松辽盆地北部青一段泥页岩储集特征及孔隙演化
|
摘要
松辽盆地青一段是泥页岩油勘探重点层段。利用泥页岩物性分析、氩离子抛光和场发射电镜观察探讨该套泥页岩物性特征及孔隙类型,根据成熟度演化、生烃转化、有机酸含量与孔隙度的变化关系分析了泥页岩孔隙演化特征。研究结果表明:青一段泥页岩孔隙度较高、渗透率很低,总孔隙度平均为7. 94%,基质渗透率平均为1. 16×10~(-8)μm~2;孔隙类型有粒间孔、晶间孔、有机质孔、溶蚀孔和微裂缝;有机质孔为藻类生烃后残留孔隙,孔隙呈长条形和不规则形状,直径多为20～400 nm,有机质孔形成于Ro为0. 7%以后,大量形成对应的Ro为0. 9%～1. 2%,在Ro为1. 2%时孔隙度达2. 7%;当埋深小于2 000 m时青一段泥页岩孔隙度随埋深增加而减小,当埋深大于2 000 m时孔隙度出现2个异常峰值,孔隙度的增大主要因为有机酸溶蚀和藻类生烃作用;根据孔隙度与埋深关系,预测了齐家—古龙凹陷为泥页岩油有利勘探区。研究成果可为松辽盆地泥页岩油勘探和评价提供依据。
Qing-1 Member( K2qn1) is the key target of the mud-shale-oil exploration in northern Songliao Basin,Northeast China. With the help of the analyses of the physical properties,argon iron beam milling and the field-emission SEM observation,the physical property characteristics and pore types were explored for the mud shale. According to the relationships between the maturity evolution,hydrocarbon generation,organic acid content and the porosity,the evolution properties of the mud shale were analyzed. The study results show that K2qn1 mud shale is characterized by higher porosity and rather lower permeability,the total porosity is at 7. 94% averagely,the average matrix permeability is at 1. 16×10~(-8)μm~2; the pore types include inter-particle pore,inter-crystalline pore,organic pore,dissolved pore and micro-fractures; the organic pore is resulted from the freed space after the hydrocarbon generation of alginite,the pore is in the form of elongated stripe and irregular shape,the diameters are mainly in the range of 20-400 nm,the organic-matter pores are formed at Rogreater than 0. 7% and the vast organic-matterpores are generated at Roin the range of 0. 9%-1. 2%,when the Rois 1. 2%,the porosity is up to 2. 7%. At depth above 2 000 m,the porosity in K2qn1 mud shale decreases with the increase of depth,whereas at depth below2 000 m,two abnormal peak values appear for the porosity; the main reasons for the porosity increase are organic acid dissolution and hydrocarbon generation from alginite. According to the relationship between porosity and depth,the favorable exploration region was predicted for the mud shale oil in Qijia-Gulong Sag. The study results can support the shale oil exploration and assessment in Songliao Basin.
Qing-1 Member( K2qn1) is the key target of the mud-shale-oil exploration in northern Songliao Basin,Northeast China. With the help of the analyses of the physical properties,argon iron beam milling and the field-emission SEM observation,the physical property characteristics and pore types were explored for the mud shale. According to the relationships between the maturity evolution,hydrocarbon generation,organic acid content and the porosity,the evolution properties of the mud shale were analyzed. The study results show that K2qn1 mud shale is characterized by higher porosity and rather lower permeability,the total porosity is at 7. 94% averagely,the average matrix permeability is at 1. 16×10~(-8)μm~2; the pore types include inter-particle pore,inter-crystalline pore,organic pore,dissolved pore and micro-fractures; the organic pore is resulted from the freed space after the hydrocarbon generation of alginite,the pore is in the form of elongated stripe and irregular shape,the diameters are mainly in the range of 20-400 nm,the organic-matter pores are formed at Rogreater than 0. 7% and the vast organic-matterpores are generated at Roin the range of 0. 9%-1. 2%,when the Rois 1. 2%,the porosity is up to 2. 7%. At depth above 2 000 m,the porosity in K2qn1 mud shale decreases with the increase of depth,whereas at depth below2 000 m,two abnormal peak values appear for the porosity; the main reasons for the porosity increase are organic acid dissolution and hydrocarbon generation from alginite. According to the relationship between porosity and depth,the favorable exploration region was predicted for the mud shale oil in Qijia-Gulong Sag. The study results can support the shale oil exploration and assessment in Songliao Basin.
引文
[1]田华,张水昌,柳少波,等.压汞法和气体吸附法研究富有机质页岩孔隙特征[J].石油学报, 2012, 33(3):419-427.TIAN Hua,ZHANG Shuichang,LIU Shaobo,et al. Determination of organic-rich shale pore features by mercury injection and gas adsorption methods[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica,2012, 33(3):419-427.
[2]李吉君,史颖琳,黄振凯,等.松辽盆地北部陆相泥页岩孔隙特征及其对页岩油赋存的影响[J].中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),2015,39(4):27-34.LI Jijun,SHI Yinglin,HUANG Zhenkai,et al. Pore characteristics of continental shale and its impact on storage of shale oil in northern Songliao Basin[J]. Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science),2015,39(4):27-34.
[3]姜在兴,张文昭,梁超,等.页岩油储层基本特征及评价要素[J].石油学报,2014,35(1):184-196.JIANG Zaixing,ZHANG Wenzhao,LIANG Chao,et al. Characteristics and evaluation elements of shale oil reservoir[J] Acta Petrolei Sinica,2014,35(1):184-196.
[4]张金川,林腊梅,李玉喜,等.页岩油分类与评价[J].地学前缘,2012,19(5):322-331.ZHANG Jinchuan,LIN Lamei,LI Yuxi,et al. Classification and evaluation of shale oil[J]. Earth Science Frontiers,2012,19(5):322-331.
[5]陈永昌,张金川,苏惠,等.东濮凹陷北部沙三段页岩油成藏地质条件分析[J].特种油气藏,2014,21(3):62-65.CHEN Yongchang,ZHANG Jinchuan,SU Hui,et al. Analysis of geologic conditions for Es3 shale oil accumulation in the northern Dongpu Sag[J]. Special Oil&Gas Reservoirs,2014,21(3):62-65.
[6]吉利明,吴远东,贺聪,等.富有机质泥页岩高压生烃模拟与孔隙演化特征[J].石油学报,2016,37(2):172-181.JI Liming,WU Yuandong,HE Cong,et al. High pressure simulation of organic-rich mudstone and shale for hydrocarbon generation and pore evolution[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica,2016,37(2):172-181.
[7]胡钦红,张宇翔,孟祥豪,等.渤海湾盆地东营凹陷古近系沙河街组页岩油储集层微米—纳米级孔隙体系表征[J].石油勘探与开发,2017,44(5):681-690.HU Qinhong,ZHANG Yuxiang,MENG Xianghao,et al. Characterization of micro-nano pore networks in shale oil reservoirs of Paleogene Shahejie Formation in Dongying Sag of Bohai Bay Basin,East China[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development,2017,44(5):681-690.
[8]李向军,罗静兰,罗晓容,等.鄂尔多斯盆地长7段泥页岩系孔隙特征及其演化规律[J].地质科技情报,2017,36(4):19-28.LI Xiangjun,LUO Jinglan,LUO Xiaorong,et al. Pore characteristics and evolution of Chang 7 Mud Shale in Ordos Basin[J]. Geological Science and Technology Information, 2017, 36(4):19-28.
[9]吴松涛,朱如凯,李勋,等.致密储层孔隙结构表征技术有效性评价与应用[J].地学前缘,2018,25(2):191-203.WU Songtao,ZHU Rukai,LI Xun,et al. Evalution and application of porous structure characterization technologies in unconventional tight reservoirs[J]. Earth Science Frontiers,2018, 25(2):191-203.
[10]黄振凯,陈建平,薛海涛,等.松辽盆地白垩系青山口组泥岩孔隙结构特征[J].石油勘探与开发,2013,40(1):58-65.HUANG Zhenkai,CHEN Jianping,XUE Haitao,et al. Microstructural characteristics of Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation Shale,Songliao Basin[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development,2013,40(1):58-65.
[11]李建青,高玉巧,花彩霞,等.北美页岩气勘探经验对建立中国南方海相页岩气选区评价体系的启示[J].油气地质与采收率,2014,21(4):23-32.LI Jianqing,GAO Yuqiao,HUA Caixia,et al. Marine shale gas evaluation system of regional selection in South China:enlightenment from North American exploration experience[J]. Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency,2014,21(4):23-27,32.
[12]崔景伟,邹才能,朱如凯,等.页岩孔隙研究新进展[J].地球科学进展,2012,27(12):1319-1325.CUI Jingwei,ZOU Caineng,Zhu Rukai,et al. New advances in shale porosity research[J]. Advances in Earth Sciences,2012,27(12):1319-1325.
[13] LOUCK R G. RUPPEL S C. Mississippian Barnett shale:Lithofacies and depositional setting for deep-water shale-gas succession in the Fort Worth Basin,Tesax[J]. AAPG Bulletin,2007,91(4):579-601.
[14] CURTIS J B. Fractured shale-gas systems[J]. AAPG Bulletin,2002,86(11):1921-1938.
[15]赵俊龙,张君峰,许浩,等.北美典型致密油地质特征对比及分类[J].岩性油气藏,2015,27(1):44-50.ZHAO Junlong,ZHANG Junfeng,XU Hao,et al. Comparison of geological characteristics and types of typical tight oil in North America[J]. Lithologic Reservoirs,2015,27(1):44-50.
[16]高辉,何梦卿,赵鹏云,等,鄂尔多斯盆地长7页岩油与北美地区典型页岩油地质特征对比[J].石油实验地质,2018,40(2):133-140.GAO Hui,HE Mengqing,ZHAO Pengyun,et al. Comparison of geological characteristics of Chang 7 Shale Oil in Ordos Basin and typical shale oil in North America[J]. Petroleum Geology&Experiment,2018,40(2):133-140.
[17] CURTIS M E,AMBROSE R J,SONDERGELD C H,et al.Structural characterization of gas shales on the mircr and nanoscales[C]//Canadian Unconvemtional Resources&International Petroleum Conference, 2010, Calgary. DOI:10. 218/137693-MS.
[18] LOUCKS R G,REED R M,RUPPEL S C,et al. Prelininary classification of matrix pores in mudstone[C]//Coast Association of Geological Societies(GCAGS),2010.
[19] MILNER M,MCLIN R,PETRIELLO J,et al. Imaging texture and porosity in mudstones and shales:Comparison of secondary and ionmilled backscatter SEM methods[R]. SPE 138975,2010.
[20]杨峰,宁正福,胡昌蓬,等.页岩储层微观孔隙结构特征[J].石油学报,2013,34(2):301-311.YANG Feng,NING Zhengfu,HU Changpeng,et al. Characterization of microscopic pore structures in shale reservoirs[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica,2013,34(2):301-311.
[21] LOUCKS R G,REED R M,RRPPEL S C,et al. Morphology,genesis and distribution of nanometer-scale pores in siliceous mudstones of the Mississippian Barnett Shale[J]. Joural of Sedimentary Research,2009,79(12):848-861.
[22]吴松涛,邹才能,朱如凯,等.鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统长7段泥页岩储集性能[J].地球科学——中国地质大学学报,2015,40(11):1811-1823.WU Songtao,ZOU Caineng,ZHU Rukai,et al. Reservoir quality characterization of Upper Triassic Chang 7 Shale in Ordos Basin[J]. Earth Science(Journal of China University of Geosciences),2015,40(11):1811-1823.
[23]张琴,朱筱敏,李晨溪,等.渤海湾盆地沾化凹陷沙河街组富有机质页岩孔隙分类及孔径定量表征[J].石油与天然气地质,2016,37(3):422-438.ZHANG Qin,ZHU Xiaomin,LI Chenxi,et al. Classification and quantitative characterization of micorscopic pores in organic-rich shale of the Shahejie Formation in the Zhanhua Sag,Bohai Bay Basin[J]. Oil&Gas Geology,2016,37(3):422-438.
[24]冯子辉,霍秋立,王雪,等.青山口组一段烃源岩有机地球化学特征及古沉积环境[J].大庆石油地质与开发,2015,34(4):1-7.FENG Zihui,HUO Qiuli,WANG Xue,et al. Source rocks organic geochemistry and sedimentary paleoenvironments of the Late Cretaceous Qingshankou 1st Member in the Songliao Basin[J].Petroleum Geology&Oilfield Development in Daqing,2015,34(4):1-7.
[25] ROSS D J K,BUSTIN R M. The importance of shale composition and pore structure upon gas sgorage potential of shale gas reservoirs[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2009, 26(6):916-927.
[26]陈燕燕,邹才能,Maria Mastalerz,等.页岩微观孔隙演化及分形特征研究[J].天然气地球科学,2015,26(9):1646-1656.CHEN Yanyan,ZOU Caineng,MASTALERZ M,et al. Porosity and fractal characteristics of shale across a maturation gradient[J]. Natural Gas Geoscience,2015,26(9):1646-1656.
[27]郭秋麟,陈晓明,宋焕琪,等.泥页岩埋藏过程孔隙度演化与预测模型探讨[J].天然气地球科学,2013,24(3):439-449.GUO Qiulin,CHENG Xiaoming,SONG Huanqi,et al. Evolution and models of shale porosity during burial process[J]. Natural Gas Geoscience,2013,24(3):439-449.
[28] MODICA C J,LAPIERRE S G. Estimation of kerogen porosity in source rocks as a function of thermal transformation:Example from the Mowry Shale in the Powder River Basin of Wyoming[J].AAPG Bulletin,2012,96:87-108.
[29] ROMERO SARMIENTO M F,ROUZAUD J N,BERNARD S,et al. Evolution of Barnett Shale organic carbon structure and nanostructure with increasing maturation[J]. Organic Geochemistry,2014,71:7-16.
[30]杨万里,高瑞祺,郭庆福,等.松辽盆地陆相油气生成运移和聚集[M].哈尔滨:黑龙江科学技术出版社,1985.YANG Wanli,GAO Ruiqi,GUO Qingfu,et al. Generation,migration and accumulation of nonmarine petroleum in Songliao Basin[M]. Harbin:Heilongjiang Science&Technology Press,1985.
[31]王行信,辛国强,冯永才.松辽盆地黏土矿物研究[M].哈尔滨:黑龙江科学技术出版社,1990.WANG Xingxin,XIN Guoqiang,FENG Yongcai. Clay research in Songliao Basin[M]. Harbin:Heilongjiang Science&Technology Press,1990.
[2]李吉君,史颖琳,黄振凯,等.松辽盆地北部陆相泥页岩孔隙特征及其对页岩油赋存的影响[J].中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),2015,39(4):27-34.LI Jijun,SHI Yinglin,HUANG Zhenkai,et al. Pore characteristics of continental shale and its impact on storage of shale oil in northern Songliao Basin[J]. Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science),2015,39(4):27-34.
[3]姜在兴,张文昭,梁超,等.页岩油储层基本特征及评价要素[J].石油学报,2014,35(1):184-196.JIANG Zaixing,ZHANG Wenzhao,LIANG Chao,et al. Characteristics and evaluation elements of shale oil reservoir[J] Acta Petrolei Sinica,2014,35(1):184-196.
[4]张金川,林腊梅,李玉喜,等.页岩油分类与评价[J].地学前缘,2012,19(5):322-331.ZHANG Jinchuan,LIN Lamei,LI Yuxi,et al. Classification and evaluation of shale oil[J]. Earth Science Frontiers,2012,19(5):322-331.
[5]陈永昌,张金川,苏惠,等.东濮凹陷北部沙三段页岩油成藏地质条件分析[J].特种油气藏,2014,21(3):62-65.CHEN Yongchang,ZHANG Jinchuan,SU Hui,et al. Analysis of geologic conditions for Es3 shale oil accumulation in the northern Dongpu Sag[J]. Special Oil&Gas Reservoirs,2014,21(3):62-65.
[6]吉利明,吴远东,贺聪,等.富有机质泥页岩高压生烃模拟与孔隙演化特征[J].石油学报,2016,37(2):172-181.JI Liming,WU Yuandong,HE Cong,et al. High pressure simulation of organic-rich mudstone and shale for hydrocarbon generation and pore evolution[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica,2016,37(2):172-181.
[7]胡钦红,张宇翔,孟祥豪,等.渤海湾盆地东营凹陷古近系沙河街组页岩油储集层微米—纳米级孔隙体系表征[J].石油勘探与开发,2017,44(5):681-690.HU Qinhong,ZHANG Yuxiang,MENG Xianghao,et al. Characterization of micro-nano pore networks in shale oil reservoirs of Paleogene Shahejie Formation in Dongying Sag of Bohai Bay Basin,East China[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development,2017,44(5):681-690.
[8]李向军,罗静兰,罗晓容,等.鄂尔多斯盆地长7段泥页岩系孔隙特征及其演化规律[J].地质科技情报,2017,36(4):19-28.LI Xiangjun,LUO Jinglan,LUO Xiaorong,et al. Pore characteristics and evolution of Chang 7 Mud Shale in Ordos Basin[J]. Geological Science and Technology Information, 2017, 36(4):19-28.
[9]吴松涛,朱如凯,李勋,等.致密储层孔隙结构表征技术有效性评价与应用[J].地学前缘,2018,25(2):191-203.WU Songtao,ZHU Rukai,LI Xun,et al. Evalution and application of porous structure characterization technologies in unconventional tight reservoirs[J]. Earth Science Frontiers,2018, 25(2):191-203.
[10]黄振凯,陈建平,薛海涛,等.松辽盆地白垩系青山口组泥岩孔隙结构特征[J].石油勘探与开发,2013,40(1):58-65.HUANG Zhenkai,CHEN Jianping,XUE Haitao,et al. Microstructural characteristics of Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation Shale,Songliao Basin[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development,2013,40(1):58-65.
[11]李建青,高玉巧,花彩霞,等.北美页岩气勘探经验对建立中国南方海相页岩气选区评价体系的启示[J].油气地质与采收率,2014,21(4):23-32.LI Jianqing,GAO Yuqiao,HUA Caixia,et al. Marine shale gas evaluation system of regional selection in South China:enlightenment from North American exploration experience[J]. Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency,2014,21(4):23-27,32.
[12]崔景伟,邹才能,朱如凯,等.页岩孔隙研究新进展[J].地球科学进展,2012,27(12):1319-1325.CUI Jingwei,ZOU Caineng,Zhu Rukai,et al. New advances in shale porosity research[J]. Advances in Earth Sciences,2012,27(12):1319-1325.
[13] LOUCK R G. RUPPEL S C. Mississippian Barnett shale:Lithofacies and depositional setting for deep-water shale-gas succession in the Fort Worth Basin,Tesax[J]. AAPG Bulletin,2007,91(4):579-601.
[14] CURTIS J B. Fractured shale-gas systems[J]. AAPG Bulletin,2002,86(11):1921-1938.
[15]赵俊龙,张君峰,许浩,等.北美典型致密油地质特征对比及分类[J].岩性油气藏,2015,27(1):44-50.ZHAO Junlong,ZHANG Junfeng,XU Hao,et al. Comparison of geological characteristics and types of typical tight oil in North America[J]. Lithologic Reservoirs,2015,27(1):44-50.
[16]高辉,何梦卿,赵鹏云,等,鄂尔多斯盆地长7页岩油与北美地区典型页岩油地质特征对比[J].石油实验地质,2018,40(2):133-140.GAO Hui,HE Mengqing,ZHAO Pengyun,et al. Comparison of geological characteristics of Chang 7 Shale Oil in Ordos Basin and typical shale oil in North America[J]. Petroleum Geology&Experiment,2018,40(2):133-140.
[17] CURTIS M E,AMBROSE R J,SONDERGELD C H,et al.Structural characterization of gas shales on the mircr and nanoscales[C]//Canadian Unconvemtional Resources&International Petroleum Conference, 2010, Calgary. DOI:10. 218/137693-MS.
[18] LOUCKS R G,REED R M,RUPPEL S C,et al. Prelininary classification of matrix pores in mudstone[C]//Coast Association of Geological Societies(GCAGS),2010.
[19] MILNER M,MCLIN R,PETRIELLO J,et al. Imaging texture and porosity in mudstones and shales:Comparison of secondary and ionmilled backscatter SEM methods[R]. SPE 138975,2010.
[20]杨峰,宁正福,胡昌蓬,等.页岩储层微观孔隙结构特征[J].石油学报,2013,34(2):301-311.YANG Feng,NING Zhengfu,HU Changpeng,et al. Characterization of microscopic pore structures in shale reservoirs[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica,2013,34(2):301-311.
[21] LOUCKS R G,REED R M,RRPPEL S C,et al. Morphology,genesis and distribution of nanometer-scale pores in siliceous mudstones of the Mississippian Barnett Shale[J]. Joural of Sedimentary Research,2009,79(12):848-861.
[22]吴松涛,邹才能,朱如凯,等.鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统长7段泥页岩储集性能[J].地球科学——中国地质大学学报,2015,40(11):1811-1823.WU Songtao,ZOU Caineng,ZHU Rukai,et al. Reservoir quality characterization of Upper Triassic Chang 7 Shale in Ordos Basin[J]. Earth Science(Journal of China University of Geosciences),2015,40(11):1811-1823.
[23]张琴,朱筱敏,李晨溪,等.渤海湾盆地沾化凹陷沙河街组富有机质页岩孔隙分类及孔径定量表征[J].石油与天然气地质,2016,37(3):422-438.ZHANG Qin,ZHU Xiaomin,LI Chenxi,et al. Classification and quantitative characterization of micorscopic pores in organic-rich shale of the Shahejie Formation in the Zhanhua Sag,Bohai Bay Basin[J]. Oil&Gas Geology,2016,37(3):422-438.
[24]冯子辉,霍秋立,王雪,等.青山口组一段烃源岩有机地球化学特征及古沉积环境[J].大庆石油地质与开发,2015,34(4):1-7.FENG Zihui,HUO Qiuli,WANG Xue,et al. Source rocks organic geochemistry and sedimentary paleoenvironments of the Late Cretaceous Qingshankou 1st Member in the Songliao Basin[J].Petroleum Geology&Oilfield Development in Daqing,2015,34(4):1-7.
[25] ROSS D J K,BUSTIN R M. The importance of shale composition and pore structure upon gas sgorage potential of shale gas reservoirs[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2009, 26(6):916-927.
[26]陈燕燕,邹才能,Maria Mastalerz,等.页岩微观孔隙演化及分形特征研究[J].天然气地球科学,2015,26(9):1646-1656.CHEN Yanyan,ZOU Caineng,MASTALERZ M,et al. Porosity and fractal characteristics of shale across a maturation gradient[J]. Natural Gas Geoscience,2015,26(9):1646-1656.
[27]郭秋麟,陈晓明,宋焕琪,等.泥页岩埋藏过程孔隙度演化与预测模型探讨[J].天然气地球科学,2013,24(3):439-449.GUO Qiulin,CHENG Xiaoming,SONG Huanqi,et al. Evolution and models of shale porosity during burial process[J]. Natural Gas Geoscience,2013,24(3):439-449.
[28] MODICA C J,LAPIERRE S G. Estimation of kerogen porosity in source rocks as a function of thermal transformation:Example from the Mowry Shale in the Powder River Basin of Wyoming[J].AAPG Bulletin,2012,96:87-108.
[29] ROMERO SARMIENTO M F,ROUZAUD J N,BERNARD S,et al. Evolution of Barnett Shale organic carbon structure and nanostructure with increasing maturation[J]. Organic Geochemistry,2014,71:7-16.
[30]杨万里,高瑞祺,郭庆福,等.松辽盆地陆相油气生成运移和聚集[M].哈尔滨:黑龙江科学技术出版社,1985.YANG Wanli,GAO Ruiqi,GUO Qingfu,et al. Generation,migration and accumulation of nonmarine petroleum in Songliao Basin[M]. Harbin:Heilongjiang Science&Technology Press,1985.
[31]王行信,辛国强,冯永才.松辽盆地黏土矿物研究[M].哈尔滨:黑龙江科学技术出版社,1990.WANG Xingxin,XIN Guoqiang,FENG Yongcai. Clay research in Songliao Basin[M]. Harbin:Heilongjiang Science&Technology Press,1990.