陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区土壤侵蚀驱动力及驱动机制分析（英文）
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摘要
This paper analyzes the spatial variation in soil erosion in the loess hilly-gully region of northern Shaanxi Province, China. It sums up existing research, describes the factors that drive soil erosion, and uses geodetection to investigate the factors individually and in pairs.Our results show that soil erosion in the loess hilly-gully region of northern Shaanxi is mainly hydraulic erosion. There are significant spatial differences in the severity of soil erosion in the region. Generally, it is more severe in the north and west and less severe in the south and east. Individual factor detection results show that the major risk factors affecting soil erosion are human population distribution, precipitation, land-use type, elevation, and soil type. Interactive detection results show that interacting factors play much bigger roles in soil erosion than do individual factors. Based on forced detection results from different periods of time, we can see that forest and grass coverage, urbanization, and economic development in the study area all clearly inhibit soil erosion.
This paper analyzes the spatial variation in soil erosion in the loess hilly-gully region of northern Shaanxi Province, China. It sums up existing research, describes the factors that drive soil erosion, and uses geodetection to investigate the factors individually and in pairs.Our results show that soil erosion in the loess hilly-gully region of northern Shaanxi is mainly hydraulic erosion. There are significant spatial differences in the severity of soil erosion in the region. Generally, it is more severe in the north and west and less severe in the south and east. Individual factor detection results show that the major risk factors affecting soil erosion are human population distribution, precipitation, land-use type, elevation, and soil type. Interactive detection results show that interacting factors play much bigger roles in soil erosion than do individual factors. Based on forced detection results from different periods of time, we can see that forest and grass coverage, urbanization, and economic development in the study area all clearly inhibit soil erosion.
This paper analyzes the spatial variation in soil erosion in the loess hilly-gully region of northern Shaanxi Province, China. It sums up existing research, describes the factors that drive soil erosion, and uses geodetection to investigate the factors individually and in pairs.Our results show that soil erosion in the loess hilly-gully region of northern Shaanxi is mainly hydraulic erosion. There are significant spatial differences in the severity of soil erosion in the region. Generally, it is more severe in the north and west and less severe in the south and east. Individual factor detection results show that the major risk factors affecting soil erosion are human population distribution, precipitation, land-use type, elevation, and soil type. Interactive detection results show that interacting factors play much bigger roles in soil erosion than do individual factors. Based on forced detection results from different periods of time, we can see that forest and grass coverage, urbanization, and economic development in the study area all clearly inhibit soil erosion.
引文
Cao F,Ge Y,Wang J F,2013.Optimal discretization for geographical detectors-based risk assessment.GIS Science&Remote Sensing,50(1):78-92.
Cao Z,Li Y R,Liu Y S et al.,2017.When and where did the Loess Plateau turn“green”?Analysis of the tendency and breakpoints of normalized difference vegetation index.Land Degradation and Development,1-14.
Ding W F,Huang C H,2017.Effects of soil surface roughness on interrill erosion processes and sediment particle size distribution.Geomorphology,295:801-810.
Dong Y X,Xu Q,Yang R et al.,2017.Delineation of the northern border of the tropical zone of China’s mainland using Geodetector.Acta Geographica Sinica,72(1):135-147.(in Chinese)
Fu J Y,Jiang D,Huang Y H,2014.1 km grid population dataset of China(Population Grid_China),Global Change Research Data Publishing&Repository.doi:10.3974/geodb.2014.01.06.V1.(in Chinese)
Gao H D,Li Z B,Li P et al.,2015.The capacity of soil loss control in the Loess Plateau based on soil erosion control degree.Acta Geographica Sinica,70(9):1503-1515.(in Chinese)
Han J C,Liu Y S,Zhang Y G,2015.Sand stabilization effect of feldspathic sandstone during the fallow period in Mu Us Sandy Land.Journal of Geographical Sciences,25(4):428-436.
Hu Y,Wang J F,Li X H et al.,2011.Geographical detector-based risk assessment of the under-five mortality in the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake,China.PloS One,6(6):e21427.
Huang Y H,Jiang D,Fu J Y,2014.1 km grid GDP data of China(2005,2010)(GDPGrid_China),Global Change Research Data Publishing&Repository.doi:10.3974/geodb.2014.01.07.V1.
Li X W,Xie Y F,Wang J F et al.,2013.Influence of planting patterns on fluoroquinolone residues in the soil of an intensive vegetable cultivation area in north China.Science of the Total Environment,458-460:63-69.
Li Y,Zhang J H,Yang J C et al.,2000.Spatial patterns of soil erosion on steep cultivated hillslope in Loess Plateau of Northern Shaanxi.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,14(4):17-21.(in Chinese)
Liang P,Yang X P,2016.Landscape spatial patterns in the Maowusu(Mu Us)Sandy Land,northern China and their impact factors.Catena,145:321-333.
Liu G B,Wang B,Wei W,2016.Technique and demonstration of water and soil loss comprehensive harness on the Loess Plateau.Acta Ecologica Sinica,36(22):7074-7077.(in Chinese)
Liu J Y,Kuang W H,Zhang Z X et al.,2014.Spatiotemporal characteristics,patterns and causes of land-use changes in China since the late 1980s.Journal of Geographical Sciences,24(2):195-210.
Liu J Y,Zhang Z X,Xu X L et al.,2010.Spatial patterns and driving forces of land use change in China during the early 21st century,Journal of Geographical Sciences,20(4):483-494.
Liu Y S,2018.Introduction to land use and rural sustainability in China.Land Use Policy,74(5):1-4.
Liu Y S,Fang F,Li Y H,2014.Key issues of land use in China and implications for policy making.Land Use Policy,40(4):6-12.
Liu Y S,Li J T,2017.Geographic detection and optimizing decision of the differentiation mechanism of rural poverty in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,72(1):161-173.(in Chinese)
Liu Y S,Li Y H,2017.Revitalize the world’s countryside.Nature,548(7667):275-277.
Liu Y S,Yang R,2012.The spatial characteristics and formation mechanism of the county urbanization in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,67(8):1011-1020.(in Chinese)
Liu Z J,Liu Y S,Li Y R,2018a.Anthropogenic contributions dominate trends of vegetation cover change over the farming-pastoral ecotone of northern China.Ecological Indicators,95(1):370-378.
Liu Z J,Liu Y S,Li Y R,2018b.Extended warm temperate zone and opportunities for cropping system change in the Loess Plateau of China.International Journal of Climatology,38(11):1-12.
Liu Z J,Liu Y S,Wang S S et al.,2018c.Evaluation of spatial and temporal performances of ERA-interim precipitation and temperature in mainland of China.Journal of Climate,31(11):4347-4365.
Luo W,Jasiewicz J,Stepinski T et al.,2016.Spatial association between dissection density and environmental factors over the entire conterminous United States.Geophysical Research Letters,43(2):692-700.
Meng Q X,Liu G B,Yang Q K,2008.Soil erosion change on the Loess Plateau.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,15(3):20-22.(in Chinese)
Meng X Y,Shi C X,Liu S Y,2016a.CMADS datasets and its application in watershed hydrological simulation:Acase study of the Heihe River Basin.Pearl River,37(7):1-19.(in Chinese)
Meng X Y,Wang H,Cai S et al.,2016b.The China Meteorological Assimilation Driving Datasets for the SWATModel(CMADS)Application in China:A case study in Heihe River Basin.Preprints,2016:120091.doi:10.20944/preprints201612.0091.v2.
Meng X Y,Wang H,Lei X H et al.,2017.Hydrological Modeling in the Manas River Basin using soil and water assessment tool driven by CMADS.Tehnicki Vjesnik-Technical Gazette,24(2):525-534.doi:10.17559/TV-20170108133334.
Ministry of Water Resources of the People’s Republic of China(MWRPRC),1997.Standards for Classification and Gradation of Soil Erosion,SL190-96.(in Chinese)
Shi C X,Xie Z H,Qian H et al.,2011.China land soil moisture EnKF data assimilation based on satellite remote sensing data.Science China Earth Sciences.doi:10.1007/s11430-010-4160-3.
Tang K L,2004.China Soil and Water Conservation.Beijing:Science Press.(in Chinese)
Tian J,Tang G A,Zhou Y et al.,2013.Spatial variation of gully density in the Loess Plateau.Scientia Geographica Sinica,33(5):622-628.(in Chinese)
Wang J F,Li X H,Christakos G et al.,2010.Geographical detectors-based health risk assessment and its application in the neural tube defects study of the Heshun region,China.International Journal of Geographical Information Science,24(1):107-127.
Wang J F,Xu C D,2017.Geodetector:Principle and prospective.Acta Geographica Sinica,72(1):116-134.(in Chinese)
Wang J F,Zhang T L,Fu B J,2016.A measure of spatial stratified heterogeneity.Ecological Indicators,67:250-256.
Wang W J,2016.Assessment of sensitivity of water and soil loss on the Loess Plateau in North Shaanxi Province[D].Xi’an:Northwest University.(in Chinese)
Wang Z L,2000.Analyses of affecting factors of soil erosion and its harms in China.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,16(4):32-36.(in Chinese)
Wang Z L,Jin X Y,Ma C Y et al.,2008.Research on processes and responses of rainfall-runoff-sediment yield on loess hillslope.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,22(2):24-28.(in Chinese)
Wang Z L,Shao M A,1998.Soil erosion characters of slope land in the 2nd sub-region of Loess Plateau.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,5(4):11-21,97.(in Chinese)
Wang Z L,Shao M A,Chang Q R,1998.Effects of rainfall factors on soil erosion in Loess Plateau.Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science Edition),26(4):106-110.(in Chinese)
Wu R N,Zhang J Q,Bao Y H et al.,2016.Geographical detector model for influencing factors of industrial sector carbon dioxide emissions in Inner Mongolia,China.Sustainability,8(2):149.
Yang R,Liu Y S,Long H L et al.,2016.Spatial distribution characteristics and optimized reconstructing analysis of rural settlement in China.Scientia Geographica Sinica,36(2):170-179.(in Chinese)
Zheng F L,Tang K L,Zhang K L et al.,1995.Relationship of eco-environment change and natural erosion and man-made accelerated erosion.Acta Ecologica Sinica,15(3):251-259.(in Chinese)
Zhong L N,Wang J,Zhao W W,2017.Comparative analysis of the effect of rainfall pattern and land use pattern on soil erosion in different-scale watersheds:A case study in hilly and gully area of the Loess Plateau.Acta Geographica Sinica,72(3):432-443.(in Chinese)
Zhu H,Liu J M,Tao H,2015.Temporal-spatial pattern and contributing factors of urban RBDs in Beijing.Acta Geographica Sinica,70(8):1215-1228.(in Chinese)
Cao Z,Li Y R,Liu Y S et al.,2017.When and where did the Loess Plateau turn“green”?Analysis of the tendency and breakpoints of normalized difference vegetation index.Land Degradation and Development,1-14.
Ding W F,Huang C H,2017.Effects of soil surface roughness on interrill erosion processes and sediment particle size distribution.Geomorphology,295:801-810.
Dong Y X,Xu Q,Yang R et al.,2017.Delineation of the northern border of the tropical zone of China’s mainland using Geodetector.Acta Geographica Sinica,72(1):135-147.(in Chinese)
Fu J Y,Jiang D,Huang Y H,2014.1 km grid population dataset of China(Population Grid_China),Global Change Research Data Publishing&Repository.doi:10.3974/geodb.2014.01.06.V1.(in Chinese)
Gao H D,Li Z B,Li P et al.,2015.The capacity of soil loss control in the Loess Plateau based on soil erosion control degree.Acta Geographica Sinica,70(9):1503-1515.(in Chinese)
Han J C,Liu Y S,Zhang Y G,2015.Sand stabilization effect of feldspathic sandstone during the fallow period in Mu Us Sandy Land.Journal of Geographical Sciences,25(4):428-436.
Hu Y,Wang J F,Li X H et al.,2011.Geographical detector-based risk assessment of the under-five mortality in the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake,China.PloS One,6(6):e21427.
Huang Y H,Jiang D,Fu J Y,2014.1 km grid GDP data of China(2005,2010)(GDPGrid_China),Global Change Research Data Publishing&Repository.doi:10.3974/geodb.2014.01.07.V1.
Li X W,Xie Y F,Wang J F et al.,2013.Influence of planting patterns on fluoroquinolone residues in the soil of an intensive vegetable cultivation area in north China.Science of the Total Environment,458-460:63-69.
Li Y,Zhang J H,Yang J C et al.,2000.Spatial patterns of soil erosion on steep cultivated hillslope in Loess Plateau of Northern Shaanxi.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,14(4):17-21.(in Chinese)
Liang P,Yang X P,2016.Landscape spatial patterns in the Maowusu(Mu Us)Sandy Land,northern China and their impact factors.Catena,145:321-333.
Liu G B,Wang B,Wei W,2016.Technique and demonstration of water and soil loss comprehensive harness on the Loess Plateau.Acta Ecologica Sinica,36(22):7074-7077.(in Chinese)
Liu J Y,Kuang W H,Zhang Z X et al.,2014.Spatiotemporal characteristics,patterns and causes of land-use changes in China since the late 1980s.Journal of Geographical Sciences,24(2):195-210.
Liu J Y,Zhang Z X,Xu X L et al.,2010.Spatial patterns and driving forces of land use change in China during the early 21st century,Journal of Geographical Sciences,20(4):483-494.
Liu Y S,2018.Introduction to land use and rural sustainability in China.Land Use Policy,74(5):1-4.
Liu Y S,Fang F,Li Y H,2014.Key issues of land use in China and implications for policy making.Land Use Policy,40(4):6-12.
Liu Y S,Li J T,2017.Geographic detection and optimizing decision of the differentiation mechanism of rural poverty in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,72(1):161-173.(in Chinese)
Liu Y S,Li Y H,2017.Revitalize the world’s countryside.Nature,548(7667):275-277.
Liu Y S,Yang R,2012.The spatial characteristics and formation mechanism of the county urbanization in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,67(8):1011-1020.(in Chinese)
Liu Z J,Liu Y S,Li Y R,2018a.Anthropogenic contributions dominate trends of vegetation cover change over the farming-pastoral ecotone of northern China.Ecological Indicators,95(1):370-378.
Liu Z J,Liu Y S,Li Y R,2018b.Extended warm temperate zone and opportunities for cropping system change in the Loess Plateau of China.International Journal of Climatology,38(11):1-12.
Liu Z J,Liu Y S,Wang S S et al.,2018c.Evaluation of spatial and temporal performances of ERA-interim precipitation and temperature in mainland of China.Journal of Climate,31(11):4347-4365.
Luo W,Jasiewicz J,Stepinski T et al.,2016.Spatial association between dissection density and environmental factors over the entire conterminous United States.Geophysical Research Letters,43(2):692-700.
Meng Q X,Liu G B,Yang Q K,2008.Soil erosion change on the Loess Plateau.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,15(3):20-22.(in Chinese)
Meng X Y,Shi C X,Liu S Y,2016a.CMADS datasets and its application in watershed hydrological simulation:Acase study of the Heihe River Basin.Pearl River,37(7):1-19.(in Chinese)
Meng X Y,Wang H,Cai S et al.,2016b.The China Meteorological Assimilation Driving Datasets for the SWATModel(CMADS)Application in China:A case study in Heihe River Basin.Preprints,2016:120091.doi:10.20944/preprints201612.0091.v2.
Meng X Y,Wang H,Lei X H et al.,2017.Hydrological Modeling in the Manas River Basin using soil and water assessment tool driven by CMADS.Tehnicki Vjesnik-Technical Gazette,24(2):525-534.doi:10.17559/TV-20170108133334.
Ministry of Water Resources of the People’s Republic of China(MWRPRC),1997.Standards for Classification and Gradation of Soil Erosion,SL190-96.(in Chinese)
Shi C X,Xie Z H,Qian H et al.,2011.China land soil moisture EnKF data assimilation based on satellite remote sensing data.Science China Earth Sciences.doi:10.1007/s11430-010-4160-3.
Tang K L,2004.China Soil and Water Conservation.Beijing:Science Press.(in Chinese)
Tian J,Tang G A,Zhou Y et al.,2013.Spatial variation of gully density in the Loess Plateau.Scientia Geographica Sinica,33(5):622-628.(in Chinese)
Wang J F,Li X H,Christakos G et al.,2010.Geographical detectors-based health risk assessment and its application in the neural tube defects study of the Heshun region,China.International Journal of Geographical Information Science,24(1):107-127.
Wang J F,Xu C D,2017.Geodetector:Principle and prospective.Acta Geographica Sinica,72(1):116-134.(in Chinese)
Wang J F,Zhang T L,Fu B J,2016.A measure of spatial stratified heterogeneity.Ecological Indicators,67:250-256.
Wang W J,2016.Assessment of sensitivity of water and soil loss on the Loess Plateau in North Shaanxi Province[D].Xi’an:Northwest University.(in Chinese)
Wang Z L,2000.Analyses of affecting factors of soil erosion and its harms in China.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,16(4):32-36.(in Chinese)
Wang Z L,Jin X Y,Ma C Y et al.,2008.Research on processes and responses of rainfall-runoff-sediment yield on loess hillslope.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,22(2):24-28.(in Chinese)
Wang Z L,Shao M A,1998.Soil erosion characters of slope land in the 2nd sub-region of Loess Plateau.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,5(4):11-21,97.(in Chinese)
Wang Z L,Shao M A,Chang Q R,1998.Effects of rainfall factors on soil erosion in Loess Plateau.Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science Edition),26(4):106-110.(in Chinese)
Wu R N,Zhang J Q,Bao Y H et al.,2016.Geographical detector model for influencing factors of industrial sector carbon dioxide emissions in Inner Mongolia,China.Sustainability,8(2):149.
Yang R,Liu Y S,Long H L et al.,2016.Spatial distribution characteristics and optimized reconstructing analysis of rural settlement in China.Scientia Geographica Sinica,36(2):170-179.(in Chinese)
Zheng F L,Tang K L,Zhang K L et al.,1995.Relationship of eco-environment change and natural erosion and man-made accelerated erosion.Acta Ecologica Sinica,15(3):251-259.(in Chinese)
Zhong L N,Wang J,Zhao W W,2017.Comparative analysis of the effect of rainfall pattern and land use pattern on soil erosion in different-scale watersheds:A case study in hilly and gully area of the Loess Plateau.Acta Geographica Sinica,72(3):432-443.(in Chinese)
Zhu H,Liu J M,Tao H,2015.Temporal-spatial pattern and contributing factors of urban RBDs in Beijing.Acta Geographica Sinica,70(8):1215-1228.(in Chinese)