塔吉克斯坦帕米尔地区构造单元划分及其特征
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摘要
塔吉克斯坦帕米尔地区由一系列呈近东西向、向北凸出的弧形活动构造带构成,被称为"西构造结"。由于地缘关系及国内外研究程度差异,塔吉克帕米尔地区在构造单元属性及其与国内构造单元对比上仍存在分歧。本文在系统分析塔吉克帕米尔地区、昆仑和藏北地区区域地质调查和科研成果资料的基础上,结合野外地质调查,着重从物质组成、构造变形两个方面进行对比,以坦尼马斯、如山-帕沙尔特缝合带为界将塔吉克帕米尔地区自北向南划分为北帕米尔、中帕米尔、南帕米尔三个构造单元,其中北帕米尔进一步细化为北带、中带、南带,南帕米尔分为东南帕米尔和西南帕米尔。初步探讨了各单元构造属性,提出了与我国昆仑、藏北地区相邻构造单元的对接方案,为推进帕米尔地区区域地质研究提供支撑。
The Pamir area in Tajikistan is made up of a series of arc-shaped active tectonic belts with nearly EW-direction and northward convex,which has been called as the"Western Syntaxis". Due to the differences in geography and research degree at home and abroad,some disagreements still exist about the tectonic unit properties of the Pamir area in Tajikistan and the comparison between Pamir and its adjacent tectonic units in China. Through systematical analysis of the regional geological survey and scientific research data of Tajik Pamir,Kunlun and northern Tibet,the Pamir area in Tajikistan has been divided into three tectonic units( North Pamir,Middle Pamir and South Pamir) from north to south with Tannymas and Rushan-Pshart sutures as their boundaries,combined with field geological survey and compared the material composition and structural deformation. And then,the North Pamir has been further divided into northern part,middle part and southern part,while the South Pamir has been divided into Southeast Pamir and Southwest Pamir.Finally,the structure attributes of various tectonic units have been discussed in this paper,and the docking scheme between various tectonic units in Pamir and their adjacent tectonic units in Kunlun and northern Tibet has been proposed,which provides some supports for studying the regional geology in the Pamir area.
The Pamir area in Tajikistan is made up of a series of arc-shaped active tectonic belts with nearly EW-direction and northward convex,which has been called as the"Western Syntaxis". Due to the differences in geography and research degree at home and abroad,some disagreements still exist about the tectonic unit properties of the Pamir area in Tajikistan and the comparison between Pamir and its adjacent tectonic units in China. Through systematical analysis of the regional geological survey and scientific research data of Tajik Pamir,Kunlun and northern Tibet,the Pamir area in Tajikistan has been divided into three tectonic units( North Pamir,Middle Pamir and South Pamir) from north to south with Tannymas and Rushan-Pshart sutures as their boundaries,combined with field geological survey and compared the material composition and structural deformation. And then,the North Pamir has been further divided into northern part,middle part and southern part,while the South Pamir has been divided into Southeast Pamir and Southwest Pamir.Finally,the structure attributes of various tectonic units have been discussed in this paper,and the docking scheme between various tectonic units in Pamir and their adjacent tectonic units in Kunlun and northern Tibet has been proposed,which provides some supports for studying the regional geology in the Pamir area.
引文
Angiolini L,Zanchi A,Zanchetta S,Nicora A,Vezzoli G.2013.The Cimmerian geopuzzle:New data from South Pamir[J].Terra Nova,25(5):352-360.
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Bazhenov M L,Burtman V S.1982.The kinematics of the Pamir arc[J].Geotectonics,16:288-291.
Burtman V S,Molnar P.1993.Geological and geophysical evidence for deep subduction of continental crust beneath the Pamir[J].Geological Society of America Special Paper,281:1-76.
Burtman V S.2000.Cenozoic crustal shortening between the Pamir and Tienshan and a reconstruction of the Pamir-Tienshan transition zone for the Cretaceous and Paleogene[J].Tectonophysics,319(2):69-92.
Burtman V S.2010.Tien Shan,Pamir,and Tibet:history and geodynamics of phanerozoic oceanic basins[J].Geotectonics,44(5):388-404.
Burtman V S.2013.The geodynamics of the Pamir-Punjab Syntaxis[J].Geotectonics,47:31-51.
Cai Zhihui,Xu Zhiqin,Cao Hui,Liang Fenghua.2016.Exhumation of the Miocene mid-lower crust material in Northeast Pamir:Structural deformation and geochronological evidence from the West Kongur detachment[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,90(11):2999-3010(in Chinese with English abstract).
Chen Hanlin,Chen Shenqiang,Lin Xiubin.2014.A review of the Cenozoic tectonic evolution of Pamir Syntax[J].Advances in Earth Science,29(8):890-902(in Chinese with English abstract).
Chen Jie,Li Tao,Li Wenqiao,Yuan Zhaode.2011.Late Cenozoic and present tectonic deformation in the Pamir salient,northwestern China[J].Seismology and Geology,33(2):214-259(in Chinese with English abstract).
Dewey J F,Shackleton R M,Chang C F,Sun Y Y.1988.The tectonic evolution of the Tibetan Plateau[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.Series A,Mathematical and Physical Sciences,327(1594):379-413.
Doebrich G,Wahl R R.2006.Geological and mineral resource map of Afghanistan(scale 1∶850000).U.S.Geological Survey Open-file Report 2006-1038.http://pubs.usgs.gov/of.2006/1038.
Dong S W,Li T D,Uzhkenov B,Kiselev A,Lee T S,Kim B C,Chuluun O,Javkhlanbold D,Morozov A,Petrov O.2008.Atlas of geological maps of central Asia and adjacent areas-Tectonic map(1∶2500000)[M],Saint Petersburg:Cartographic Factory VSEGEIPress.
Dufour M S.2000.The central Pamir-An alpine collision suture[J].Earth Science Frontiers,S1:256-256.
Fu B H,Ninomiya Y,Guo J M.2010.Slip partitioning in the northeast Pamir-Tian Shan convergence suture[J].Tectonophysics,483(3-4):344-364.
Hong Jun,Ji Wenhua,Zhang Huishan,Yao Wenguang,Meng Guanglu,Wang Bin,LüPengrui,Yang Bo.2014.LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating,geochemistry and tectonic implications of the Qieshijiebie gabbro on the northern margin of South Pamir[J].Geological Bulletin of China,33(6):820-829(in Chinese with English abstract).
Leven E J.2017.Permian and Triassic of the Rushan-Pshart suture(Pamir)[J].Rivista Italiana Di Paleontologia E Stratigrafia,101(1):3-16.
Li Chunyu,Wang Quan,Liu Xueya,Tang Yaoqing.1982.Asian geotectonic map(1∶8000000)[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House(in Chinese).
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Li Rongshe,Ji Wenhua,Zhao Zhenming,Chen Shoujian,Meng Yong,Yu Pusheng,Pan Xiaoping.2007.Progress in the study of the Early Paleozoic Kunlun orogenic belt[J].Geological Bulletin of China,26(4):373-382(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu Y,Santosh M,Zhao Z B,Niu W C,Wang G H.2011.Evidence for palaeo-Tethyan oceanic subduction within central Qiangtang,northern Tibet[J].Lithos,127:39-53.
Pan G T,Wang L Q,Li R S,Yuan S H,Ji W H,Yin F G,Zhang W P.Wang B D.2012.Tectonic evolution of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,53(7):3-14.
Pashkov B R,Budanov V I.1990.The tectonics of the intersection between the southeastern and southwestern Pamirs(in Russian)[J].Geotektonika,3:70-79.
Robinson A C,Mihai D,Thomas J L.2012.Detrital zircon and isotopic constraints on the crustal architecture and tectonic evolution of the northeastern Pamir[J].Tectonics,31:TC2016.
Robinson A C,Yin A,Manning C E,Harrison T M,Zhang S H,Wang XF.2007.Cenozoic evolution of the eastern Pamir:Implications for strain-accommodation mechanisms at the western end of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogeny[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,119(7-8):882-896.
Robinson A C.2009.Geologic offsets across the northern Karakorum fault:Implications for its role and terrane correlations in the western Himalayan-Tibetan orogeny[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,279:123-129.
Robinson A C.2014.Mesozoic tectonics of the Gondwanan terranes of the Pamir Plateau[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,102:170-179.
Robinson A C,Yin A,Manning C E,Harrison T M,Zhang S H,Wang XF.2004.Tectonic evolution of the northeastern Pamir:Constraints from the northern portion of the Cenozoic Kongur Shan extensional system,western China[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,116(7):953.
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Schwab M,Ratschbacher L,Siebel W,Mc Williams M,Minaev W,Lutkov V,Chen F K,Stanek K,Nelson B,Frisch W,Wooden J L.2004.Assembly of the Pamirs:Age and origin of magmatic belts from the southern Tien Shan to the southern Pamirs and their relation to Tibet[J].Tectonics,23:TC4002.
Strecker M R,Frisch W,Hamburger M W,Ratschbacher L,Semiletkin S,Zamoruyev A,Sturchio N.1995.Quaternary deformation in the Eastern Pamirs,Tadzhikistan and Kyrgyzstan[J].Tectonics,14(5):1061-1079.
Stübner K,Ratschbacher L,Rutte D,Stanek K P,Minaev V,Wiesinger M,Gloaguen R,Bahram I,Badoev M,Gordon S M,Hacher B,Hofmann J,Oimahmadov I,Rajabov N.2013a.The giant Shakhdara migmatitic gneiss dome,Pamir,India-Asia collision suture,I:Geometry and kinematics[J].Tectonics,32:948-979.
Stübner K,Ratschbacher L,Weise C,Chow J,Hofmann J,Khan J,Rutte D,Sperner B,Pfnder J A,Hacher B R,Dunkl I,Tichomirowa M,Stearns M A,Project TIPAGE members.2013b.The giant Shakhdara migmatitic gneiss dome,Pamir,India-Asia collisionsuture,II.Timing of dome formation[J].Tectonics,32:1404-1431.
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Yin A,Harrison T M.2000.Geologic evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen[J].Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,28:211-280.
Yin A,Dubey C S,Webb A A G,Kelty T K,Grove M,Gehrels G E,Burgess W P.2010b.Geologic correlation of the Himalayan orogen and Indian craton:part 1.Structural geology,U-Pb zircon geochronology,and tectonic evolution of the Shillong Plateau and its neighboring regions in NE India[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,122(3-4):336-359.
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蔡志慧,许志琴,曹汇,梁凤华.2016.东北帕米尔中新世中下地壳物质的折返过程:公格尔西滑脱剪切带的构造变形与年代学证据[J].地质学报,90(11):2999-3010.
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Angiolini L,Zanchi A,Zanchetta S,Nicora A,Vuolo I,Berra F,Henderson C,Malaspina N,Rettori R,Vachard D,Vezzoli G.2015.From rift to drift in South Pamir(Tajikistan):Permian evolution of a Cimmerian terrane[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,102:146-169.
Bazhenov M L,Burtman V S.1982.The kinematics of the Pamir arc[J].Geotectonics,16:288-291.
Burtman V S,Molnar P.1993.Geological and geophysical evidence for deep subduction of continental crust beneath the Pamir[J].Geological Society of America Special Paper,281:1-76.
Burtman V S.2000.Cenozoic crustal shortening between the Pamir and Tienshan and a reconstruction of the Pamir-Tienshan transition zone for the Cretaceous and Paleogene[J].Tectonophysics,319(2):69-92.
Burtman V S.2010.Tien Shan,Pamir,and Tibet:history and geodynamics of phanerozoic oceanic basins[J].Geotectonics,44(5):388-404.
Burtman V S.2013.The geodynamics of the Pamir-Punjab Syntaxis[J].Geotectonics,47:31-51.
Cai Zhihui,Xu Zhiqin,Cao Hui,Liang Fenghua.2016.Exhumation of the Miocene mid-lower crust material in Northeast Pamir:Structural deformation and geochronological evidence from the West Kongur detachment[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,90(11):2999-3010(in Chinese with English abstract).
Chen Hanlin,Chen Shenqiang,Lin Xiubin.2014.A review of the Cenozoic tectonic evolution of Pamir Syntax[J].Advances in Earth Science,29(8):890-902(in Chinese with English abstract).
Chen Jie,Li Tao,Li Wenqiao,Yuan Zhaode.2011.Late Cenozoic and present tectonic deformation in the Pamir salient,northwestern China[J].Seismology and Geology,33(2):214-259(in Chinese with English abstract).
Dewey J F,Shackleton R M,Chang C F,Sun Y Y.1988.The tectonic evolution of the Tibetan Plateau[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.Series A,Mathematical and Physical Sciences,327(1594):379-413.
Doebrich G,Wahl R R.2006.Geological and mineral resource map of Afghanistan(scale 1∶850000).U.S.Geological Survey Open-file Report 2006-1038.http://pubs.usgs.gov/of.2006/1038.
Dong S W,Li T D,Uzhkenov B,Kiselev A,Lee T S,Kim B C,Chuluun O,Javkhlanbold D,Morozov A,Petrov O.2008.Atlas of geological maps of central Asia and adjacent areas-Tectonic map(1∶2500000)[M],Saint Petersburg:Cartographic Factory VSEGEIPress.
Dufour M S.2000.The central Pamir-An alpine collision suture[J].Earth Science Frontiers,S1:256-256.
Fu B H,Ninomiya Y,Guo J M.2010.Slip partitioning in the northeast Pamir-Tian Shan convergence suture[J].Tectonophysics,483(3-4):344-364.
Hong Jun,Ji Wenhua,Zhang Huishan,Yao Wenguang,Meng Guanglu,Wang Bin,LüPengrui,Yang Bo.2014.LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating,geochemistry and tectonic implications of the Qieshijiebie gabbro on the northern margin of South Pamir[J].Geological Bulletin of China,33(6):820-829(in Chinese with English abstract).
Leven E J.2017.Permian and Triassic of the Rushan-Pshart suture(Pamir)[J].Rivista Italiana Di Paleontologia E Stratigrafia,101(1):3-16.
Li Chunyu,Wang Quan,Liu Xueya,Tang Yaoqing.1982.Asian geotectonic map(1∶8000000)[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House(in Chinese).
Li Rongshe,Ji Wenhua,Yang Yongcheng,Yu Pusheng,Zhao Zhenming,Chen Shoujian,Meng Yong,Pan Xiaoping,Shi Bingde,Zhang Weiji,Li Xing,Luo Changyi.2008.Geology of Kunlun Mountain and its adjacent area[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1-140(in Chinese).
Li Rongshe,Ji Wenhua,Zhao Zhenming,Chen Shoujian,Meng Yong,Yu Pusheng,Pan Xiaoping.2007.Progress in the study of the Early Paleozoic Kunlun orogenic belt[J].Geological Bulletin of China,26(4):373-382(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu Y,Santosh M,Zhao Z B,Niu W C,Wang G H.2011.Evidence for palaeo-Tethyan oceanic subduction within central Qiangtang,northern Tibet[J].Lithos,127:39-53.
Pan G T,Wang L Q,Li R S,Yuan S H,Ji W H,Yin F G,Zhang W P.Wang B D.2012.Tectonic evolution of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,53(7):3-14.
Pashkov B R,Budanov V I.1990.The tectonics of the intersection between the southeastern and southwestern Pamirs(in Russian)[J].Geotektonika,3:70-79.
Robinson A C,Mihai D,Thomas J L.2012.Detrital zircon and isotopic constraints on the crustal architecture and tectonic evolution of the northeastern Pamir[J].Tectonics,31:TC2016.
Robinson A C,Yin A,Manning C E,Harrison T M,Zhang S H,Wang XF.2007.Cenozoic evolution of the eastern Pamir:Implications for strain-accommodation mechanisms at the western end of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogeny[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,119(7-8):882-896.
Robinson A C.2009.Geologic offsets across the northern Karakorum fault:Implications for its role and terrane correlations in the western Himalayan-Tibetan orogeny[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,279:123-129.
Robinson A C.2014.Mesozoic tectonics of the Gondwanan terranes of the Pamir Plateau[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,102:170-179.
Robinson A C,Yin A,Manning C E,Harrison T M,Zhang S H,Wang XF.2004.Tectonic evolution of the northeastern Pamir:Constraints from the northern portion of the Cenozoic Kongur Shan extensional system,western China[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,116(7):953.
Ruzhentsev V E,Shvolman V A.1981.Tectonics and structure of the Pamir metamorphics[J].In:Saklani P S(ed.).Metamorphic tectonites of the Himalaya,New Delhi:Today and Tomorrows's Printers and Publishers,27-41.
Schwab M,Ratschbacher L,Siebel W,Mc Williams M,Minaev W,Lutkov V,Chen F K,Stanek K,Nelson B,Frisch W,Wooden J L.2004.Assembly of the Pamirs:Age and origin of magmatic belts from the southern Tien Shan to the southern Pamirs and their relation to Tibet[J].Tectonics,23:TC4002.
Strecker M R,Frisch W,Hamburger M W,Ratschbacher L,Semiletkin S,Zamoruyev A,Sturchio N.1995.Quaternary deformation in the Eastern Pamirs,Tadzhikistan and Kyrgyzstan[J].Tectonics,14(5):1061-1079.
Stübner K,Ratschbacher L,Rutte D,Stanek K P,Minaev V,Wiesinger M,Gloaguen R,Bahram I,Badoev M,Gordon S M,Hacher B,Hofmann J,Oimahmadov I,Rajabov N.2013a.The giant Shakhdara migmatitic gneiss dome,Pamir,India-Asia collision suture,I:Geometry and kinematics[J].Tectonics,32:948-979.
Stübner K,Ratschbacher L,Weise C,Chow J,Hofmann J,Khan J,Rutte D,Sperner B,Pfnder J A,Hacher B R,Dunkl I,Tichomirowa M,Stearns M A,Project TIPAGE members.2013b.The giant Shakhdara migmatitic gneiss dome,Pamir,India-Asia collisionsuture,II.Timing of dome formation[J].Tectonics,32:1404-1431.
Tajikistan General Office of Geology.1974.Geological map of Tajikisitan(1∶500000)[M].Duschanbe:Tajikistan General Office of Geology.
Vlasov N G,Dyakov Y A,Cherev E S.1991.Geological map of the Tajik SSR and adjacent territories(1∶500,000)[M].Vsesojuznoi Geol.Inst.Leningrad,Saint Petersburg.
Yin A,Dubey C S,Kelty T K,Webb A A G,Harrison T M,Chou C Y,Célérier J.2010a.Geologic correlation of the Himalayan orogen and Indian Craton:part 2.Structural geology,geochronology,and tectonic evolution of the Eastern Himalaya[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,122(3-4):360-395.
Yin A,Harrison T M.2000.Geologic evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen[J].Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,28:211-280.
Yin A,Dubey C S,Webb A A G,Kelty T K,Grove M,Gehrels G E,Burgess W P.2010b.Geologic correlation of the Himalayan orogen and Indian craton:part 1.Structural geology,U-Pb zircon geochronology,and tectonic evolution of the Shillong Plateau and its neighboring regions in NE India[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,122(3-4):336-359.
Zanchi A,Gaetani M.2011.The geology of the Karakoram range,Pakistan:the new 1∶100,000 geological map of Central-Western Karakoram[J].Italian Journal of Geosciences,129:161-262.
Zhu D C,Zhao Z D,Niu Y L,Dilek Y,Hou Z Q,Mo X X.2013.The origin and pre-Cenozoic evolution of the Tibetan Plateau[J].Gondwana Research,23:1429-1454.
Разваляев А В,Протасевич Л Т,Евдокимова и др ЕА.1964.Геологическая Карта СССР масштаба 1∶200 000-серияАлай-Кокшаальская J-43-I[M].Москва:Главное управление геодезии и картографии Государственного геологического комитетеСССР(in Russia).
Абдуллаев Х М,Алесин Г И,Афиногеноваи др Л Н.1959.Геология СССР Том 24[M].Москва:Государственное научно-техническое издательство литературы по геологии и охраненедр(in Russia).
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