天然气水合物开采方法及海域试采分析
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摘要
天然气水合物分布广、埋藏浅、清洁无污染、储量巨大,被视为油气领域最有潜力的替代清洁能源。全球目前有5个国家进行了8次天然气水合物试采工作,特别是2017年5月中国神狐海域天然气水合物试采取得了巨大成功,创造了产气时间和产气总量两项世界纪录,但是由于天然气水合物特殊的物理力学性质和赋存状态,技术经济开采还面临诸多难题。在分类总结天然气水合物开采方法的基础上,分析了中日两国的海域天然气水合物试采情况及试采数据,得出了如下结论与建议:(1)天然气水合物开采方法可归纳为两大类:原位分解法和地层采掘法;(2)海域天然气水合物试采数据表明:压力和温度条件都是影响产气速率的主要因素与约束条件,在生产不同阶段,影响产气能力的主要因素不同;(3)对日本第1次天然气水合物试采数据分析表明,压力驱动力、温度驱动力与产气速率均有较好的相关性,提出了表征温度压力耦合关系的指标相态平衡距,研究了产气速率与相态平衡距的分段线性关系,建立了天然气水合物储层分解动力学模型范式;(4)分析了降压开采方法中大幅快速降压与分段缓慢降压两种降压方式的优劣,提出有效供热是实现天然气水合物降压开采的长期高产的必要条件,集成页岩气开发中的水平井压裂技术与干热岩地热开发中热量对流交换循环的原理,提出对流注热降压开采方法。
Natural gas hydrate,a pollution-free clean energy,is buried in sediments of the shallow geosphere and widely distributed,therefore considered as the most likely potential substitute resource in the oil and gas sector.Field scale exploitation of gas hydrate have been tried of 5 countries including China,especially the successful offshore production tests in Shenhu area,South China Sea,making a record of gas producing time and cumulative production. Nevertheless,there is no mature solution to realize economical and large-scale exploitation because of the special physical properties and occurrence environment of gas hydrate. In this paper,the offshore production tests carried out by China and Japan are introduced and analyzed according to fundamental understanding of gas hydrate. Our results indicated that:( 1) the current production methods could be summarized into two types: in situ decomposition and stratum excavation methods.( 2) The exploitation data suggested the temperature and pressure are the main constrain conditions for gas production and they works differently in different stages of production.( 3)The first exploitation data of Japan showed that there's fine relevance between production rate and pressure/temperature driving force. The decomposition model based on coupled driving force were proposed using a comprehensive parameter named "distance to phase equilibrium curve".( 4) According to the judgments of drasticrapid and phased-slow depressurization methods,we presented that efficient heat injection are possibly one necessary condition for long-term exploitation of gas hydrate. Furthermore, convection heat supply and depressurization method were proposed according to the integration of hydraulic fracturing horizontal well technology in shale exploitation and the heat convection exchange cycle in hot dry rock exploitation.
Natural gas hydrate,a pollution-free clean energy,is buried in sediments of the shallow geosphere and widely distributed,therefore considered as the most likely potential substitute resource in the oil and gas sector.Field scale exploitation of gas hydrate have been tried of 5 countries including China,especially the successful offshore production tests in Shenhu area,South China Sea,making a record of gas producing time and cumulative production. Nevertheless,there is no mature solution to realize economical and large-scale exploitation because of the special physical properties and occurrence environment of gas hydrate. In this paper,the offshore production tests carried out by China and Japan are introduced and analyzed according to fundamental understanding of gas hydrate. Our results indicated that:( 1) the current production methods could be summarized into two types: in situ decomposition and stratum excavation methods.( 2) The exploitation data suggested the temperature and pressure are the main constrain conditions for gas production and they works differently in different stages of production.( 3)The first exploitation data of Japan showed that there's fine relevance between production rate and pressure/temperature driving force. The decomposition model based on coupled driving force were proposed using a comprehensive parameter named "distance to phase equilibrium curve".( 4) According to the judgments of drasticrapid and phased-slow depressurization methods,we presented that efficient heat injection are possibly one necessary condition for long-term exploitation of gas hydrate. Furthermore, convection heat supply and depressurization method were proposed according to the integration of hydraulic fracturing horizontal well technology in shale exploitation and the heat convection exchange cycle in hot dry rock exploitation.
引文
Archer D,Buffett B,Brovkin V.2009.Ocean methane hydrates as a slow tipping point in the global carbon cycle[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,106(49):20596-20601.
Boswell R,Collett T S.2011.Current perspectives on gas hydrate resources[J].Energy&Environmental Science,4(4):1206-1215.
Chen L,Sasaki H,Watanabe T,et al.2017.Production strategy for oceanic methane hydrate extraction and power generation with Carbon Capture and Storage(CCS)[J].Energy,126:256-272.
Chen Z Y,Feng J C,Li X S,et al.2014.Preparation of warm brine in situ seafloor based on the hydrate process for marine gas hydrate thermal stimulation[J].Industrial&Engineering Chemistry Research,53(36):14142-14157.
China Geological Survey.2017.Successful completion of gas hydrate test production in China's first offshore area.http:∥www.mnr.gov.cn/dt/ywbb/201810/t20181030_2287822.html.
Chong Z R,Yang S H B,Babu P,et al.2016.Review of natural gas hydrates as an energy resource:Prospects and challenges[J].Applied Energy,162:1633-1652.
Collett T,Bahk J J,Frye M,et al.2013.Historical methane hydrate project review[R].Washington D.C.:Consortium for Ocean Leadership.
Collett T S.2002.Energy resource potential of natural gas hydrates[J].Aapg Bulletin,86(11):1971-1992.
Ebinuma T.1993.Method for dumping and disposing of carbon dioxide gas and apparatus therefor USA:US 5 261 490 A[P].1993.
Gupta A.2007.Methane hydrate dissociation measurements and modeling:The role of heat transfer and reaction kinetics[D].City:Colorado School of Mines.Arthur Lakes Library.
Islam M R.1994.A new recovery technique for gas production from Alaskan gas hydrates[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,11(4):267-281.
Jogmec.2013.Gas Production from Methane Hydrate Layers Confirmed[EB/OL].http:∥www.jogmec.go.jp/english/news/release/release0110.html.
Kamath V A.1984.Study of heat transfer characteristics during dissociation of gas hydrates in porous media[D].City:Pittsburgh Univ.,PA(USA).
Kim H C,Bishnoi P R,Heidemann R A,et al.1987.Kinetics of methane hydrate decomposition[J].Chemical Engineering Science,42(7):1645-1653.
Koh C A,Sloan E D,Sum A K,et al.2011.Fundamentals and Applications of Gas Hydrates[M]//Prausnitz J M.Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering,2:237-257.
Koh C A,Westacott r E,Zhang W,et al.2002.Mechanisms of gas hydrate formation and inhibition[J].Fluid Phase Equilibria,194:143-151.
Konno Y,Fujii T,Sato A,et al.2017.Key findings of the world's first offshore methane hydrate production test off the coast of Japan:toward future commercial production[J].Energy&Fuels,31(3):2607-2616.
Kurihara M,Funatsu K,Ouchi H,et al.2008.Analyses of production tests and MDT tests conducted in Mallik and Alaska methane hydrate reservoirs:what can we learn from these well tests[C]//Proceedings from the 6 th International Conference of Gas Hydrates.Vancouver:[s.n.].
Kvenvolden K A.1993.Gas hydrates as a potential energy resource-a review of their methane content[J].United States Geological Survey,Professional Paper;(United States),1570.
Kvenvolden K A,Lorenson T.2001.The global occurrence of natural gas hydrate[J].Geophysical Monograph Series,(124):3-18.
Kvenvolden K A.1988.Methane hydrate-A major reservoir of carbon in the shallow geosphere?[J].Chemical Geology,71(1):41-51.
Kvenvolden K A.1999.Potential effects of gas hydrate on human welfare[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,96(7):3420-3426.
Li G,Moridis G J,Zhang K,et al.2011.The use of huff and puff method in a single horizontal well in gas production from marine gas hydrate deposits in the Shenhu Area of South China Sea[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,77(1):49-68.
Li X S,Wang Y,Duan L P,et al.2012.Experimental investigation into methane hydrate production during three-dimensional thermal huff and puff[J].Applied Energy,94:48-57.
Liu C L,Li Y L,Sun J Y,et al.2017.Gas hydrate production test:from experimental simulation to field practice[J].Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,37(5):12-26.
Liu Y G,Hou J,Zhao H F,et al.2018.A method to recover natural gas hydrates with geothermal energy conveyed by CO2[J].Energy,144:265-278.
Makogon T Y,Sloan E D.2002.Mechanism of kinetic hydrate inhibitors[C]//Mechanism of kinetic hydrate inhibitors.Proceedings of the 4 th International Conference on Gas Hydrates.Yokohama,Japan:[s.n.]:498-503.
Makogon Y F,Holditch S A.2005.Russian field illustrates gas-hydrate production[J].Oil and Gas Journal,103(5):43-47.
Makogo N Y F,Omelchenko R Y.2013.Commercial gas production from Messoyakha deposit in hydrate conditions[J].Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering,11:1-6.
Mcguire P L.1982.Recovery of gas from hydrate deposits using conventional technology[C]//Recovery of gas from hydrate deposits using conventional technology.SPE unconventional gas recovery symposium.[s.l.]:Society of Petroleum Engineers.
Meti.2017.Second Offshore Methane Hydrate Production Test Finishes:http:∥www.meti.go.jp/english/press/2017/0629_001.html.
MH21.2017a.Information about the Second Offshore Production Test[EB/OL].http:∥www.mh21japan.gr.jp/english/infomation/976/.
MH21.2017b.The second offshore production test[EB/OL].http:∥www.mh21japan.gr.jp/mh21wp/wp-content/uploads/mh21form2017_doc02_1.pdf
Milkov A V.2004.Global estimates of hydrate-bound gas in marine sediments:how much is really out there?[J].Earth-Science Reviews,66(3-4):183-197.
Ministry of Natural Resources.2018.China Mineral Resources 2018[R].Beijing:Ministry of Natural Resources:1-9.
Ohgaki K,Takano K,Sangawa H,et al.1996.Methane exploitation by carbon dioxide from gas hydrates-Phase equilibria for CO2-CH4mixed hydrate system[J].Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan,29(3):478-483.
Sasaki K,Ono S,Sugai Y,et al.2009.Gas production system from methane hydrate layers by hot water injection using dual horizontal wells[J].Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology,48(10):21-26.
Schoderbek D,Farrell H,Howard J,et al.2013.ConocoPhillips Gas Hydrate Production Test[R].Houston,TX(United States):ConocoPhillips Co.
Sloan E D.2003.Fundamental principles and applications of natural gas hydrates[J].Nature,426(6964):353-359.
Sloan E D,Koh C A.2008.Clathrate Hydrates of Natural Gases[M].CRC Press.
Tang L G,Li X S,Feng Z P,et al.2007.Control Mechanisms for Gas Hydrate Production by Depressurization in Different Scale Hydrate Reservoirs[J].Energy&Fuels,21(1):227-233.
Wei W,Zhang J H,Yu R Z,et al.2018.Review on natural gas hydrate in2017[J].Science&Technology Review,36(1):83-90.
Wu N Y,Huang L,Hu G W,et al.2017.Geological controlling factors and scientific challenges for offshore gas hydrate exploitation[J].Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,37(5):1-11.
Yamamoto K,Kanno T,Wang X X,et al.2017.Thermal responses of a gas hydrate-bearing sediment to a depressurization operation[J].RSC Advances,7(10):5554-5577.
Yousif M H,Abass H H,Selim M S,et al.1991.Experimental and theoretical investigation of methane-gas-hydrate dissociation in porous media[J].SPE Reservoir Engineering,6(1):69-76.
Yousif M H,Sloan E D.2013.Experimental Investigation of Hydrate Formation and Dissociation in Consolidated Porous Media[J].SPEReservoir Engineering,6(4):452-458.
Zhang W,Shao M J,Tain Q N.2017.Technical progress of a pilot project to produce natural gas hydrate in Japanese waters[J].Petroleum Drilling Techniques,45(5):98-102.
Zhang X H,Lu X B.2016.A new exploitation method for gas hydrate in shallowstratum:mechanical-thermal method[J].Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,48(5):1238-1246.
Zhou S W,Chen W,Li Q P,et al.2017.Research on the solid fluidization well testing and production for shallow non-diagenetic natural gas hydrate in deep water area[J].China Offshore Oil and Gas,29(4):1-8.
Zhu Y H.2006.Production test from gas hydrate of Mackenzie Permafrost,Canada[J].Advances in Earth Science,21(5):513-520.
刘昌岭,李彦龙,孙建业,等.2017.天然气水合物试采:从实验模拟到场地实施[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,37(5):12-26.
魏伟,张金华,于荣泽,等.2018.2017年天然气水合物研发热点回眸[J].科技导报,36(1):83-90.
吴能友,黄丽,胡高伟,等.2017.海域天然气水合物开采的地质控制因素和科学挑战[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,37(5):1-11.
张炜,邵明娟,田黔宁.2017.日本海域天然气水合物开发技术进展[J].石油钻探技术,45(5):98-102.
张旭辉,鲁晓兵.2016.一种新的海洋浅层水合物开采法---机械-热联合法[J].力学学报,48(5):1238-1246.
中国地质调查局.2017.我国首次海域天然气水合物试采圆满结束:http:∥www.mnr.gov.cn/dt/ywbb/201810/t20181030_2287822.html.
周守为,陈伟,李清平,等.2017.深水浅层非成岩天然气水合物固态流化试采技术研究及进展[J].中国海上油气,29(4):1-8.
祝有海.2006.加拿大马更些冻土区天然气水合物试生产进展与展望[J].地球科学进展,21(5):513-520.
自然资源部.2018.中国矿产资源报告2018[R].北京:自然资源部:1-9.
Boswell R,Collett T S.2011.Current perspectives on gas hydrate resources[J].Energy&Environmental Science,4(4):1206-1215.
Chen L,Sasaki H,Watanabe T,et al.2017.Production strategy for oceanic methane hydrate extraction and power generation with Carbon Capture and Storage(CCS)[J].Energy,126:256-272.
Chen Z Y,Feng J C,Li X S,et al.2014.Preparation of warm brine in situ seafloor based on the hydrate process for marine gas hydrate thermal stimulation[J].Industrial&Engineering Chemistry Research,53(36):14142-14157.
China Geological Survey.2017.Successful completion of gas hydrate test production in China's first offshore area.http:∥www.mnr.gov.cn/dt/ywbb/201810/t20181030_2287822.html.
Chong Z R,Yang S H B,Babu P,et al.2016.Review of natural gas hydrates as an energy resource:Prospects and challenges[J].Applied Energy,162:1633-1652.
Collett T,Bahk J J,Frye M,et al.2013.Historical methane hydrate project review[R].Washington D.C.:Consortium for Ocean Leadership.
Collett T S.2002.Energy resource potential of natural gas hydrates[J].Aapg Bulletin,86(11):1971-1992.
Ebinuma T.1993.Method for dumping and disposing of carbon dioxide gas and apparatus therefor USA:US 5 261 490 A[P].1993.
Gupta A.2007.Methane hydrate dissociation measurements and modeling:The role of heat transfer and reaction kinetics[D].City:Colorado School of Mines.Arthur Lakes Library.
Islam M R.1994.A new recovery technique for gas production from Alaskan gas hydrates[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,11(4):267-281.
Jogmec.2013.Gas Production from Methane Hydrate Layers Confirmed[EB/OL].http:∥www.jogmec.go.jp/english/news/release/release0110.html.
Kamath V A.1984.Study of heat transfer characteristics during dissociation of gas hydrates in porous media[D].City:Pittsburgh Univ.,PA(USA).
Kim H C,Bishnoi P R,Heidemann R A,et al.1987.Kinetics of methane hydrate decomposition[J].Chemical Engineering Science,42(7):1645-1653.
Koh C A,Sloan E D,Sum A K,et al.2011.Fundamentals and Applications of Gas Hydrates[M]//Prausnitz J M.Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering,2:237-257.
Koh C A,Westacott r E,Zhang W,et al.2002.Mechanisms of gas hydrate formation and inhibition[J].Fluid Phase Equilibria,194:143-151.
Konno Y,Fujii T,Sato A,et al.2017.Key findings of the world's first offshore methane hydrate production test off the coast of Japan:toward future commercial production[J].Energy&Fuels,31(3):2607-2616.
Kurihara M,Funatsu K,Ouchi H,et al.2008.Analyses of production tests and MDT tests conducted in Mallik and Alaska methane hydrate reservoirs:what can we learn from these well tests[C]//Proceedings from the 6 th International Conference of Gas Hydrates.Vancouver:[s.n.].
Kvenvolden K A.1993.Gas hydrates as a potential energy resource-a review of their methane content[J].United States Geological Survey,Professional Paper;(United States),1570.
Kvenvolden K A,Lorenson T.2001.The global occurrence of natural gas hydrate[J].Geophysical Monograph Series,(124):3-18.
Kvenvolden K A.1988.Methane hydrate-A major reservoir of carbon in the shallow geosphere?[J].Chemical Geology,71(1):41-51.
Kvenvolden K A.1999.Potential effects of gas hydrate on human welfare[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,96(7):3420-3426.
Li G,Moridis G J,Zhang K,et al.2011.The use of huff and puff method in a single horizontal well in gas production from marine gas hydrate deposits in the Shenhu Area of South China Sea[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,77(1):49-68.
Li X S,Wang Y,Duan L P,et al.2012.Experimental investigation into methane hydrate production during three-dimensional thermal huff and puff[J].Applied Energy,94:48-57.
Liu C L,Li Y L,Sun J Y,et al.2017.Gas hydrate production test:from experimental simulation to field practice[J].Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,37(5):12-26.
Liu Y G,Hou J,Zhao H F,et al.2018.A method to recover natural gas hydrates with geothermal energy conveyed by CO2[J].Energy,144:265-278.
Makogon T Y,Sloan E D.2002.Mechanism of kinetic hydrate inhibitors[C]//Mechanism of kinetic hydrate inhibitors.Proceedings of the 4 th International Conference on Gas Hydrates.Yokohama,Japan:[s.n.]:498-503.
Makogon Y F,Holditch S A.2005.Russian field illustrates gas-hydrate production[J].Oil and Gas Journal,103(5):43-47.
Makogo N Y F,Omelchenko R Y.2013.Commercial gas production from Messoyakha deposit in hydrate conditions[J].Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering,11:1-6.
Mcguire P L.1982.Recovery of gas from hydrate deposits using conventional technology[C]//Recovery of gas from hydrate deposits using conventional technology.SPE unconventional gas recovery symposium.[s.l.]:Society of Petroleum Engineers.
Meti.2017.Second Offshore Methane Hydrate Production Test Finishes:http:∥www.meti.go.jp/english/press/2017/0629_001.html.
MH21.2017a.Information about the Second Offshore Production Test[EB/OL].http:∥www.mh21japan.gr.jp/english/infomation/976/.
MH21.2017b.The second offshore production test[EB/OL].http:∥www.mh21japan.gr.jp/mh21wp/wp-content/uploads/mh21form2017_doc02_1.pdf
Milkov A V.2004.Global estimates of hydrate-bound gas in marine sediments:how much is really out there?[J].Earth-Science Reviews,66(3-4):183-197.
Ministry of Natural Resources.2018.China Mineral Resources 2018[R].Beijing:Ministry of Natural Resources:1-9.
Ohgaki K,Takano K,Sangawa H,et al.1996.Methane exploitation by carbon dioxide from gas hydrates-Phase equilibria for CO2-CH4mixed hydrate system[J].Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan,29(3):478-483.
Sasaki K,Ono S,Sugai Y,et al.2009.Gas production system from methane hydrate layers by hot water injection using dual horizontal wells[J].Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology,48(10):21-26.
Schoderbek D,Farrell H,Howard J,et al.2013.ConocoPhillips Gas Hydrate Production Test[R].Houston,TX(United States):ConocoPhillips Co.
Sloan E D.2003.Fundamental principles and applications of natural gas hydrates[J].Nature,426(6964):353-359.
Sloan E D,Koh C A.2008.Clathrate Hydrates of Natural Gases[M].CRC Press.
Tang L G,Li X S,Feng Z P,et al.2007.Control Mechanisms for Gas Hydrate Production by Depressurization in Different Scale Hydrate Reservoirs[J].Energy&Fuels,21(1):227-233.
Wei W,Zhang J H,Yu R Z,et al.2018.Review on natural gas hydrate in2017[J].Science&Technology Review,36(1):83-90.
Wu N Y,Huang L,Hu G W,et al.2017.Geological controlling factors and scientific challenges for offshore gas hydrate exploitation[J].Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,37(5):1-11.
Yamamoto K,Kanno T,Wang X X,et al.2017.Thermal responses of a gas hydrate-bearing sediment to a depressurization operation[J].RSC Advances,7(10):5554-5577.
Yousif M H,Abass H H,Selim M S,et al.1991.Experimental and theoretical investigation of methane-gas-hydrate dissociation in porous media[J].SPE Reservoir Engineering,6(1):69-76.
Yousif M H,Sloan E D.2013.Experimental Investigation of Hydrate Formation and Dissociation in Consolidated Porous Media[J].SPEReservoir Engineering,6(4):452-458.
Zhang W,Shao M J,Tain Q N.2017.Technical progress of a pilot project to produce natural gas hydrate in Japanese waters[J].Petroleum Drilling Techniques,45(5):98-102.
Zhang X H,Lu X B.2016.A new exploitation method for gas hydrate in shallowstratum:mechanical-thermal method[J].Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,48(5):1238-1246.
Zhou S W,Chen W,Li Q P,et al.2017.Research on the solid fluidization well testing and production for shallow non-diagenetic natural gas hydrate in deep water area[J].China Offshore Oil and Gas,29(4):1-8.
Zhu Y H.2006.Production test from gas hydrate of Mackenzie Permafrost,Canada[J].Advances in Earth Science,21(5):513-520.
刘昌岭,李彦龙,孙建业,等.2017.天然气水合物试采:从实验模拟到场地实施[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,37(5):12-26.
魏伟,张金华,于荣泽,等.2018.2017年天然气水合物研发热点回眸[J].科技导报,36(1):83-90.
吴能友,黄丽,胡高伟,等.2017.海域天然气水合物开采的地质控制因素和科学挑战[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,37(5):1-11.
张炜,邵明娟,田黔宁.2017.日本海域天然气水合物开发技术进展[J].石油钻探技术,45(5):98-102.
张旭辉,鲁晓兵.2016.一种新的海洋浅层水合物开采法---机械-热联合法[J].力学学报,48(5):1238-1246.
中国地质调查局.2017.我国首次海域天然气水合物试采圆满结束:http:∥www.mnr.gov.cn/dt/ywbb/201810/t20181030_2287822.html.
周守为,陈伟,李清平,等.2017.深水浅层非成岩天然气水合物固态流化试采技术研究及进展[J].中国海上油气,29(4):1-8.
祝有海.2006.加拿大马更些冻土区天然气水合物试生产进展与展望[J].地球科学进展,21(5):513-520.
自然资源部.2018.中国矿产资源报告2018[R].北京:自然资源部:1-9.