Spatial and temporal evolution of landfast ice near Zhongshan Station, East Antarctica, over an annual cycle in 2011/2012
|
摘要
Annual observations of first-year ice(FYI) and second-year ice(SYI) near Zhongshan Station, East Antarctica,were conducted for the first time from December 2011 to December 2012. Melt ponds appeared from early December 2011. Landfast ice partly broke in late January, 2012 after a strong cyclone. Open water was refrozen to form new ice cover in mid-February, and then FYI and SYI co-existed in March with a growth rate of 0.8 cm/d for FYI and a melting rate of 2.7 cm/d for SYI. This difference was due to the oceanic heat flux and the thickness of ice,with weaker heat flux through thicker ice. From May onward, FYI and SYI showed a similar growth by 0.5 cm/d.Their maximum thickness reached 160.5 cm and 167.0 cm, respectively, in late October. Drillings showed variations of FYI thickness to be generally less than 1.0 cm, but variations were up to 33.0 cm for SYI in March,suggesting that the SYI bottom was particularly uneven. Snow distribution was strongly affected by wind and surface roughness, leading to large thickness differences in the different sites. Snow and ice thickness in Nella Fjord had a similar "east thicker, west thinner" spatial distribution. Easterly prevailing wind and local topography led to this snow pattern. Superimposed ice induced by snow cover melting in summer thickened multi-year ice,causing it to be thicker than the snow-free SYI. The estimated monthly oceanic heat flux was ～30.0 W/m2 in March–May, reducing to ～10.0 W/m2 during July–October, and increasing to ～15.0 W/m2 in November. The seasonal change and mean value of 15.6 W/m2 was similar to the findings of previous research. The results can be used to further our understanding of landfast ice for climate change study and Chinese Antarctic Expedition services.
Annual observations of first-year ice(FYI) and second-year ice(SYI) near Zhongshan Station, East Antarctica,were conducted for the first time from December 2011 to December 2012. Melt ponds appeared from early December 2011. Landfast ice partly broke in late January, 2012 after a strong cyclone. Open water was refrozen to form new ice cover in mid-February, and then FYI and SYI co-existed in March with a growth rate of 0.8 cm/d for FYI and a melting rate of 2.7 cm/d for SYI. This difference was due to the oceanic heat flux and the thickness of ice,with weaker heat flux through thicker ice. From May onward, FYI and SYI showed a similar growth by 0.5 cm/d.Their maximum thickness reached 160.5 cm and 167.0 cm, respectively, in late October. Drillings showed variations of FYI thickness to be generally less than 1.0 cm, but variations were up to 33.0 cm for SYI in March,suggesting that the SYI bottom was particularly uneven. Snow distribution was strongly affected by wind and surface roughness, leading to large thickness differences in the different sites. Snow and ice thickness in Nella Fjord had a similar "east thicker, west thinner" spatial distribution. Easterly prevailing wind and local topography led to this snow pattern. Superimposed ice induced by snow cover melting in summer thickened multi-year ice,causing it to be thicker than the snow-free SYI. The estimated monthly oceanic heat flux was ～30.0 W/m2 in March–May, reducing to ～10.0 W/m2 during July–October, and increasing to ～15.0 W/m2 in November. The seasonal change and mean value of 15.6 W/m2 was similar to the findings of previous research. The results can be used to further our understanding of landfast ice for climate change study and Chinese Antarctic Expedition services.
Annual observations of first-year ice(FYI) and second-year ice(SYI) near Zhongshan Station, East Antarctica,were conducted for the first time from December 2011 to December 2012. Melt ponds appeared from early December 2011. Landfast ice partly broke in late January, 2012 after a strong cyclone. Open water was refrozen to form new ice cover in mid-February, and then FYI and SYI co-existed in March with a growth rate of 0.8 cm/d for FYI and a melting rate of 2.7 cm/d for SYI. This difference was due to the oceanic heat flux and the thickness of ice,with weaker heat flux through thicker ice. From May onward, FYI and SYI showed a similar growth by 0.5 cm/d.Their maximum thickness reached 160.5 cm and 167.0 cm, respectively, in late October. Drillings showed variations of FYI thickness to be generally less than 1.0 cm, but variations were up to 33.0 cm for SYI in March,suggesting that the SYI bottom was particularly uneven. Snow distribution was strongly affected by wind and surface roughness, leading to large thickness differences in the different sites. Snow and ice thickness in Nella Fjord had a similar "east thicker, west thinner" spatial distribution. Easterly prevailing wind and local topography led to this snow pattern. Superimposed ice induced by snow cover melting in summer thickened multi-year ice,causing it to be thicker than the snow-free SYI. The estimated monthly oceanic heat flux was ～30.0 W/m2 in March–May, reducing to ～10.0 W/m2 during July–October, and increasing to ～15.0 W/m2 in November. The seasonal change and mean value of 15.6 W/m2 was similar to the findings of previous research. The results can be used to further our understanding of landfast ice for climate change study and Chinese Antarctic Expedition services.
引文
Ackley S F,Hibler W D,Kugzruk F K,et al.1974.Thickness and roughness variations of Arctic multi-year sea ice.Proceedings of Ocean 74-IEEE International Conference Engineering in the Ocean Environment.Halifax,Nova Scotia:109-117
Allison I.1981.Antarctic ice growth and oceanic heat flux.Proceedings of the Canberra Symposium,IAHS Publications,131:161-170
Fraser A D,Massom R A,Michael K J,et al.2012.East Antarctic Fast Sea Ice Distribution and Variability,2000-08.Journal of Climate,25(4):1137-1156,doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-10-05032.1
Giles K A,Laxon S W,Ridout A L.2008.Circumpolar thinning of Arctic sea ice following the 2007 record ice extent minimum.Geophysical Research Letter,35:L22502,doi:10.1029/2008GL035710
Gough A J,Mahoney A R,Langhorne P J,Haskell T G.2013.Salinity evolution and mechanical properties of snow-loaded multiyear sea ice near an ice shelf.Antarctic Science,(25):821-831
He J F,Chen B,Wu K.1998.Developing and structural characteristics of first-year sea ice and with effects on ice algal biomass of zhongshan station,east Antarctica.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,4:358-367
Heil P,Allison I,and Lytle V I.1996.Seasonal and interannual variations of the oceanic heat flux under a fast Antarctic ice cover.Journal of Geophysical Research,101:25,741-25,752,doi:10.1029/96JC01921
Heil P.2006.Atmospheric conditions and fast ice at Davis,East Antarctica:A case study.Journal of Geophysical Research,111:C05009
Heil P,Gerland S,Granskog M A.2011.An Antarctic monitoring initiative for fast ice and comparison with the Arctic.The Cryosphere Discussion,5:2437-2463,doi:10.5194/tcd-5-2437-2011
Hoppmann M,Nicolau M.2012.The influence of platelet ice and Snow on Antarctic Fast Sea Ice.From Knowledge to ActionIPY2012,Montréal,Canada
Kawamura T,Oshima K I,Takizawa T,et al.1997.Physical,structural and isotopic characteristics and growth processes of fast sea ice in Lützow-Holm Bay,Antarctica.Journal of Geophysical Research,102:3345-3355,doi:10.1029/96JC03206
Kwok R,Sulsky D.2010.Arctic Ocean Sea ice thickness and kinematics:Satellite retrievals and modeling.Oceanography,23(4):134-143,doi:10.5670/oceanog
Lei Ruibo,Li Zhijun,Cheng Bin,et al.2010.Annual cycle of fast sea ice in Prydz Bay,east Antarctica.Journal of Geophysical Research,115:C02006
Lepp?ranta M.1993.A review of analytical models of sea-ice growth.Atmosphere-Ocean,31(1):123-138,doi:10.1080/07055900.1993.9649465
Liu Jiping,Curry J A.2010.Accelerated warming of the Southern Ocean and its impact on the hydrological cycle and sea ice.PNAS,107(34):14987-14992,doi:10.1073/pnas.1003336107
Lu Peng,Li Zhijun.2014.Uncertainties in retrieved ice thickness from freeboard measurements due to surface melting.Annals of Glaciology,55(66)
Lytle V I,Massom R,Bindoff N,et al.2000.Wintertime heat flux to the underside of east Antarctic pack ice.Journal of Geophysical Research,105(28):759-769
Maykut G A,Untersteiner N.1971.Some results from a time dependent thermodynamic model of sea ice.Journal of Geophysical Research,76:2-4
McPhee M G,Untersteiner N.1982.Using sea ice to measure vertical heat flux in the ocean.Journal of Geophysical Research,87:2071-2074,doi:10.1029/JC087iC03p02071
Parkinson C L,Cavalieri D J.2012.Antarctic sea ice variability and trends,1979-2010.The Cryosphere,6(2):871-880
Perovich D K,Elder B.2002.Estimates of ocean heat flux at SHEBA.Geophysical Research Letter,29(9):1344
Purdie C R,Langhorne P J,Leonard G H,et al.2006.Growth of firstyear fast Antarctic sea ice determined from winter temperature measurements.Annals of Glaciology,44:170-176,doi:10.3189/172756406781811853
Tang Shulin,Qin Dahe,Ren Jiawen.2006.Sea ice characteristics between Middle Weddell Sea and Prydz Bay,Antarctic during the 2003 Australian summer.Earth Science Frontiers,13(3):213-218
Tang Shulin,Qin Dahe,Ren Jiawen,et al.2007.Structure,salinity and isotopic composition of multi-year fast sea ice in Nella Fjord,Antarctica.Cold Regions Science and Technology,49:170-177,doi:10.1016/j.coldregions.2007.03.005
Worby A P,Geiger C A,Paget M J,et al.2008.Thickness distribution of Antarctic sea ice.Journal of Geophysical Research,113:C05S92
Yang Yu,Lepp?ranta M,Li Zhijun,et al.2015a.Model simulations of the annual cycle of the fast ice thickness in the East Siberian Sea.Advances in Polar Sciences,26(2):168-178
Yang Yu,Li Zhijun,Lepp?ranta M,et al.2015b.Modelling the thickness of fast sea ice in Prydz Bay,East Antarctica.Antarctic Science,28(1):59-70
Zhao Jiechen,Cheng Bin,Yang Qinghua,et al.2017.Observations and modelling of first-year ice growth and simultaneous second-year ice ablation in the Prydz Bay,East Antarctica.Annals of Glaciology,58:59-67,doi:10.1017/aog.2017.33
Allison I.1981.Antarctic ice growth and oceanic heat flux.Proceedings of the Canberra Symposium,IAHS Publications,131:161-170
Fraser A D,Massom R A,Michael K J,et al.2012.East Antarctic Fast Sea Ice Distribution and Variability,2000-08.Journal of Climate,25(4):1137-1156,doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-10-05032.1
Giles K A,Laxon S W,Ridout A L.2008.Circumpolar thinning of Arctic sea ice following the 2007 record ice extent minimum.Geophysical Research Letter,35:L22502,doi:10.1029/2008GL035710
Gough A J,Mahoney A R,Langhorne P J,Haskell T G.2013.Salinity evolution and mechanical properties of snow-loaded multiyear sea ice near an ice shelf.Antarctic Science,(25):821-831
He J F,Chen B,Wu K.1998.Developing and structural characteristics of first-year sea ice and with effects on ice algal biomass of zhongshan station,east Antarctica.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,4:358-367
Heil P,Allison I,and Lytle V I.1996.Seasonal and interannual variations of the oceanic heat flux under a fast Antarctic ice cover.Journal of Geophysical Research,101:25,741-25,752,doi:10.1029/96JC01921
Heil P.2006.Atmospheric conditions and fast ice at Davis,East Antarctica:A case study.Journal of Geophysical Research,111:C05009
Heil P,Gerland S,Granskog M A.2011.An Antarctic monitoring initiative for fast ice and comparison with the Arctic.The Cryosphere Discussion,5:2437-2463,doi:10.5194/tcd-5-2437-2011
Hoppmann M,Nicolau M.2012.The influence of platelet ice and Snow on Antarctic Fast Sea Ice.From Knowledge to ActionIPY2012,Montréal,Canada
Kawamura T,Oshima K I,Takizawa T,et al.1997.Physical,structural and isotopic characteristics and growth processes of fast sea ice in Lützow-Holm Bay,Antarctica.Journal of Geophysical Research,102:3345-3355,doi:10.1029/96JC03206
Kwok R,Sulsky D.2010.Arctic Ocean Sea ice thickness and kinematics:Satellite retrievals and modeling.Oceanography,23(4):134-143,doi:10.5670/oceanog
Lei Ruibo,Li Zhijun,Cheng Bin,et al.2010.Annual cycle of fast sea ice in Prydz Bay,east Antarctica.Journal of Geophysical Research,115:C02006
Lepp?ranta M.1993.A review of analytical models of sea-ice growth.Atmosphere-Ocean,31(1):123-138,doi:10.1080/07055900.1993.9649465
Liu Jiping,Curry J A.2010.Accelerated warming of the Southern Ocean and its impact on the hydrological cycle and sea ice.PNAS,107(34):14987-14992,doi:10.1073/pnas.1003336107
Lu Peng,Li Zhijun.2014.Uncertainties in retrieved ice thickness from freeboard measurements due to surface melting.Annals of Glaciology,55(66)
Lytle V I,Massom R,Bindoff N,et al.2000.Wintertime heat flux to the underside of east Antarctic pack ice.Journal of Geophysical Research,105(28):759-769
Maykut G A,Untersteiner N.1971.Some results from a time dependent thermodynamic model of sea ice.Journal of Geophysical Research,76:2-4
McPhee M G,Untersteiner N.1982.Using sea ice to measure vertical heat flux in the ocean.Journal of Geophysical Research,87:2071-2074,doi:10.1029/JC087iC03p02071
Parkinson C L,Cavalieri D J.2012.Antarctic sea ice variability and trends,1979-2010.The Cryosphere,6(2):871-880
Perovich D K,Elder B.2002.Estimates of ocean heat flux at SHEBA.Geophysical Research Letter,29(9):1344
Purdie C R,Langhorne P J,Leonard G H,et al.2006.Growth of firstyear fast Antarctic sea ice determined from winter temperature measurements.Annals of Glaciology,44:170-176,doi:10.3189/172756406781811853
Tang Shulin,Qin Dahe,Ren Jiawen.2006.Sea ice characteristics between Middle Weddell Sea and Prydz Bay,Antarctic during the 2003 Australian summer.Earth Science Frontiers,13(3):213-218
Tang Shulin,Qin Dahe,Ren Jiawen,et al.2007.Structure,salinity and isotopic composition of multi-year fast sea ice in Nella Fjord,Antarctica.Cold Regions Science and Technology,49:170-177,doi:10.1016/j.coldregions.2007.03.005
Worby A P,Geiger C A,Paget M J,et al.2008.Thickness distribution of Antarctic sea ice.Journal of Geophysical Research,113:C05S92
Yang Yu,Lepp?ranta M,Li Zhijun,et al.2015a.Model simulations of the annual cycle of the fast ice thickness in the East Siberian Sea.Advances in Polar Sciences,26(2):168-178
Yang Yu,Li Zhijun,Lepp?ranta M,et al.2015b.Modelling the thickness of fast sea ice in Prydz Bay,East Antarctica.Antarctic Science,28(1):59-70
Zhao Jiechen,Cheng Bin,Yang Qinghua,et al.2017.Observations and modelling of first-year ice growth and simultaneous second-year ice ablation in the Prydz Bay,East Antarctica.Annals of Glaciology,58:59-67,doi:10.1017/aog.2017.33