黑龙江省大豆生长季干旱时空格局
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摘要
为精细化诊断大豆生长季干旱,提高干旱评估的准确性,采用连续无有效降水日数指标来表征干旱,以累积的干旱持续天数将干旱分为5个等级,即无旱、轻旱、中旱、重旱、特旱;并以干旱强度、干旱频率和干旱范围三因子分析1971-2016年间大豆生长季的干旱时空特征。研究表明,1971-2016年间,在大豆生长季,松嫩平原西部的平均干旱强度最强,其中松嫩平原西南部干旱日数超过了90 d,但三江平原东北角和黑河中部干旱强度气候倾向率高于2.5 d·10a~(-1),有明显的增强趋势,而牡丹江东南部干旱强度气候倾向率低于-2.5 d·10a~(-1),有较强的减少趋势;松嫩平原西部中度以上干旱频率超过90%,松嫩平原西南部重度以上干旱频率超过50%。1971-2016年中,1976年、1979年、1982年、1989年、1999年、2001年、2004年和2007年约56%～77%的气象观测站点表现为重度以上干旱,长达3个月的时间大豆处于干旱缺水状态,且2007年干旱范围和强度表现最典型。大豆生长季逐日干旱频率动态变化均以"V"形为主要特征,逐日干旱频率从大豆播种出苗期约60%～90%降低至开花结荚期40%以下,但鼓粒-成熟期又上升至40%～80%;从大豆安全性种植角度来评价地域差异,黑龙江省中部好于东部,东部好于西部,西部的北部好于西部的南部。
Heilongjiang Province is one of major soybean growing regions in China but drought is a main part of meteorological hazards to its growth, which impact production security of soybean. For precise discriminating drought and enhancing the veracity of drought assessment, drought was studied in Heilongjiang Province based on drought index as continuous days without available precipitation. The drought was divided into five levels such as normal, slight, medium, severe and extreme drought by accumulated days of continuous drought. With these factors such as drought intensity, drought frequency and drought area, spatial-temporal characteristics of drought was analyzed during growing season of soybean. The results showed that center of high drought intensity located in the western Songnen Plain during growing periods of soybean from 1971 to 2016. During that period, the drought intensity was over 90 days in southwestern Songnen Plain, and there was obvious tendency toward increased drought intensity, which climate tendency rate was above 2.5 d·10 a~(-1) in the northeastern Sanjiang Plain and the central part of Heihe region, and there was obvious tendency toward weaken drought intensity, which climate tendency rate was under-2.5 d·10 a~(-1) in the southeastern Mudanjiang region. The medium of drought frequency was above 90% in the western Songnen Plain, and severe drought frequency was above 50% in the southwestern Songnen Plain. In the years such as 1976, 1979, 1982, 1989, 1999, 2001, 2004 and 2007 during the period of 1971 to 2016, drought above severe happened in eighty meteorological observation stations at 56% to 77% and soybean was still in a state of drought and water shortage was for three months. The drought extent and intensity in 2007 were the most typical. Dynamic change of daily drought frequency was characterized by the shape of "V"in growing periods of soybean. From sowing to flowering and podding stages of soybean, daily drought frequency decreased fewer than 40% from 60% to 90%, but daily drought frequency increased to 40% to 80% during emergence stage, again. Therefore, in Heilongjiang Province, as a concerd of soybean production security, the central region is better than the eastern part, and the eastern region is better than the west, and the northern part of the west is better than the southern part of the west.
Heilongjiang Province is one of major soybean growing regions in China but drought is a main part of meteorological hazards to its growth, which impact production security of soybean. For precise discriminating drought and enhancing the veracity of drought assessment, drought was studied in Heilongjiang Province based on drought index as continuous days without available precipitation. The drought was divided into five levels such as normal, slight, medium, severe and extreme drought by accumulated days of continuous drought. With these factors such as drought intensity, drought frequency and drought area, spatial-temporal characteristics of drought was analyzed during growing season of soybean. The results showed that center of high drought intensity located in the western Songnen Plain during growing periods of soybean from 1971 to 2016. During that period, the drought intensity was over 90 days in southwestern Songnen Plain, and there was obvious tendency toward increased drought intensity, which climate tendency rate was above 2.5 d·10 a~(-1) in the northeastern Sanjiang Plain and the central part of Heihe region, and there was obvious tendency toward weaken drought intensity, which climate tendency rate was under-2.5 d·10 a~(-1) in the southeastern Mudanjiang region. The medium of drought frequency was above 90% in the western Songnen Plain, and severe drought frequency was above 50% in the southwestern Songnen Plain. In the years such as 1976, 1979, 1982, 1989, 1999, 2001, 2004 and 2007 during the period of 1971 to 2016, drought above severe happened in eighty meteorological observation stations at 56% to 77% and soybean was still in a state of drought and water shortage was for three months. The drought extent and intensity in 2007 were the most typical. Dynamic change of daily drought frequency was characterized by the shape of "V"in growing periods of soybean. From sowing to flowering and podding stages of soybean, daily drought frequency decreased fewer than 40% from 60% to 90%, but daily drought frequency increased to 40% to 80% during emergence stage, again. Therefore, in Heilongjiang Province, as a concerd of soybean production security, the central region is better than the eastern part, and the eastern region is better than the west, and the northern part of the west is better than the southern part of the west.
引文
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[6] 张恒月,郭屹立,王磊,等.干旱和复水对大豆叶片光合生理特性及产量的影响[J].河南大学学报(自然科学版),2009,76(2):183-188.
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[9] 谢甫绨,董钻,孙艳环,等.不同生育时期干旱对大豆生长和产量的影响[J].沈阳农业大学学报,1994,(1):13-16.
[10] 黄志平,王维虎,张磊,等.分子标记辅助黄淮大豆生育期组归属研究[J].中国油料作物学报,2016,38(6):713-721.
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[12] 温克刚,孙永罡.中国气象灾害大典黑龙江卷[M].北京:气象出版社,2007:167-203.
[13] 吴黎.基于温度植被干旱指数的黑龙江省旱情动态研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2017,35(4):276-282.
[14] 于敏,程明虎.基于NDVI-Ts特征空间的黑龙江省干旱监测[J].应用气象学报,2010,21(2):221-228.
[15] 任义方,赵艳霞,王春乙.河南省冬小麦干旱保险风险评估与区划[J].应用气象学报,2011,22(5):537-548.
[16] 朱海霞,李旭,李百超.黑龙江省春季干旱风险评估及区划[J].黑龙江气象,2009,26(2):16-18.
[17] 韩海涛,胡文超,陈学君,等.三种气象干旱指标的应用比较研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2009,27(1):237-241,247.
[18] 姚玉璧,张存杰,邓振镛,等.气象、农业干旱指标综述[J].干旱地区农业研究,2007,25(1):185-189,211.
[19] 张淑杰,张玉书,纪瑞鹏,等.东北地区玉米干旱时空特征分析[J].干旱地区农业研究,2011,29(1):231-236.
[20] 李百超,温秀卿,王晾晾,等.黑龙江省春季土壤湿度近30a变化趋势[J].干旱气象,2011,29(3):288-296.
[21] 姜丽霞,王萍,李帅,等.黑龙江省土壤湿度的气候响应及其与大豆产量的关系[J].干旱地区农业研究,2011,29(1):34-40.
[22] 朱海霞,纪仰慧,宫丽娟,等.黑龙江省封冻前土壤底墒趋势变化分析[J].气象科技,2013,41(1):196-201.
[23] 朱海霞,宫丽娟,曲辉辉,等.1981-2010年黑龙江省夏季土壤湿度演变特征[J].气象与环境学报,2012,28(5):34-39.
[24] 刘莉红,翟盘茂,郑祖光.中国北方夏半年最长连续无降水日数的变化特征[J].气象学报,2008,66(3):474-477.
[25] 王兆礼,覃杰香,陈晓宏.东江流域枯水期最长连续无降水日数的变化特征[J].地理研究,2011,30(9):1693-1701.
[26] Frich P,Alexander L N,Della Marta P,et al.Observed coherent changes in climatic extremes during the second half of the twentieth century[J].Climate Research,2002,19:193-212.
[27] 张建军,盛绍学,王晓东.安徽省夏玉米生长季干旱时空特征分析[J].干旱气象,2014,32(2):163-168.
[28] 邹旭恺,任国玉,张强.基于综合气象干旱指数的中国干旱变化趋势研究[J].气候与环境研究,2010,15(4):371-378.
[29] 陆魁东,帅细强,李文华,等.DB43/T234-2004气象灾害术语和分级[S].长沙:湖南省质量技术监督局,2004.
[30] 徐永灵,胡家敏,陈中云,等.DB52/T501-2015贵州省干旱标准[S].贵阳:贵州省质量技术监督局,2015.
[31] 黄晚华,隋月,杨晓光,等.基于连续无有效降水日数指标的中国南方作物干旱时空特征[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(4):125-135.
[32] 黄晚华,杨晓光,李茂松,等.基于标准化降水指数的中国南方季节性干旱近58a演变特征[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(7):50-59.
[33] 魏凤英.现代气候统计诊断与预测技术[M].北京:气象出版社,2007:38,58-60.
[34] 王敏,杨万明,侯燕平,等.不同类型大豆花荚期抗旱性形态指标及其综合评价[J].核农学报,2010,24(1):154-159.
[35] 刘长海,朱洪德,邱长久,等.2007年黑龙江九三垦区夏秋干旱对大豆生产的影响[J].大豆科技,2008,16(6):17-19,45.
[36] 王春华,季生太.2007年黑龙江省干旱评估分析[J].黑龙江气象,2008,25(S1):25.
[37] 朱丽华,刘晓东,张磊.2007年初夏高温干旱天气分析[J].吉林气象,2008,(2):9-10,41.
[2] 张存杰,李栋梁,王小平.东北亚近100年降水变化及未来10～15年预测研究[J].高原气象,2004,23(6):919-929.
[3] 王萍,李廷全,闫平,等.近年黑龙江省春旱频繁发生的研究分析[J].自然灾害学报,2005,14(3):95-98.
[4] 孙凤华,吴志坚,杨素英.东北地区近50年来极端降水和干燥事件时空演变特征[J].生态学杂志,2006,25(7):779-784.
[5] 吴慎杰.大豆抗旱育种生理和形态选择指标的应用研究[D].晋中:山西农业大学,2003.
[6] 张恒月,郭屹立,王磊,等.干旱和复水对大豆叶片光合生理特性及产量的影响[J].河南大学学报(自然科学版),2009,76(2):183-188.
[7] 莫金钢,马建,张丽辉,等.干旱胁迫对大豆种子萌发的影响[J].大豆科学,2014,33(5):701-704.
[8] 刘丽君,林浩,唐晓飞,等.干旱胁迫对不同生育阶段大豆产量形态建成的影响[J].大豆科学,2011,30(3):405-412.
[9] 谢甫绨,董钻,孙艳环,等.不同生育时期干旱对大豆生长和产量的影响[J].沈阳农业大学学报,1994,(1):13-16.
[10] 黄志平,王维虎,张磊,等.分子标记辅助黄淮大豆生育期组归属研究[J].中国油料作物学报,2016,38(6):713-721.
[11] 温克刚,秦元明.中国气象灾害大典吉林卷[M].北京:气象出版社,2008:174-201.
[12] 温克刚,孙永罡.中国气象灾害大典黑龙江卷[M].北京:气象出版社,2007:167-203.
[13] 吴黎.基于温度植被干旱指数的黑龙江省旱情动态研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2017,35(4):276-282.
[14] 于敏,程明虎.基于NDVI-Ts特征空间的黑龙江省干旱监测[J].应用气象学报,2010,21(2):221-228.
[15] 任义方,赵艳霞,王春乙.河南省冬小麦干旱保险风险评估与区划[J].应用气象学报,2011,22(5):537-548.
[16] 朱海霞,李旭,李百超.黑龙江省春季干旱风险评估及区划[J].黑龙江气象,2009,26(2):16-18.
[17] 韩海涛,胡文超,陈学君,等.三种气象干旱指标的应用比较研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2009,27(1):237-241,247.
[18] 姚玉璧,张存杰,邓振镛,等.气象、农业干旱指标综述[J].干旱地区农业研究,2007,25(1):185-189,211.
[19] 张淑杰,张玉书,纪瑞鹏,等.东北地区玉米干旱时空特征分析[J].干旱地区农业研究,2011,29(1):231-236.
[20] 李百超,温秀卿,王晾晾,等.黑龙江省春季土壤湿度近30a变化趋势[J].干旱气象,2011,29(3):288-296.
[21] 姜丽霞,王萍,李帅,等.黑龙江省土壤湿度的气候响应及其与大豆产量的关系[J].干旱地区农业研究,2011,29(1):34-40.
[22] 朱海霞,纪仰慧,宫丽娟,等.黑龙江省封冻前土壤底墒趋势变化分析[J].气象科技,2013,41(1):196-201.
[23] 朱海霞,宫丽娟,曲辉辉,等.1981-2010年黑龙江省夏季土壤湿度演变特征[J].气象与环境学报,2012,28(5):34-39.
[24] 刘莉红,翟盘茂,郑祖光.中国北方夏半年最长连续无降水日数的变化特征[J].气象学报,2008,66(3):474-477.
[25] 王兆礼,覃杰香,陈晓宏.东江流域枯水期最长连续无降水日数的变化特征[J].地理研究,2011,30(9):1693-1701.
[26] Frich P,Alexander L N,Della Marta P,et al.Observed coherent changes in climatic extremes during the second half of the twentieth century[J].Climate Research,2002,19:193-212.
[27] 张建军,盛绍学,王晓东.安徽省夏玉米生长季干旱时空特征分析[J].干旱气象,2014,32(2):163-168.
[28] 邹旭恺,任国玉,张强.基于综合气象干旱指数的中国干旱变化趋势研究[J].气候与环境研究,2010,15(4):371-378.
[29] 陆魁东,帅细强,李文华,等.DB43/T234-2004气象灾害术语和分级[S].长沙:湖南省质量技术监督局,2004.
[30] 徐永灵,胡家敏,陈中云,等.DB52/T501-2015贵州省干旱标准[S].贵阳:贵州省质量技术监督局,2015.
[31] 黄晚华,隋月,杨晓光,等.基于连续无有效降水日数指标的中国南方作物干旱时空特征[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(4):125-135.
[32] 黄晚华,杨晓光,李茂松,等.基于标准化降水指数的中国南方季节性干旱近58a演变特征[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(7):50-59.
[33] 魏凤英.现代气候统计诊断与预测技术[M].北京:气象出版社,2007:38,58-60.
[34] 王敏,杨万明,侯燕平,等.不同类型大豆花荚期抗旱性形态指标及其综合评价[J].核农学报,2010,24(1):154-159.
[35] 刘长海,朱洪德,邱长久,等.2007年黑龙江九三垦区夏秋干旱对大豆生产的影响[J].大豆科技,2008,16(6):17-19,45.
[36] 王春华,季生太.2007年黑龙江省干旱评估分析[J].黑龙江气象,2008,25(S1):25.
[37] 朱丽华,刘晓东,张磊.2007年初夏高温干旱天气分析[J].吉林气象,2008,(2):9-10,41.
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