基于Penman-Monteith-Leuning遥感模型的西南喀斯特区域蒸散发估算
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摘要
西南喀斯特地区地形起伏大、土壤保水持水性差、生态环境脆弱.准确估算区域尺度蒸散发对研究喀斯特地区植被恢复、水资源管理等具有重要意义.本文以桂西北喀斯特植被恢复区为例,基于野外实测气象和蒸散发数据,采用最小二乘法对Penman-Monteith-Leuning(PML)模型中气孔导度土壤湿度指数进行参数优化,并结合MOD15A2叶面积指数进行空间外推,实现了区域尺度上长时序蒸散发的估算.结果表明:研究区蒸散发模拟值与实测值有较好的一致性,模型确定系数、纳什系数和均方根误差分别为0.85、0.75和1.56 mm·d~(-1).蒸散发表现出季节变化特征,并与植被生长季物候特征一致,夏季蒸散量达到峰值.研究区年蒸散量在534~1035 mm,陆面蒸散发的空间分布呈现差异性,受降水的空间分布影响较大.年蒸散发可能不仅受到降水因素的影响,还与人类活动和土地利用类型有关.
Karst area in southwestern China is characterized with complex topography,low soil water capacity,and fragile ecosystem. Accurate estimation of regional evapotranspiration is essential for ecological restoration and water resources management in southwestern China. Based on observed evapotranspiration and meteorological data, this study aimed to estimate spatial upscale evapotranspiration using the MOD15A2 LAI and Penman-Monteith-Leuning( PML) model,within which the stomatal conductance and soil wetness index were optimized by the least-square method.The results showed that the modeled ET well fitted with the observations,with the determination coefficient,Nash efficiency coefficient and RMSE being 0.85,0.75 and 1.56 mm·d~(-1),respectively.The ET exhibited clear seasonality and reached to its maximum in summer,coinciding with vegetation phenology. The annual ET ranged from 534 to 1035 mm·a~(-1),with strong spatial heterogeneity which highly related to the precipitation. Evapotranspiration may be affected by precipitation as well as land use types.
Karst area in southwestern China is characterized with complex topography,low soil water capacity,and fragile ecosystem. Accurate estimation of regional evapotranspiration is essential for ecological restoration and water resources management in southwestern China. Based on observed evapotranspiration and meteorological data, this study aimed to estimate spatial upscale evapotranspiration using the MOD15A2 LAI and Penman-Monteith-Leuning( PML) model,within which the stomatal conductance and soil wetness index were optimized by the least-square method.The results showed that the modeled ET well fitted with the observations,with the determination coefficient,Nash efficiency coefficient and RMSE being 0.85,0.75 and 1.56 mm·d~(-1),respectively.The ET exhibited clear seasonality and reached to its maximum in summer,coinciding with vegetation phenology. The annual ET ranged from 534 to 1035 mm·a~(-1),with strong spatial heterogeneity which highly related to the precipitation. Evapotranspiration may be affected by precipitation as well as land use types.
引文
[1]Tang RL,Li ZL,Sun XM.Temporal upscaling of instantaneous evapotranspiration:An inter-comparison of four methods using eddy covariance measurements and MODIS data.Remote Sensing of Environment,2013,48:102-118
[2]Wen L(文丽),Song T-Q(宋同清),Du H(杜虎),et al.The succession characteristics and its driving mechanism of plant community in Karst region,Southwest China.Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2015,35(17):5822-5833(in Chinese)
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[5]Wu B-F(吴炳方),Xiong J(熊隽),Yan N-N(闫娜娜),et al.ET watch for monitoring regional evapotranspiration with remote sensing.Advances in Water Science(水科学进展),2008,19(5):671-679(in Chinese)
[6]Qu D(曲迪),Fan W-Y(范文义),Yang J-M(杨金明),et al.Quantitative estimation of evapotranspiration from Tahe forest ecosystem.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2014,25(6):1652-1660(in Chinese)
[7]Wang Z-F(王忠富),Zhang L-H(张兰惠),Wang YB(王一博),et al.Diurnal variation of evapotranspiration in the different periods of the drainage valley of the upper reaches of Heihe.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2016,12(11):3495-3504(in Chinese)
[8]Xia H-M(夏浩铭),Zhao W(赵伟),Li A-N(李爱农).Review of temporal scale expansion for evapotranspiration retrieved by remote sensing data.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(农业工程学报),2015,31(24):162-173(in Chinese)
[9]He T(贺添),Shao Q-Q(邵全琴).Spatial-temporal variation of terrestrial evapotranspiration in China from 2001 to 2010 using MOD16 products.Journal of Geo-Information Science(地理信息科学学报),2014,16(6):979-988(in Chinese)
[10]Yang YT,Long D,Guan HD,et al.Comparison of three dual-source remote sensing evapotranspiration models during the MUSOEXE-12 campaign.Water Resources Research,2015,5:3145-3165
[11]Jia Z-J(贾志军),Han L(韩琳),Wang G(王鸽),et al.Adaptability analysis of FAO PenmanMonteith model over typical underlying surfaces in the Sanjiang Plain.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2014,25(5):1327-1334(in Chinese)
[12]Feng J-Z(冯景泽),Wang Z-J(王忠静).A review on evapotranspiration estimation models using remotely sensed data.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering(水利学报),2012,43(5):914-926(in Chinese)
[13]Mu QZ,Zhao MS,Steven WR.Improvements to a MODIS global terrestrial evapotranspiration algorithm.Remote Sensing of Environment,2011,115:1781-1800
[14]Leuning R,Zhang YQ,Amelie R,et al.A simple surface conductance model to estimate regional evaporation using MODIS leaf area index and the Penman-Monteith equation.Water Resources Research,2008,10:652-655
[15]Cleugh HA,Leuning R,Mu Q,et al.Regional evaporation estimates from flux tower and MODIS satellite data.Remote Sensing of Environment,2007,106:285-304
[16]Qi W(祁伟).Water Quantity Evaluation Methodology Based on Modified SWAT Hydrological Modeling in Southwest Karst Area.Ph D Thesis.Wuhan:China University of Geoscience,2006(in Chinese)
[17]Zhang M-Y(张明阳),Wang K-L(王克林),Chen HS(陈洪松).Dynamic monitoring and analysis of water and soil erosion in the Karst Region based on RS and GIS:A case study in Huanjiang County,Guangxi Province.Resources Science(资源科学),2007,29(3):124-132(in Chinese)
[18]Wang X-N(王笑楠),Wang K-L(王克林),Chen HS(陈洪松),et al.Relationships between landscape structure and rocky desertification in Karst region of North-Western Guangxi Province.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2008,19(11):2467-2472(in Chinese)
[19]Yang J,Xu XL,Liu MX,et al.Effects of“Grain for Green”program on soil hydrologic functions in Karst landscapes,southwestern China.Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2017,247:120-129
[20]Wang H-B(王海波),Ma M-G(马明国).Estimation of transpiration and evaporation of different ecosystems in an inland river basin using remote sensing data and the Penman-Monteith equation.Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2014,34(19):5617-5626(in Chinese)
[21]Allen RG,Pereira LS,Raes D,et al.Crop Evapotranspiration:Guidelines for Computing Crop Water Requirements.FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56.Rome:FAO,1988
[22]Zhu Z-Y(朱仲元).Evapotranspiration Models and Water Requirements of Nature Vegetation in the Arid and Semiarid Region.Ph D Thesis.Huhhot:Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,2005(in Chinese)
[23]Yao YJ,Liang SL,Cheng J,et al.MODIS-driven estimation of terrestrial latent heat flux in China based on a modified Priestley-Taylor algorithm.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2013,171:187-202
[24]Fisher JB,Kevin TP,Dennis DB.Global estimates of the land-atmosphere water flux based on monthly AVHRR and ISLSCP-II data,validated at 16 FLUXNET sites.Remote Sensing of Environment,2008,3:901-919
[25]Mo X-G(莫兴国),Lin Z-H(林忠辉),Liu S-X(刘苏峡),et al.An improvement of the dual-source model based on Penman-Monteith formula.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering(水利学报),2000,12(5):6-12(in Chinese)
[26]Song X-Y(宋星原),Shu Q-Y(舒全英),Wang H-B(王海波),et al.Comparison and application of SCEUA,genetic algorithm and simplex method.Engineering Journal of Wuhan University(武汉大学学报),2009,42(1):9-15(in Chinese)
[27]Ye J-F(叶军飞),Xu R(许蕊).Spatiotemporal variation of leaf area index in Beijing based on MODIS data.Chinese Journal of Ecology(生态学杂志),2014,33(5):1374-1380(in Chinese)
[28]Granier A,Biron P,Lemoine D.Water balance transpiration and canopy conductance in two beech stands.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2000,33:291-308
[29]Yang X-L(杨宪龙),Wei X-R(魏孝荣),Shao M-A(邵明安).Effect of different kinds of micro-lysimeters on soil evaporation measurement.Chinese Journal of Soil Science(土壤通报),2017,48(2):343-350(in Chinese)
[30]Zhang Y-Q(张彦群),Wang J-D(王建东),Gong SH(龚时宏),et al.Measuring and modeling of soil evaporation for winter wheat with drip-irrigation.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(农业工程学报),2014,30(7):91-98(in Chinese)
[31]Li F-P(李发鹏),Xu Z-X(徐宗学),Li M-Y(李曼玉).Characteristics of the spatial and temporal distribution for regional evapotranspiration in the Yellow River Delta based on MODIS data.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(农业工程学报),2009,25(2):113-120(in Chinese)
[32]Li H-X(李红霞),Zhang Y-Q(张永强),Zhang X-H(张新华),et al.Estimation of transpiration and evaporation using Penman-Monteith equation.Engineering Journal of Wuhan University(武汉大学学报),2011,44(4):457-466(in Chinese)
[33]Wen Z-Q(温志群),Yang S-T(杨胜天),Song W-L(宋文龙),et al.The numerical simulation on green water cycle of typical vegetation types in Karst area.Geographical Research(地理研究),2010,12(10):1841-1853(in Chinese)
[34]Xiong Y-J(熊育久),Qiu G-Y(邱国玉),Chen X-H(陈晓宏).Estimation of evapotranspiration using threetemperature model based on MODIS data.Journal of Remote Sensing(遥感学报),2012,16(5):969-985(in Chinese)
[35]Yu J(余健).Estimating Evapotranspiration over Farmland and from Landsat Images Using Visible Near Infrared and Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing Data.Ph D Thesis.Beijing:Beijing Normal University,2017(in Chinese)
[36]Xiong YJ,Qiu GY.Estimation of evapotranspiration using remotely sensed land surface temperature and the revised three temperature model.Remote Sensing,2011,20:5853-5874
[37]Zhang YQ,Chiew FHS,Zhang L,et al.Estimating catchment evaporation and runoff using MODIS leaf area index and the Penman-Monteith equation.Water Resources Research,2008,44:1029-1039
[38]Wang S-J(王世杰).Problems and development trends about researches on Karst rocky desertification.Advances in Earth Science(地球科学进展),2007,22(6):573-582(in Chinese)
[39]Li B-F(李宝富),Chen Y-N(陈亚宁),Li W-H(李卫红),et al.Remote sensing and the SEBAL model for estimating evapotranspiration in the Tarim River.Acta Geographica Sinica(地理学报),2011,12(9):1230-1239(in Chinese)
[40]Wang KK,Liang SL.An improved method for estimating global evapotranspiration based on satellite determination of surface net radiation,vegetation index,temperature,and soil moisture.Journal of Hydrometeorology,2008,9:712-725
[41]Yang Y(阳勇),Chen R-S(陈仁升),Song Y-X(宋耀选),et al.Observation and estimation of grassland evapotranspiration in Heihe.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2013,12(4):1055-1062(in Chinese)
[2]Wen L(文丽),Song T-Q(宋同清),Du H(杜虎),et al.The succession characteristics and its driving mechanism of plant community in Karst region,Southwest China.Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2015,35(17):5822-5833(in Chinese)
[3]Fan F-D(凡非得),Wang K-L(王克林),Xiong Y(熊鹰),et al.Assessment and spatial distribution of water and soil loss in Karst regions,Southwest China.Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2015,31(21):6322-6353(in Chinese)
[4]Zhang B-Z(张宝忠),Xu D(许迪),Liu Y(刘钰),et al.Review of multi-scale evapotranspiration estimation and spatio-temporal scale expansion.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(农业工程学报),2015,31(6):8-16(in Chinese)
[5]Wu B-F(吴炳方),Xiong J(熊隽),Yan N-N(闫娜娜),et al.ET watch for monitoring regional evapotranspiration with remote sensing.Advances in Water Science(水科学进展),2008,19(5):671-679(in Chinese)
[6]Qu D(曲迪),Fan W-Y(范文义),Yang J-M(杨金明),et al.Quantitative estimation of evapotranspiration from Tahe forest ecosystem.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2014,25(6):1652-1660(in Chinese)
[7]Wang Z-F(王忠富),Zhang L-H(张兰惠),Wang YB(王一博),et al.Diurnal variation of evapotranspiration in the different periods of the drainage valley of the upper reaches of Heihe.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2016,12(11):3495-3504(in Chinese)
[8]Xia H-M(夏浩铭),Zhao W(赵伟),Li A-N(李爱农).Review of temporal scale expansion for evapotranspiration retrieved by remote sensing data.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(农业工程学报),2015,31(24):162-173(in Chinese)
[9]He T(贺添),Shao Q-Q(邵全琴).Spatial-temporal variation of terrestrial evapotranspiration in China from 2001 to 2010 using MOD16 products.Journal of Geo-Information Science(地理信息科学学报),2014,16(6):979-988(in Chinese)
[10]Yang YT,Long D,Guan HD,et al.Comparison of three dual-source remote sensing evapotranspiration models during the MUSOEXE-12 campaign.Water Resources Research,2015,5:3145-3165
[11]Jia Z-J(贾志军),Han L(韩琳),Wang G(王鸽),et al.Adaptability analysis of FAO PenmanMonteith model over typical underlying surfaces in the Sanjiang Plain.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2014,25(5):1327-1334(in Chinese)
[12]Feng J-Z(冯景泽),Wang Z-J(王忠静).A review on evapotranspiration estimation models using remotely sensed data.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering(水利学报),2012,43(5):914-926(in Chinese)
[13]Mu QZ,Zhao MS,Steven WR.Improvements to a MODIS global terrestrial evapotranspiration algorithm.Remote Sensing of Environment,2011,115:1781-1800
[14]Leuning R,Zhang YQ,Amelie R,et al.A simple surface conductance model to estimate regional evaporation using MODIS leaf area index and the Penman-Monteith equation.Water Resources Research,2008,10:652-655
[15]Cleugh HA,Leuning R,Mu Q,et al.Regional evaporation estimates from flux tower and MODIS satellite data.Remote Sensing of Environment,2007,106:285-304
[16]Qi W(祁伟).Water Quantity Evaluation Methodology Based on Modified SWAT Hydrological Modeling in Southwest Karst Area.Ph D Thesis.Wuhan:China University of Geoscience,2006(in Chinese)
[17]Zhang M-Y(张明阳),Wang K-L(王克林),Chen HS(陈洪松).Dynamic monitoring and analysis of water and soil erosion in the Karst Region based on RS and GIS:A case study in Huanjiang County,Guangxi Province.Resources Science(资源科学),2007,29(3):124-132(in Chinese)
[18]Wang X-N(王笑楠),Wang K-L(王克林),Chen HS(陈洪松),et al.Relationships between landscape structure and rocky desertification in Karst region of North-Western Guangxi Province.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2008,19(11):2467-2472(in Chinese)
[19]Yang J,Xu XL,Liu MX,et al.Effects of“Grain for Green”program on soil hydrologic functions in Karst landscapes,southwestern China.Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2017,247:120-129
[20]Wang H-B(王海波),Ma M-G(马明国).Estimation of transpiration and evaporation of different ecosystems in an inland river basin using remote sensing data and the Penman-Monteith equation.Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2014,34(19):5617-5626(in Chinese)
[21]Allen RG,Pereira LS,Raes D,et al.Crop Evapotranspiration:Guidelines for Computing Crop Water Requirements.FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56.Rome:FAO,1988
[22]Zhu Z-Y(朱仲元).Evapotranspiration Models and Water Requirements of Nature Vegetation in the Arid and Semiarid Region.Ph D Thesis.Huhhot:Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,2005(in Chinese)
[23]Yao YJ,Liang SL,Cheng J,et al.MODIS-driven estimation of terrestrial latent heat flux in China based on a modified Priestley-Taylor algorithm.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2013,171:187-202
[24]Fisher JB,Kevin TP,Dennis DB.Global estimates of the land-atmosphere water flux based on monthly AVHRR and ISLSCP-II data,validated at 16 FLUXNET sites.Remote Sensing of Environment,2008,3:901-919
[25]Mo X-G(莫兴国),Lin Z-H(林忠辉),Liu S-X(刘苏峡),et al.An improvement of the dual-source model based on Penman-Monteith formula.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering(水利学报),2000,12(5):6-12(in Chinese)
[26]Song X-Y(宋星原),Shu Q-Y(舒全英),Wang H-B(王海波),et al.Comparison and application of SCEUA,genetic algorithm and simplex method.Engineering Journal of Wuhan University(武汉大学学报),2009,42(1):9-15(in Chinese)
[27]Ye J-F(叶军飞),Xu R(许蕊).Spatiotemporal variation of leaf area index in Beijing based on MODIS data.Chinese Journal of Ecology(生态学杂志),2014,33(5):1374-1380(in Chinese)
[28]Granier A,Biron P,Lemoine D.Water balance transpiration and canopy conductance in two beech stands.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2000,33:291-308
[29]Yang X-L(杨宪龙),Wei X-R(魏孝荣),Shao M-A(邵明安).Effect of different kinds of micro-lysimeters on soil evaporation measurement.Chinese Journal of Soil Science(土壤通报),2017,48(2):343-350(in Chinese)
[30]Zhang Y-Q(张彦群),Wang J-D(王建东),Gong SH(龚时宏),et al.Measuring and modeling of soil evaporation for winter wheat with drip-irrigation.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(农业工程学报),2014,30(7):91-98(in Chinese)
[31]Li F-P(李发鹏),Xu Z-X(徐宗学),Li M-Y(李曼玉).Characteristics of the spatial and temporal distribution for regional evapotranspiration in the Yellow River Delta based on MODIS data.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(农业工程学报),2009,25(2):113-120(in Chinese)
[32]Li H-X(李红霞),Zhang Y-Q(张永强),Zhang X-H(张新华),et al.Estimation of transpiration and evaporation using Penman-Monteith equation.Engineering Journal of Wuhan University(武汉大学学报),2011,44(4):457-466(in Chinese)
[33]Wen Z-Q(温志群),Yang S-T(杨胜天),Song W-L(宋文龙),et al.The numerical simulation on green water cycle of typical vegetation types in Karst area.Geographical Research(地理研究),2010,12(10):1841-1853(in Chinese)
[34]Xiong Y-J(熊育久),Qiu G-Y(邱国玉),Chen X-H(陈晓宏).Estimation of evapotranspiration using threetemperature model based on MODIS data.Journal of Remote Sensing(遥感学报),2012,16(5):969-985(in Chinese)
[35]Yu J(余健).Estimating Evapotranspiration over Farmland and from Landsat Images Using Visible Near Infrared and Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing Data.Ph D Thesis.Beijing:Beijing Normal University,2017(in Chinese)
[36]Xiong YJ,Qiu GY.Estimation of evapotranspiration using remotely sensed land surface temperature and the revised three temperature model.Remote Sensing,2011,20:5853-5874
[37]Zhang YQ,Chiew FHS,Zhang L,et al.Estimating catchment evaporation and runoff using MODIS leaf area index and the Penman-Monteith equation.Water Resources Research,2008,44:1029-1039
[38]Wang S-J(王世杰).Problems and development trends about researches on Karst rocky desertification.Advances in Earth Science(地球科学进展),2007,22(6):573-582(in Chinese)
[39]Li B-F(李宝富),Chen Y-N(陈亚宁),Li W-H(李卫红),et al.Remote sensing and the SEBAL model for estimating evapotranspiration in the Tarim River.Acta Geographica Sinica(地理学报),2011,12(9):1230-1239(in Chinese)
[40]Wang KK,Liang SL.An improved method for estimating global evapotranspiration based on satellite determination of surface net radiation,vegetation index,temperature,and soil moisture.Journal of Hydrometeorology,2008,9:712-725
[41]Yang Y(阳勇),Chen R-S(陈仁升),Song Y-X(宋耀选),et al.Observation and estimation of grassland evapotranspiration in Heihe.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2013,12(4):1055-1062(in Chinese)