmospheric Environment,39(36):6747-6764.
He M,Zheng J Y,Yin S S,et al.2011.Trends,temporal and spatial characteristics,and uncertainties in biomass burning emissions in the Pearl River Delta,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,45(24):4051-4059.
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Jacobson M Z.2001.Strong radiative heating due to the mixing state of black carbon in atmospheric aerosols[J].Nature,409(6821):695-697.
Johnson M,Edwards R,Frenk C A,et al.2008.In-field greenhouse gas emissions from cookstoves in rural Mexican households[J].Atmospheric Environment,42(6):1206-1222.
Jones G S,Christidis N,Stott P A.2011.Detecting the influence of fossil fuel and bio-fuel black carbon aerosols on near surface temperature changes[J].Atmospheric Chemistry&Physics,11(2):799-816.
K i m O a n h N T,Ly B T,Ti p a y a r o m D,e t a l.2 0 11.Characterization of particulate matter emission from open burning of rice straw[J].Atmospheric Environment,45(2):493-502.
Li X H,Duan L,Wang S X,et al.2007b.Emission characteristics of particulate matter from rural household biofuel combustion in China[J].Energy&Fuels,21(2):845-851.
Li X H,Wang S X,Duan L,et al.2007a.Particulate and trace gas emissions from open burning of wheat straw and corn stover in China[J].Environmental Science&Technology,41(17):6052-6058.
Liao C P,Wu C Z,Yan Y J,et al.2004 Chemical elemental characteristics of biomass fuels in China[J].Biomass&Bioenergy,27(2):119-130.
Lu Z,Zhang Q,Streets D G.2011.Sulfur dioxide and primary carbonaceous aerosol emissions in China and India,1996-2010[J].Atmospheric Chemistry&Physics,11(18):9839-9864.
McMeeking G R,Kreidenweis S M,Baker S,et al.2009.Emissions of trace gases and aerosols during the open combustion of biomass in the laboratory[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,114(D19).DOI:10.1029/2009JD011836.
Ni H Y,Han Y M,Cao J J,et al.2015.Emission characteristics of carbonaceous particles and trace gases from open burning of crop residues in China[J].Atmospheric Environment,123:399-406.
Ni H Y,Tian J,Wang X L,et al.2017.PM2.5 emissions and source profiles from open burning of crop residues[J].Atmospheric Environment,169.DOI:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.08.063.
Qin Y,Xie S D.2011.Historical estimation of carbonaceous aerosol emissions from biomass open burning in China for the period 1990-2005[J].Environmental Pollution,159(12):3316-3323.
Saathoff H,Naumann K H,Schnaiter M,et al.2003.Coating of soot and(NH4)2SO4 particles by ozonolysis products ofα-pinene[J].Journal of Aerosol Science,34(10):1297-1321.
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曹军骥.2014.PM2.5与环境[M].北京:科学出版社.[Cao J J.2014.PM2.5&environment[M].Beijing:Science Press.]
曹志宏,黄艳丽,郝晋珉.2018.中国作物秸秆资源利用潜力的多适宜性综合评价[J].环境科学研究,31(1):179-186.[Cao Z H,Huang Y L,Hao J M.2018.Multi-suitability comprehensive evaluation of crop straw resource utilization in China[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,31(1):179-186.]
付乐,王姗姗,武志立,等.2017.河南省秸秆露天焚烧大气污染物排放量的估算与分析[J].农业环境科学学报,36(4):808-816.[Fu L,Wang S S,Wu Z L,et al.2017.Estimation of air pollutant emissions from straw residues open burning in Henan Province[J].Journal of AgroEnvironment Science,36(4):808-816.]
蒋磊,汤莉莉,潘良宝,等.2017.南京冬季重污染过程中黑碳气溶胶的混合态及粒径分布[J].环境科学,38(1):13-21.[Jiang L,Tang L L,Pan L B,et al.2017.Size distribution and mixing state of black carbon aerosol in Nanjing during a heavy winter pollution event[J].Environmental Science,38(1):13-21.]
刘立忠,王宇翔,么远,等.2016.西安市黑碳气溶胶浓度特征及与气象因素和常规污染物相关性[J].中国环境监测,32(5):45-50.[Liu L Z,Wang Y X,Yao Y,et al.2016.Concentration characteristics and the correlations of black carbon aerosols with meteorological factors and conventional pollutants in Xi’an[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,32(5):45-50.]
陆燕,王勤耕,张艳燕.2015.长江三角洲黑碳排放特征研究[J].南京大学学报(自然科学),51(3):535-542.[Lu Y,Wang Q G,Zhang Y Y.2015.Black carbon emission in the Yangtze River delta[J].Journal of Nanjing University(Natural Sciences),51(3):535-542.]
彭立群,张强,贺克斌.2016.基于调查的中国秸秆露天焚烧污染物排放清单[J].环境科学研究,29(8):1109-1118.[Peng L Q,Zhang Q,He K B.2016.Emissions inventory of atmospheric pollutants from open burning of crop residues in China based on a national questionnaire[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,29(8):1109-1118.]
唐喜斌,黄成,楼晟荣,等.2014.长三角地区秸秆燃烧排放因子与颗粒物成分谱研究[J].环境科学,35(5):1623-1632.[Tang X B,Huang C,Lou S R,et al.2014.Emission factors and PM chemical composition study of biomass burning in the Yangtze River Delta region[J].Environmental Science,35(5):1623-1632.]
王书肖,张楚莹.2008.中国秸秆露天焚烧大气污染物排放时空分布[J].中国科技论文在线,3(5):329-333.[Wang S X,Zhang C Y.2008.Spatial and temporal distribution of air pollutant emissions from open burning of crop residues in China[J].Sciencepaper Online,3(5):329-333.]
王亚静,毕于运,高春雨.2010.中国秸秆资源可收集利用量及其适宜性评价[J].中国农业科学,43(9):1852-1859.[Wang Y J,Bi Y Y,Gao C Y.2010.Collectable amounts and suitability evaluation of straw resource in China[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,43(9):1852-1859.]
谢光辉,王晓玉,韩东倩,等.2011.中国非禾谷类大田作物收获指数和秸秆系数[J].中国农业大学学报,16(1):9-17.[Xie G H,Wang X Y,Han D Q,et al.2011.Harvest index and residue factor of non-cereal crops in China[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,16(1):9-17.]
谢光辉,王晓玉,任兰天.2010.中国作物秸秆资源评估研究现状[J].生物工程学报,26(7):855-863.[Xie G H,Wang X Y,Ren L T.2010.China’s crop residues resources evaluation[J].Chinese Journal of Biotechnology,26(7):855-863.]
祝斌,朱先磊,张元勋,等.2005.农作物秸秆燃烧PM2.5排放因子的研究[J].环境科学研究,18(2):29-33.[Zhu B,Zhu X L,Zhang Y X,et al.2005.Emission factor of PM2.5 from crop straw burning[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,18(2):29-33.]
Bond T C,Doherty S J,Fahey D W,et al.2013.Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system:a scientific assessment[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,118(11):5380-5552.
Bond T C,Streets D G,Yarber K F,et al.2004.A technologybased global inventory of black and organic carbon emissions from combustion[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,109(D14).DOI:10.1029/2003JD003697.
Cao G L,Zhang X Y,Gong S L,et al.2008a.Investigation on emission factors of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants from crop residue burning[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,20(1):50-55.
Cao G L,Zhang X Y,Wang Y Q,et al.2008b.Estimation of emissions from field burning of crop straw in China[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,53(5):784-790.
Dhammapala R,Claiborn C,Simpson C,et al.2007.Emission factors from wheat and Kentucky bluegrass stubble burning:Comparison of field and simulated burn experiments[J].Atmospheric Environment,41(7):1512-1520.
Drinovec L,Mo?nik G,Zotter P,et al.2015.The“Dual-Spot”Aethalometer:an improved measurement of aerosol black carbon with real-time loading compensation[J]Atmospheric Measurement Techniques,8:1965-1979.
Hays M D,Fine P M,Geron C D,et al.2005.Open burning of agricultural biomass:physical and chemical properties of particle-phase emissions[J].Atmospheric Environment,39(36):6747-6764.
He M,Zheng J Y,Yin S S,et al.2011.Trends,temporal and spatial characteristics,and uncertainties in biomass burning emissions in the Pearl River Delta,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,45(24):4051-4059.
Huang X,Li M M,Li J F,et al.2012.A high-resolution emission inventory of crop burning in fields in China based on MODIS Thermal Anomalies/Fire products[J].Atmospheric Environment,50(3):9-15.
Jacobson M Z.2001.Strong radiative heating due to the mixing state of black carbon in atmospheric aerosols[J].Nature,409(6821):695-697.
Johnson M,Edwards R,Frenk C A,et al.2008.In-field greenhouse gas emissions from cookstoves in rural Mexican households[J].Atmospheric Environment,42(6):1206-1222.
Jones G S,Christidis N,Stott P A.2011.Detecting the influence of fossil fuel and bio-fuel black carbon aerosols on near surface temperature changes[J].Atmospheric Chemistry&Physics,11(2):799-816.
K i m O a n h N T,Ly B T,Ti p a y a r o m D,e t a l.2 0 11.Characterization of particulate matter emission from open burning of rice straw[J].Atmospheric Environment,45(2):493-502.
Li X H,Duan L,Wang S X,et al.2007b.Emission characteristics of particulate matter from rural household biofuel combustion in China[J].Energy&Fuels,21(2):845-851.
Li X H,Wang S X,Duan L,et al.2007a.Particulate and trace gas emissions from open burning of wheat straw and corn stover in China[J].Environmental Science&Technology,41(17):6052-6058.
Liao C P,Wu C Z,Yan Y J,et al.2004 Chemical elemental characteristics of biomass fuels in China[J].Biomass&Bioenergy,27(2):119-130.
Lu Z,Zhang Q,Streets D G.2011.Sulfur dioxide and primary carbonaceous aerosol emissions in China and India,1996-2010[J].Atmospheric Chemistry&Physics,11(18):9839-9864.
McMeeking G R,Kreidenweis S M,Baker S,et al.2009.Emissions of trace gases and aerosols during the open combustion of biomass in the laboratory[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,114(D19).DOI:10.1029/2009JD011836.
Ni H Y,Han Y M,Cao J J,et al.2015.Emission characteristics of carbonaceous particles and trace gases from open burning of crop residues in China[J].Atmospheric Environment,123:399-406.
Ni H Y,Tian J,Wang X L,et al.2017.PM2.5 emissions and source profiles from open burning of crop residues[J].Atmospheric Environment,169.DOI:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.08.063.
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