Evaluation of relative tectonic activity along the Priene-Sazl? Fault(S?ke Basin, southwest Anatolia): Insights from geomorphic indices and drainage analysis
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摘要
The West Anatolia Extensional Zone, which has a width of about 300 km, is located within the Alpine-Himalayan belt and is one of the regions with intense seismic activity in the world. The most important geomorphological structures in this area are three main graben structures resulting from regional N-S extension since the Early Miocene. These structures are the E-W trending Büyük Menderes, Kü?ük Menderes, and Gediz grabens. S?ke Basin is located at the SW end of the Büyük Menderes graben. The lineaments which control the NW of S?ke Basin have a length of approximately 40 km and have been defined as the Priene-Sazl? Fault(PSF). The PSF is seismically active, and the last large earthquake(the S?ke-Balat earthquake; Ms: 6.8) was produced on July 16 th of 1955. The ancient city of Priene, which was located in the study area, suffered from destructive earthquakes(in the 4 th century and 2 nd century BC, in the 2 nd century AD, during the Byzantine period and after the 12 th century BC). This study aims to reveal the effect of the PSF on the morphotectonic evolution of the region and the relative tectonic activity of the fault. To this end, it was the first time the stream length gradient index(SL: 130-1303), mountain-front sinuosity(Smf: 1.15-1.96), valley floor height and valley width ratio(Vf: 0.27-1.66), drainage basin asymmetry(AF: 0.15-0.76), hypsometric curve(HC) and hypsometric integral(HI: 0.22-0.86) and basin shape index(Bs: 1.04-5.75) along the mountain front that is formed by the PSF. Using a combination of the mountain-front sinuosity(Smf), valley floor height and valley width ratio(Vf), it is found that the uplift ratio in the region is not less than 0.05 mm/yr and the relative tectonic activity of PSF is high. According to the relative tectonic activity index(Iat) obtained from geomorphic indices, the southwest part of the PSF is relatively more active than the northeast part. As a result, I posit that the PSF has the potential to produce earthquakes in the future similarly to those that were produced in the past, and that the most destructive earthquakes will likely occur on the southwest segments of the fault according to geomorphic indices.
The West Anatolia Extensional Zone, which has a width of about 300 km, is located within the Alpine-Himalayan belt and is one of the regions with intense seismic activity in the world. The most important geomorphological structures in this area are three main graben structures resulting from regional N-S extension since the Early Miocene. These structures are the E-W trending Büyük Menderes, Kü?ük Menderes, and Gediz grabens. S?ke Basin is located at the SW end of the Büyük Menderes graben. The lineaments which control the NW of S?ke Basin have a length of approximately 40 km and have been defined as the Priene-Sazl? Fault(PSF). The PSF is seismically active, and the last large earthquake(the S?ke-Balat earthquake; Ms: 6.8) was produced on July 16 th of 1955. The ancient city of Priene, which was located in the study area, suffered from destructive earthquakes(in the 4 th century and 2 nd century BC, in the 2 nd century AD, during the Byzantine period and after the 12 th century BC). This study aims to reveal the effect of the PSF on the morphotectonic evolution of the region and the relative tectonic activity of the fault. To this end, it was the first time the stream length gradient index(SL: 130-1303), mountain-front sinuosity(Smf: 1.15-1.96), valley floor height and valley width ratio(Vf: 0.27-1.66), drainage basin asymmetry(AF: 0.15-0.76), hypsometric curve(HC) and hypsometric integral(HI: 0.22-0.86) and basin shape index(Bs: 1.04-5.75) along the mountain front that is formed by the PSF. Using a combination of the mountain-front sinuosity(Smf), valley floor height and valley width ratio(Vf), it is found that the uplift ratio in the region is not less than 0.05 mm/yr and the relative tectonic activity of PSF is high. According to the relative tectonic activity index(Iat) obtained from geomorphic indices, the southwest part of the PSF is relatively more active than the northeast part. As a result, I posit that the PSF has the potential to produce earthquakes in the future similarly to those that were produced in the past, and that the most destructive earthquakes will likely occur on the southwest segments of the fault according to geomorphic indices.
The West Anatolia Extensional Zone, which has a width of about 300 km, is located within the Alpine-Himalayan belt and is one of the regions with intense seismic activity in the world. The most important geomorphological structures in this area are three main graben structures resulting from regional N-S extension since the Early Miocene. These structures are the E-W trending Büyük Menderes, Kü?ük Menderes, and Gediz grabens. S?ke Basin is located at the SW end of the Büyük Menderes graben. The lineaments which control the NW of S?ke Basin have a length of approximately 40 km and have been defined as the Priene-Sazl? Fault(PSF). The PSF is seismically active, and the last large earthquake(the S?ke-Balat earthquake; Ms: 6.8) was produced on July 16 th of 1955. The ancient city of Priene, which was located in the study area, suffered from destructive earthquakes(in the 4 th century and 2 nd century BC, in the 2 nd century AD, during the Byzantine period and after the 12 th century BC). This study aims to reveal the effect of the PSF on the morphotectonic evolution of the region and the relative tectonic activity of the fault. To this end, it was the first time the stream length gradient index(SL: 130-1303), mountain-front sinuosity(Smf: 1.15-1.96), valley floor height and valley width ratio(Vf: 0.27-1.66), drainage basin asymmetry(AF: 0.15-0.76), hypsometric curve(HC) and hypsometric integral(HI: 0.22-0.86) and basin shape index(Bs: 1.04-5.75) along the mountain front that is formed by the PSF. Using a combination of the mountain-front sinuosity(Smf), valley floor height and valley width ratio(Vf), it is found that the uplift ratio in the region is not less than 0.05 mm/yr and the relative tectonic activity of PSF is high. According to the relative tectonic activity index(Iat) obtained from geomorphic indices, the southwest part of the PSF is relatively more active than the northeast part. As a result, I posit that the PSF has the potential to produce earthquakes in the future similarly to those that were produced in the past, and that the most destructive earthquakes will likely occur on the southwest segments of the fault according to geomorphic indices.
引文
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Burbank DW,Anderson RS(2001)Tectonic Geomorphology.Blackwell Science,Oxford.pp 247.
Candan O,Dora OO,Oberh?nsli R,et al.(1997)Blueschist relics in the Mesozoic cover series of the Menderes Massif and correlations with Samos Island,Cyclades.Schweizerische Mineralogische Und Petrographische Mitteilungen 77:95-99.http://doi.org/10.5169/seals-58471
Chang Z,Sun W,Wang J(2005)Assessment of the relative tectonic activity in the Bailongjiang Basin:insights from DEM-derived geomorphic indices.Environmental Earth Sciences 74:5143-5153.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4525-1
Chatzaras V,Xypolias P,Kokkalas S,et al.(2011)OligoceneMiocene thrusting in central Aegean:insights from the Cycladic island of Amorgos.Geological Journal 46:619-636.https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.1304
Chen YC,Sung QC,Cheng KY(2003)Along-strike variations of morphometric features in the western foothills of Taiwan:tectonic implications based on stream gradient and hypsometric analysis.Geomorphology 56:109-137.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(03)00059-X
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Cox RT(1994)Analysis of drainage-basins symmetry as rapid technique to identify areas of possible Quaternary tilt-block tectonics:an example from Mississippi embayment.Geological Society of America Bulletin 106:571-581.https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<3C0571:AODBSA>3E2.3.CO;2
?akmako?lu A(2007)Pre-Neogene tectonostratigraphy of Dilek Peninsula,S?ke and Sel?uk.Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 135:1-17.(In Turkish)
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Font M,Amorese D,Lagarde JL(2010)DEM and GIS analysis of the stream gradient index to evaluate effects of tectonics:the Normandy intraplate area(NW France).Geomorphology119(3-4):172-179.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.03.017
Gao MX,Zeilinger G,Xu XW,et al.(2013)DEM and GISanalysis of geomorphic indices for evaluating recent uplift of the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau,China.Geomorphology 190(15):61-72.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.02.008
Giano SI,Pescatore E,Agosta F,et al.(2018a).Geomorphic evidence of Quaternary tectonics within an underlap fault zone of southern Apennines,Italy.Geomorphology 303:172-190.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2017.11.020
Giano SI,Mecca L,Pascale S,et al.(2018b)Morphometric analysis of the thrust front of the Lucanian Apennine,southern Italy.Geografia Fisica e Dinamica Quaternaria 41:67-81.https://doi.org/10.4461/GFDQ.2018.41.5
Gürer F?,Sar?ca-Filoreau N,?zburan M,et al.(2009)Progressive development of the Büyük Menderes Graben based on new data,western Turkey.Geological Magazine 146:652-673.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756809006359
Gürer?F,Bozcu M,Y?lmaz K,et al.(2001)Neogene basin development around S?ke-Kus?adas?(western Anatolia)and its bearing on tectonic development of the Aegean region.Geodinamica Acta 14:57-69.https://doi.org/10.1080/09853111.2001.11432435
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Koukouvelas IK,Zygouri V,Nikolakopoulos K,et al.(2018)Treatise on the tectonic geomorphology of active faults:The significance of using a universal digital elevation model.Journal of Structural Geology 116:241-252.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2018.06.007
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Angelier J,Dumont JF,Karamanderesi H,et al.(1981)Analyses of fault mechanisms and expansion of southwestern Anatolia since the late Miocene.Tectonophysics 75:1-9.https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(81)90271-7
Bozkurt E(2001)Neotectonics of Turkey-a synthesis.Geodinamica Acta 14:3-30.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0985-3111(01)01066-X
Bull WB(2007)Tectonic Geomorphology of Mountains:ANewApproach to Paleoseismology.Wiley-Blackwell,Oxford.pp 328.
Bull WB,McFadden LD(1977)Tectonic geomorphology north and south of the Garlock fault,California.In:Doehring DO(ed)Geomorphology in Arid Regions.Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Geomorphology Symposium.State University of New York,Binghamton.pp 115-138.
Burbank DW,Anderson RS(2001)Tectonic Geomorphology.Blackwell Science,Oxford.pp 247.
Candan O,Dora OO,Oberh?nsli R,et al.(1997)Blueschist relics in the Mesozoic cover series of the Menderes Massif and correlations with Samos Island,Cyclades.Schweizerische Mineralogische Und Petrographische Mitteilungen 77:95-99.http://doi.org/10.5169/seals-58471
Chang Z,Sun W,Wang J(2005)Assessment of the relative tectonic activity in the Bailongjiang Basin:insights from DEM-derived geomorphic indices.Environmental Earth Sciences 74:5143-5153.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4525-1
Chatzaras V,Xypolias P,Kokkalas S,et al.(2011)OligoceneMiocene thrusting in central Aegean:insights from the Cycladic island of Amorgos.Geological Journal 46:619-636.https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.1304
Chen YC,Sung QC,Cheng KY(2003)Along-strike variations of morphometric features in the western foothills of Taiwan:tectonic implications based on stream gradient and hypsometric analysis.Geomorphology 56:109-137.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(03)00059-X
Cheng W,Wang N,Zhao M,et al.(2016)Relative tectonics and debris flow hazards in the Beijing mountain area from DEMderived geomorphic indices and drainage analysis.Geomorphology 257:134-142.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.01.003
Cox RT(1994)Analysis of drainage-basins symmetry as rapid technique to identify areas of possible Quaternary tilt-block tectonics:an example from Mississippi embayment.Geological Society of America Bulletin 106:571-581.https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<3C0571:AODBSA>3E2.3.CO;2
?akmako?lu A(2007)Pre-Neogene tectonostratigraphy of Dilek Peninsula,S?ke and Sel?uk.Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 135:1-17.(In Turkish)
Dehbozorgi M,Pourkermani M,Arian M,et al.(2010)Quantitative analysis of relative tectonic activity in the Sarvestan area,central Zagros,Iran.Geomorphology 121:329-341.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.05.002
EI Hamdouni R,Irigaray C,Fernandez T,et al.(2008)Assessment of relative active tectonics,southwest border of Sierra Nevada(Southern Spain).Geomorphology 96(1-2):150-173.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.08.004
Ercan T,Akat U,Günay E,et al.(1986)Geology of the S?keSel?uk-Ku?adas?region and petrochemical features of the volcanic rocks.Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 105/106:15-38.(In Turkish)
Font M,Amorese D,Lagarde JL(2010)DEM and GIS analysis of the stream gradient index to evaluate effects of tectonics:the Normandy intraplate area(NW France).Geomorphology119(3-4):172-179.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.03.017
Gao MX,Zeilinger G,Xu XW,et al.(2013)DEM and GISanalysis of geomorphic indices for evaluating recent uplift of the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau,China.Geomorphology 190(15):61-72.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.02.008
Giano SI,Pescatore E,Agosta F,et al.(2018a).Geomorphic evidence of Quaternary tectonics within an underlap fault zone of southern Apennines,Italy.Geomorphology 303:172-190.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2017.11.020
Giano SI,Mecca L,Pascale S,et al.(2018b)Morphometric analysis of the thrust front of the Lucanian Apennine,southern Italy.Geografia Fisica e Dinamica Quaternaria 41:67-81.https://doi.org/10.4461/GFDQ.2018.41.5
Gürer F?,Sar?ca-Filoreau N,?zburan M,et al.(2009)Progressive development of the Büyük Menderes Graben based on new data,western Turkey.Geological Magazine 146:652-673.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756809006359
Gürer?F,Bozcu M,Y?lmaz K,et al.(2001)Neogene basin development around S?ke-Kus?adas?(western Anatolia)and its bearing on tectonic development of the Aegean region.Geodinamica Acta 14:57-69.https://doi.org/10.1080/09853111.2001.11432435
Hack JT(1973)Stream-profiles analysis and stream-gradient index.Journal of Research of the U.S.Geological Survey 1:421-429.
Hare PW,Gardner TW(1985)Geomorphic indicators of vertical neotectonism along converging plate margins,Nicoya Peninsula,Costa Rica.Proceedings of the 15th Geomorphology Symposium.Birmingham,Allen and Unwinr,Boston.pp 76-104.
Koukouvelas IK,Zygouri V,Nikolakopoulos K,et al.(2018)Treatise on the tectonic geomorphology of active faults:The significance of using a universal digital elevation model.Journal of Structural Geology 116:241-252.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2018.06.007
Keller EA(1986)Investigation of active tectonics:use of surficial Earth processes.In:Wallace RE(ed.),Active Tectonics,Studies in Geophysics,National Academy Press,Washington DC.pp 136-147.
Keller EA,Pinter N(2002)Active tectonics:earthquakes,uplift,and landscape,2nd edn.Prentice Hall,Upper Saddle River.
Khalifa A,?ak?r Z,Owen LA,et al.(2018)Morphotectonic analysis of the East Anatolian Fault,Turkey.Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 27:110-126.https://doi.org/10.3906/yer-1707-16
Konak N,?enel M(2002)Geological Map of Turkey in1/500,000 scale:Denizli Sheet.Publication of Mineral Research and Exploration Directorate of Turkey,Ankara.(In Turkish)
Lifton NA,Chase CG(1992)Tectonic,climatic and lithologic influences on landscape fractal dimension and hypsometry:implications for landscape evolution in the San Gabriel Mountains,California.Geomorphology 5:77-114.https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-555X(92)90059-W
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