雅鲁藏布大峡谷高位岩质崩塌影响因素分析
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摘要
雅鲁藏布大峡谷是世界第一大峡谷和地球上最深的峡谷,喜马拉雅山脉、念青唐古拉山脉和横断山脉雄踞于大峡谷西、北、东三方,地形呈北高南低走势;该地区地层岩性复杂、断裂构造发育、地震活动性强且震级高、风化卸荷作用强烈、气候条件复杂,地质灾害频发,本文主要探讨大峡谷高位岩质崩塌的影响因素。在卫星遥感解译工作的基础上,利用机载雷达高清航拍手段,通过详细地表地质调查,系统分析了该河段的大地构造背景、地形地貌特征、岸坡地质建造、岸坡地质结构和发震断裂分布等地质条件,从内、外营力作用、岸坡外形、内部结构以及应力状态等方面阐述了高陡岸坡的变形与破坏过程。研究认为,雅鲁藏布大峡谷高位岩质崩塌的主要影响因素有河谷形态、岩性特征、构造条件、地震活动性、地壳隆升与河流下切、高地应力、风化卸荷和气候条件等。崩塌发育是多种因素耦合的结果,最主要的内在因素是岸坡形态与地质结构,最主要的诱发因素是区域破坏性地震的反复作用。
The Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon is the world 's first Grand Canyon and the deepest canyon on earth.The Himalaya mountains,the Nyainqentanglha mountains and the Hengduan Mountains are located in the west,north and east of the Grand Canyon,respectively,where the terrain appears to be higher in the north and lower in the south.The area is characterized by complex lithology,developed fault structure,intense earthquake activity,high magnitude,strong weathering and unloading,complex climatic conditions and frequent geological disasters.This paper mainly discusses the main factors affecting the high level rock collapse in the Grand Canyon.On the basis of the interpretation of satellite remote sensing,the airborne radar high-definition aerial photography is used,and the detailed geological survey is carried out.Systemic analysis in this area is conducted including tectonic background,topography,slope geological formation,slope structure and earthquake fault distribution etc.Based on exogenic and endogenic geological process,slope shape,internal structure and stress state and other aspects,the process of deformation and failure of high steep slope is analyzed.The main influencing factors of high level rock collapse in Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon include valley morphology,lithology,structural conditions,seismicity,crustal uplift and river cutting,high ground stress,weathering and unloading,and climatic conditions.Collapse development is the result of coupling of various factors.The most important internal factor is bank slope shape and geological structure,and the most important inducing factor is the repeated action of regional destructive earthquakes.
The Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon is the world 's first Grand Canyon and the deepest canyon on earth.The Himalaya mountains,the Nyainqentanglha mountains and the Hengduan Mountains are located in the west,north and east of the Grand Canyon,respectively,where the terrain appears to be higher in the north and lower in the south.The area is characterized by complex lithology,developed fault structure,intense earthquake activity,high magnitude,strong weathering and unloading,complex climatic conditions and frequent geological disasters.This paper mainly discusses the main factors affecting the high level rock collapse in the Grand Canyon.On the basis of the interpretation of satellite remote sensing,the airborne radar high-definition aerial photography is used,and the detailed geological survey is carried out.Systemic analysis in this area is conducted including tectonic background,topography,slope geological formation,slope structure and earthquake fault distribution etc.Based on exogenic and endogenic geological process,slope shape,internal structure and stress state and other aspects,the process of deformation and failure of high steep slope is analyzed.The main influencing factors of high level rock collapse in Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon include valley morphology,lithology,structural conditions,seismicity,crustal uplift and river cutting,high ground stress,weathering and unloading,and climatic conditions.Collapse development is the result of coupling of various factors.The most important internal factor is bank slope shape and geological structure,and the most important inducing factor is the repeated action of regional destructive earthquakes.
引文
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[14]程强.汶川地震崩滑灾害影响因素分析[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2011,22(3):2-4.CHENG Qiang. Analysis of the factors affecting theearthquake collapse and landslide disaster inWenchuan[J]. The Chinese Journal of GeologicalHazard and Control,2011,22(3):2-4.
[15]工程地质手册[M].第四版.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2007(2):554-558.Engineering Geology Manual(Fourth Edition)[M].Beijing:China Construction Industry Press,2007(2):554-558.
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[17]丁林,钟大赉,潘裕生,等.东喜马拉雅构造结上新世以来快速抬升的裂变径迹证据[J].科学通报,1995,40:1498-1500.DING Lin, ZHONG Dalai, PAN Yusheng, et al.Fission track evidence for rapid uplift since thePliocene in the eastern Himalaya tectonic junction[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin,1995,40:1498-1500.
[18]王毅,张运达.雅鲁藏布江大拐弯入口格嘎冰川泥石流堵江影响分析[J].水电站设计,2015,34(4).WANG Yi,ZHANG Yunda. Analysis of the YarlungZangbo Grand bend entrance gega glacial debris flowriver blocking effect[J]. Design of HydropowerStation,2015,34(4).
[19]谢超,周本刚,李正芳.东喜马拉雅构造结地貌形态及其构造指示意义[J].地震地质,2017,39(2):282-283.XIE Chao, ZHOU Bengang, LI Zhengfang.Geomorphological morphology and its structuralsignificance of the eastern Himalaya tectonic knot[J].Seismology and Geology,2017,39(2):282-283.
[20]张倬元,王士天,王兰生.工程地质分析原理[M].北京:地质出版社,1994(3):51-52.ZHANG Zhuoyuan, WANG Shitian, WANGLansheng. Principle of engineering geological analysis[M]. Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1994(3):51-52.
[21]马明,关志华.雅鲁藏布大峡谷地区水环境评价及保护研究[J].地理研究,2000,19(2):195.MA Ming, GUAN Zhihua. Study on waterenvironment assessment and protection in the YarlungZangbo Grand Canyon Area[J]. GeographyResearch,2000,19(2):195.
[2]任金卫,单新建,沈军,等.西藏易贡崩塌-滑坡-泥石流的地质地貌与运动学特征[J].地质论评,2001,47(6):642-646.REN Jinwei, SHAN Xinjian, SHEN Jun, et al.Geological characteristics and kinematics of the rockFall-Landslide in Yi'ong,Southeastern Tibet[J].Geological Review,2001,47(6):642-646.
[3]张文敬.南迦巴瓦峰跃动冰川的某些特征[J].山地研究,1985,14(3):234-237.ZHANG Wenjing. Some of the characteristics ofnamjagbrawa glacier movemen[J]. MountainResearch,1985,14(3):234-237.
[4]中国地质调查局成都地质调查中心.青藏高原及邻区地质图(1∶150万)及说明书[M].北京:地质出版社,2013.Chengdu geological survey center of China GeologicalSurvey. Geological map of Tibetan Plateau and itsadjacent areas(1∶1. 5million)and instructions[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2013.
[5]中国地质调查局.青藏高原1:25万区域地质调查成果系列[M].北京:中国地质大学出版社,1999-2005.China Geological Survey. Qinghai tibet plateau 1:25regional geological survey series[M]. Beijing:ChinaUniversity of Geosciences Press,1999-2005.
[6]乐昌硕.岩石学[M].北京:地质出版社,1984:168-178.LE Changshuo. Petrology[M]. Beijing:GeologicaPublishing House,1984:168-178.
[7]邹子南.南迦巴瓦构造结东侧结合带岩石类型与构造特征[J].成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),2018,45(3):325-333.ZOU Zinan. Study on rock types and tectoniccharacteristics in the east junction zone of theNamjagbarwa structural knot[J]. Journal of ChengduUniversity of Technology(Science&TechnologyEdition). 2018,45(3):325-333.
[8]吴新国,孙立新,郭金城,等.雅鲁藏布江结合带内韧性剪切带的地质特征及其意义[J].大地构造与成矿学,2005(2):199-202.WU Xinguo,SUN Lixin,GUO Jincheng,et al. Thegeological characteristics and significance of theYarlung Zangbo River suture zone of the ductile shearzone[J]. Geotectonica Et Metallogenia,2005(2):199-202.
[9]滑坡防治工程勘察规范:DZ/T 0218-2006[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2006.Code for investigation of landslide prevention andcontrol engineering:DZ/T 0218-2006[S]. Beijing:China Standard Press,2006.
[10]地质灾害危险性评估规范:DZ/T 0286-2015[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2015.Specification of risk assessment for geological hazard:DZ/T 0218-2006[S]. Beijing:China StandardPress,2015.
[11]袁志辉,陈志新,倪万魁,等.倾倒式岩质崩塌运动过程数值模拟分析[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2014,25(2):27-28.YUAN Zhihui,CHEN Zhixin,NI Wankui,et al.Numerical simulation of collapsing rock collapsemovement[J]. The Chinese Journal of GeologicalHazard and Control,2014,25(2):27-28.
[12]李振生,巨能攀,侯伟龙,等.陡倾层状岩质边坡动力响应大型振动台模型试验研究[J].工程地质学报,2012,20(2):243-248.LI Zhensheng,JU Nengpan,HOU Weilong,et al.Large shaking table model test study on dynamicresponse of steeply dipping layered rock slope[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2012,20(2):243-248.
[13]龙浩.强震条件下高陡岩质边坡崩塌及坡脚岩堆动力响应特征[D].成都:成都理工大学,2014:6.LONG Hao. Under conditions of high earthquake steeprock slope collapses and dynamic responsecharacteristics of rock pile toe[D]. Chengdu:Chengdu University of Technology,2014:6.
[14]程强.汶川地震崩滑灾害影响因素分析[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2011,22(3):2-4.CHENG Qiang. Analysis of the factors affecting theearthquake collapse and landslide disaster inWenchuan[J]. The Chinese Journal of GeologicalHazard and Control,2011,22(3):2-4.
[15]工程地质手册[M].第四版.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2007(2):554-558.Engineering Geology Manual(Fourth Edition)[M].Beijing:China Construction Industry Press,2007(2):554-558.
[16]钟大赉,丁林.青藏高原的隆起过程及其机制探讨[J].中国科学(D辑),1996,26(4):290-295.ZHONG Dalai,DING Lin. The process and mechanismof the uplift of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau[J]. Sciencein China(Series D),1996,26(4):290-295.
[17]丁林,钟大赉,潘裕生,等.东喜马拉雅构造结上新世以来快速抬升的裂变径迹证据[J].科学通报,1995,40:1498-1500.DING Lin, ZHONG Dalai, PAN Yusheng, et al.Fission track evidence for rapid uplift since thePliocene in the eastern Himalaya tectonic junction[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin,1995,40:1498-1500.
[18]王毅,张运达.雅鲁藏布江大拐弯入口格嘎冰川泥石流堵江影响分析[J].水电站设计,2015,34(4).WANG Yi,ZHANG Yunda. Analysis of the YarlungZangbo Grand bend entrance gega glacial debris flowriver blocking effect[J]. Design of HydropowerStation,2015,34(4).
[19]谢超,周本刚,李正芳.东喜马拉雅构造结地貌形态及其构造指示意义[J].地震地质,2017,39(2):282-283.XIE Chao, ZHOU Bengang, LI Zhengfang.Geomorphological morphology and its structuralsignificance of the eastern Himalaya tectonic knot[J].Seismology and Geology,2017,39(2):282-283.
[20]张倬元,王士天,王兰生.工程地质分析原理[M].北京:地质出版社,1994(3):51-52.ZHANG Zhuoyuan, WANG Shitian, WANGLansheng. Principle of engineering geological analysis[M]. Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1994(3):51-52.
[21]马明,关志华.雅鲁藏布大峡谷地区水环境评价及保护研究[J].地理研究,2000,19(2):195.MA Ming, GUAN Zhihua. Study on waterenvironment assessment and protection in the YarlungZangbo Grand Canyon Area[J]. GeographyResearch,2000,19(2):195.