Cropland physical disturbance intensity: plot-scale measurement and its application for soil erosion reduction in mountainous areas
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摘要
Various kinds of human disturbances on cropland are the main reasons for soil erosion and land degradation.Farming practices in mountainous areas vary greatly among cropland plots because of the heterogeneity of biophysical conditions and differences in farmers'management behavior.The main purpose of this paper is to develop a composite index of cropland physical disturbance intensity(CLDI)to reflect the plot-scale discrepancy of potential soil erosion in mountainous areas.The study was based on both plot survey and household interview data,collected from six typical catchments in mountainous areas of southwestern China.Four kinds of physical disturbance practices and two kinds of conservation practices during one crop rotation period were synthesized to develop the CLDI index.The rough set theory was referenced to avoid subjectivity during weight allocation.The results show that conventional tillage,deep fertilization,and manual weeding are the main causes of cropland soil erosion,whereas manure application in combination with seasonal fallow reduces soil erosion.Different crop types as well as cropland location factors determine the spatial pattern of CLDI.Crop rotation modes with major crops of tobacco and maize resulted in a maximal CLDI,and cropland plots with a distance radius of 150 meters away from households received the most intensive physical disturbance.These results are critical to help better protect rural environments in mountainous areas.Based on the results,methods to reduce cropland soil erosion are suggested.
Various kinds of human disturbances on cropland are the main reasons for soil erosion and land degradation.Farming practices in mountainous areas vary greatly among cropland plots because of the heterogeneity of biophysical conditions and differences in farmers'management behavior.The main purpose of this paper is to develop a composite index of cropland physical disturbance intensity(CLDI)to reflect the plot-scale discrepancy of potential soil erosion in mountainous areas.The study was based on both plot survey and household interview data,collected from six typical catchments in mountainous areas of southwestern China.Four kinds of physical disturbance practices and two kinds of conservation practices during one crop rotation period were synthesized to develop the CLDI index.The rough set theory was referenced to avoid subjectivity during weight allocation.The results show that conventional tillage,deep fertilization,and manual weeding are the main causes of cropland soil erosion,whereas manure application in combination with seasonal fallow reduces soil erosion.Different crop types as well as cropland location factors determine the spatial pattern of CLDI.Crop rotation modes with major crops of tobacco and maize resulted in a maximal CLDI,and cropland plots with a distance radius of 150 meters away from households received the most intensive physical disturbance.These results are critical to help better protect rural environments in mountainous areas.Based on the results,methods to reduce cropland soil erosion are suggested.
Various kinds of human disturbances on cropland are the main reasons for soil erosion and land degradation.Farming practices in mountainous areas vary greatly among cropland plots because of the heterogeneity of biophysical conditions and differences in farmers'management behavior.The main purpose of this paper is to develop a composite index of cropland physical disturbance intensity(CLDI)to reflect the plot-scale discrepancy of potential soil erosion in mountainous areas.The study was based on both plot survey and household interview data,collected from six typical catchments in mountainous areas of southwestern China.Four kinds of physical disturbance practices and two kinds of conservation practices during one crop rotation period were synthesized to develop the CLDI index.The rough set theory was referenced to avoid subjectivity during weight allocation.The results show that conventional tillage,deep fertilization,and manual weeding are the main causes of cropland soil erosion,whereas manure application in combination with seasonal fallow reduces soil erosion.Different crop types as well as cropland location factors determine the spatial pattern of CLDI.Crop rotation modes with major crops of tobacco and maize resulted in a maximal CLDI,and cropland plots with a distance radius of 150 meters away from households received the most intensive physical disturbance.These results are critical to help better protect rural environments in mountainous areas.Based on the results,methods to reduce cropland soil erosion are suggested.
引文
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Maetens W,Poesen J,Vanmaercke M(2012)How effective are soil conservation techniques in reducing plot runoff and soil loss in Europe and the Mediterranean?Earth-Science Reviews 115:21-36.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.08.003
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Askari MS,Holden NM(2015)Quantitative soil quality indexing of temperate arable management systems.Soil&Tillage Research 150:57-67.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2015.01.010
Ayoubi S,Khormali F,Sahrawat KL,et al.(2011)Assessing impacts of land use change on soil quality indicators in a Loessial Soil in Golestan Province,Iran.Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 13:727-742.
Aziz I,Mahmood T,Islam KR(2013)Effect of long term no-till and conventional tillage practices on soil quality.Soil&Tillage Research 131:28-35.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2013.03.002
Bakker MM,Alam SJ,van Dijk J,et al.(2015)Land-use change arising from rural land exchange:an agent-based simulation model.Landscape Ecology 30:273-286.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-014-0116-x
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Fleskens L,Stringer LC(2014)Land management and policy responses to mitigate desertification and land degradation.Land Degradation&Development 25:1-4.https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2272
Foley JA,Ramankutty N,Brauman KA,et al.(2011)Solutions for a cultivated planet.Nature 478:337-342.https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10452
Gaveau DLA,Linkie M,Suyadi,et al.(2009)Three decades of deforestation in southwest Sumatra:Effects of coffee prices,law enforcement and rural poverty.Biological Conservation142:597-605.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2008.11.024
Gholami L,Sadeghi SHR,Homaee M(2016)Different effects of sheep manure conditioner on runoff and soil loss components in eroded soil.Catena 139:99-104.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2015.12.011
Gilley JE,Risse LM(2000)Runoff and soil loss as affected by the application of manure.Transactions of the Asae 43:1583-1588.
Hao H,Li X,Tan M,et al.(2015)Agricultural land use intensity and its determinants:A case study in Taibus Banner,Inner Mongolia,China.Frontiers of Earth Science 9:308-318.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-014-0471-6
Herzog F,Steiner B,Bailey D,et al.(2006)Assessing the intensity of temperate European agriculture at the landscape scale.European Journal of Agronomy 24:165-181.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2005.07.006
Herzon I,Aunins A,Elts J,et al.(2008)Intensity of agricultural land-use and farmland birds in the Baltic States.Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment 125:93-100.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2007.11.008
Hu XH,Cercone N(1995)Discovery of decision rules in relational databases:a rough set approach.Computational Intelligence 11:323-338.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1995.tb00035.x
Karlen DL,Wollenhaupt NC,Erbach DC,et al.(1994)Longterm tillage effects on soil quality.Soil&Tillage Research 32:313-327.https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-1987(94)00427-g
Keeler BL,Polasky S(2014)Land-use change and costs to rural households:a case study in groundwater nitrate contamination.Environmental Research Letters 9:1-10.https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/7/074002
Keesstra S,Pereira P,Novara A,et al.(2016)Effects of soil management techniques on soil water erosion in apricot orchards.Science of the Total Environment 551:357-366.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.182
Kusi-Sarpong S,Bai C,Sarkis J,et al.(2015)Green supply chain practices evaluation in the mining industry using a joint rough sets and fuzzy TOPSIS methodology.Resources Policy46:86-100.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2014.10.011
Lalande R,Gagnon B,Simard RR,et al.(2000)Soil microbial biomass and enzyme activity following liquid hog manure application in a long-term field trial.Canadian Journal of Soil Science 80:263-269.https://doi.org/10.4141/S99-064
Lu X,Huang X,Zhong T,et al.(2012)Comparative analysis of influence factors on arable land use intensity at farm household level:A case study comparing Suyu District of Suqian City and Taixing City,Jiangsu Province,China.Chinese Geographical Science 22:556-567.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-012-0563-8
Luscher G,Ammari Y,Andriets A,et al.(2016)Farmland biodiversity and agricultural management on 237 farms in 13European and two African regions.Ecology 97:1625-1625.https://doi.org/10.1890/15-1985.1
Maetens W,Poesen J,Vanmaercke M(2012)How effective are soil conservation techniques in reducing plot runoff and soil loss in Europe and the Mediterranean?Earth-Science Reviews 115:21-36.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.08.003
Malawska A,Topping CJ(2016)Evaluating the role of behavioral factors and practical constraints in the performance of an agent-based model of farmer decision making.Agricultural Systems 143:136-146.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2015.12.014
Masanjala WH(2006)Cash crop liberalization and poverty alleviation in Africa:evidence from Malawi.Agricultural Economics 35:231-240.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.2006.00156.x
Melero S,Jesus Lopez-Bellido R,Lopez-Bellido L,et al.(2011)Long-term effect of tillage,rotation and nitrogen fertiliser on soil quality in a Mediterranean Vertisol.Soil&Tillage Research114:97-107.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2011.04.007
Montgomery DR(2007)Soil erosion and agricultural sustainability.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104:13268-13272.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0611508104
Morgan RPC,Quinton JN,Smith RE,et al.(1998)The European Soil Erosion Model(EUROSEM):A dynamic approach for predicting sediment transport from fields and small catchments.Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 23:527-544.https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9837(199806)23:6<527::aid-esp868>3.0.co;2-5
Myers N,Mittermeier RA,Mittermeier CG,et al.(2000)Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities.Nature 403:853-858.https://doi.org/10.1038/35002501
Nyamadzawo G,Chikowo R,Nyamugafata P,et al.(2008)Soil organic carbon dynamics of improved fallow-maize rotation systems under conventional and no-tillage in Central Zimbabwe.Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 81:85-93.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-007-9154-y
Okoli C,Pawlowski SD(2004)The Delphi method as a research tool:an example,design considerations and applications.Information&Management 42:15-29.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2003.11.002
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