相邻两井对大地震的不同水力响应模型研究——页岩影响分析
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摘要
大地震引起了左家庄和宝坻(相距～50km)两井中截然不同的同震水位响应.我们用水位的气压和潮汐响应来分析解释此现象.结果表明,宝坻井的观测含水层中存在页岩,且此井受裂隙影响很大,储水效应较差.页岩的复杂裂隙或者各向异性可能会导致此井观测含水层处于半封闭状态,从而导致垂直向排水的发生.通过多方计算分析后,我们将这两口井划分为两种模型—1.水平流动模型;2.水平流动+垂直流动的混合流动模型.由于裂隙影响,宝坻井的观测含水层介质与外界的水力沟通性在震前就较强(震前渗透率就比较大),所以宝坻井观测含水层与外界的孔隙压差异较小,导致同震渗透率上升较小甚至没有变化,这些因素是导致该井同震水位变化幅度总是非常微小的原因.
Large earthquakes induced different co-seismic water-level responses in Zuojiazhuang and Baodi wells(～50 km apart).Barometric responses and tidal responses are used to explain this anomaly in this study.After analysis,shale was found in the aquifer lithology of well Baodi.The well is found to be significantly influenced by fractures,and has a poor water confining ability.It is likely that the complex fractures or anisotropy of shale lead to a semi-confined aquifer,and as calculated,vertical drainage occurred in the aquifer stratum.Therefore,we separate the 2 wells into 2 models—the horizontal flow model,and the(pure)horizontal flow +(pure)vertical flow model.Because of the influence of fractures,the aquifer medium of well Baodi has a good hydraulic connection with the outside field even before the occurrence of earthquakes,thus,the difference in pore pressure between the well aquifer and the outside field is small,leading to a tiny(or even none)co-seismic permeability increase,and those might be the reasons why the co-seismic water-level changes in Baodi well are always small and unclear.
Large earthquakes induced different co-seismic water-level responses in Zuojiazhuang and Baodi wells(～50 km apart).Barometric responses and tidal responses are used to explain this anomaly in this study.After analysis,shale was found in the aquifer lithology of well Baodi.The well is found to be significantly influenced by fractures,and has a poor water confining ability.It is likely that the complex fractures or anisotropy of shale lead to a semi-confined aquifer,and as calculated,vertical drainage occurred in the aquifer stratum.Therefore,we separate the 2 wells into 2 models—the horizontal flow model,and the(pure)horizontal flow +(pure)vertical flow model.Because of the influence of fractures,the aquifer medium of well Baodi has a good hydraulic connection with the outside field even before the occurrence of earthquakes,thus,the difference in pore pressure between the well aquifer and the outside field is small,leading to a tiny(or even none)co-seismic permeability increase,and those might be the reasons why the co-seismic water-level changes in Baodi well are always small and unclear.
引文
Ba J,Carcione J M,Sun W T.2015.Seismic attenuation due to heterogeneities of rock fabric and fluid distribution.Geophysical Journal International,202(3):1843-1847.
Ba J,Zhao J G,Carcione J M,et al.2016.Compressional wave dispersion due to rock matrix stiffening by clay squirt flow.Geophysical Research Letters,43(12):6186-6195.
Ba J,Xu W H,Fu L Y,et al.2017.Rock anelasticity due to patchy saturation and fabric heterogeneity:A double double-porosity model of wave propagation.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,122(3):1949-1976.
Beaumont C,Berger J.1975.An analysis of tidal strain observations from the United States of America:I.The laterally homogeneous tide.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,66:1613-1629.
Bendat J S,Piersol A G.1986.Random Data:Analysis and Measurement Procedures.New York:John Wiley,640.
Beresnev I,Gaul W,Vigil R D.2011.Direct pore-level observation of permeability increase in two-phase flow by shaking.Geophysical Research Letters,38:L20302,doi:10.1029/2011GL048840.
Bower D R.1983.Bedrock fracture parameters from the interpretation of well tides.Journal of Geophysical Research,88(B6):5025-5035.
Brodsky E E,Roeloffs E,Woodcock D,et al.2003.A mechanism for sustained groundwater pressure changes induced by distant earthquakes.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,108(B8):2390.
Candela T,Brodsky E E,Marone C,et al.2014.Laboratory evidence for particle mobilization as a mechanism for permeability enhancement via dynamic stressing.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,392:279-291.
Cooper H H Jr,Bredhoeft J D,Papdopulos I S,et al.1965.The response of well-aquifer systems to seismic waves.Journal of Geophysical Research,70(16):3915-3926.
Deng Q D,Zhang P Z,Ran Y K.2006.Distribution of Active Faults in China(1:4000000).Beijing:Science Press.
Doan M L,Brodsky E E,Prioul R,et al.2006.Tidal Analysis of Borehole Pressure:A Tutorial.California:University of California,35.
Elkhoury J E,Brodsky E E,Agnew D C.2006.Seismic waves increase permeability.Nature,441(7097):1135-1138.
Geballe Z M,Wang C Y,Manga M.2011.A permeability-change model for water-level changes triggered by teleseismic waves.Geofluids,11(3):302-308.
Hsieh P A,Bredehoeft J D,Farr J M.1987.Determination of aquifer transmissivity from earth tide analysis.Water Resources Research,23(10):1824-1832.
Huang FQ.2008.Response of wells in groundwater monitoring network in Chinese Mainland to recent large earthquakes[Ph.D.thesis](in Chinese).Beijing:Institute of Geophysics,China Earthquake Administration.
Kilb D,Gomberg J,Bodin P.2002.Aftershock triggering by complete Coulomb stress changes.Journal of Geophysical Research,107(B4):ESE 2-1-ESE 2-14,doi:10.1029/2001JB000202.
Lai G J,Ge H K,Wang W W.2013.Transfer functions of the wellaquifer systems response to atmospheric loading and Earth tide from low to high-frequency band.Journal of Geophysical Research,118(5):1904-1924.
Liao X,Wang C Y,Liu C P.2015.Disruption of groundwater systems by earthquakes.Geophysical Research Letters,42(22):9758-9763.
Liu W Q,Manga M.2009.Changes in permeability caused by dynamic stresses in fractured sandstone.Geophysical Research Letters,36:L20307,doi:10.1029/2009GL039852.
Liu YW,Shi J.2000.Information characteristics of ground fluid precursor on continental strong earthquakes.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),22(1):102-107.
Lu Y Z,Li S L,Deng Z H,et al.2002.Seismology Analysis and Prediction System Based on GIS(Mapsis Software).Chengdu:Chengdu Map Press,232.
Manga M,Beresnev I,Brodsky E E,et al.2012.Changes in permeability caused by transient stresses:Field observations,experiments,and mechanisms.Reviews of Geophysics,50(2):RG2004,doi:10.1029/2011RG000382.
Okada Y.1992.Internal deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,82(2):1018-1040.
Roeloffs E.1996.Poroelastic techniques in the study of earthquakerelated hydrologic phenomena.Advances in Geophysics,37:135-195.
Rojstaczer S.1988a.Determination of fluid flow properties from the response of water levels in wells to atmospheric loading.Water Resources Research,24(11):1927-1938.
Rojstaczer S.1988b.Intermediate period response of water levels in wells to crustal strain:sensitivity and noise level.Journal of Geophysical Research,93(B11):13619-13634.
Shi Z M,Wang G C,Liu C L.2013.Co-seismic groundwater level changes induced by the May 12,2008 Wenchuan earthquake in the near field.Pure and Applied Geophysics,170(11):1773-1783.
Shi Z M,Wang G C.2014.Hydrological response to multiple large distant earthquakes in the Mile well,China.Journal of Geophysical Research:Earth Surface,119(11):2448-2459.
Shi Z M,Wang G C,Wang C Y,et al.2014.Comparison of hydrological responses to the Wenchuan and Lushan earthquakes.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,391:193-200.
Shi Z M,Wang G C,Manga M,et al.2015.Mechanism of coseismic water level change following four great earthquakesinsights from co-seismic responses throughout the Chinese mainland.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,430:66-74.
Shi Z M,Wang G C.2016.Aquifers switched from confined to semiconfined by earthquakes.Geophysical Research Letters,43(21):11166-11172,doi:10.1002/2016GL070937.
Sil S,Freymueller J T.2006.Well water level changes in Fairbanks,Alaska,due to the great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake.Earth,Planets and Space,58(2):181-184.
Wang C Y,Chia Y.2008.Mechanism of water level changes during earthquakes:Near field versus intermediate field.Geophysical Research Letters,35(12):L12402,doi:10.1029/2008GL034227.
Wang C Y,Manga M.2010.Earthquakes and Water:Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences.Berlin:Springer,18-24.
Wang C Y,Liao X,Wang L P,et al.2016.Large earthquakes create vertical permeability by breaching aquitards.Water Resources
Research,52(8):5923-5937,doi:10.1002/2016WR018893.
Wang H F.2000.Theory of Linear Poroelasticity with Applications to Geomechanics and Hydrogeology.Princeton:Princeton University Press.
Yan R,Woith H,Wang R J.2014.Groundwater level changes induced by the 2011 Tohoku earthquake in China mainland.Geophysical Journal International,199(1):533-548.
Yan R,Wang G C,Shi Z M.2016.Sensitivity of hydraulic properties to dynamic strain within a fault damage zone.Journal of Hydrology,543:721-728,doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.10.043.
Zhang Y,Huang F Q,Lai G J.2009.Research on Skempton′s coefficient B based on the observation of groundwater of Changping station.Earthquake Science,22(6):631-638.
Zhang Y,Huang F Q.2011.Mechanism of different coseismic water-level changes in wells with similar epicentral distances of intermediate field.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,101(4):1531-1541.
Zhang Y,Fu L Y,Huang F Q,et al.2015.Coseismic water-level changes in a well induced by teleseismic waves from three large earthquakes.Tectonophysics,651-652:232-241.
Zhang Y,Fu L Y,Ma Y C,et al.2016.Different hydraulic responses to the 2008Wenchuan and 2011Tohoku earthquakes in two adjacent far-field wells:the effect of shales on aquifer lithology.Earth,Planets and Space,68(1):178.
Zhang Y,Wang C Y,Fu L Y,et al.2017.Mechanism of the coseismic change of volumetric strain in the far field of earthquakes.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,107(1):475-481.
黄辅琼.2008.中国大陆地震地下水观测井对大地震的响应[博士论文].北京:中国地震局地球物理研究所.
刘耀炜,施锦.2000.强震地下流体前兆信息特征.地震学报,22(1):102-107.
晏锐.2008.影响井水位变化的几种因素研究[硕士论文].北京:中国地震局地震预测研究所.
Ba J,Zhao J G,Carcione J M,et al.2016.Compressional wave dispersion due to rock matrix stiffening by clay squirt flow.Geophysical Research Letters,43(12):6186-6195.
Ba J,Xu W H,Fu L Y,et al.2017.Rock anelasticity due to patchy saturation and fabric heterogeneity:A double double-porosity model of wave propagation.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,122(3):1949-1976.
Beaumont C,Berger J.1975.An analysis of tidal strain observations from the United States of America:I.The laterally homogeneous tide.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,66:1613-1629.
Bendat J S,Piersol A G.1986.Random Data:Analysis and Measurement Procedures.New York:John Wiley,640.
Beresnev I,Gaul W,Vigil R D.2011.Direct pore-level observation of permeability increase in two-phase flow by shaking.Geophysical Research Letters,38:L20302,doi:10.1029/2011GL048840.
Bower D R.1983.Bedrock fracture parameters from the interpretation of well tides.Journal of Geophysical Research,88(B6):5025-5035.
Brodsky E E,Roeloffs E,Woodcock D,et al.2003.A mechanism for sustained groundwater pressure changes induced by distant earthquakes.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,108(B8):2390.
Candela T,Brodsky E E,Marone C,et al.2014.Laboratory evidence for particle mobilization as a mechanism for permeability enhancement via dynamic stressing.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,392:279-291.
Cooper H H Jr,Bredhoeft J D,Papdopulos I S,et al.1965.The response of well-aquifer systems to seismic waves.Journal of Geophysical Research,70(16):3915-3926.
Deng Q D,Zhang P Z,Ran Y K.2006.Distribution of Active Faults in China(1:4000000).Beijing:Science Press.
Doan M L,Brodsky E E,Prioul R,et al.2006.Tidal Analysis of Borehole Pressure:A Tutorial.California:University of California,35.
Elkhoury J E,Brodsky E E,Agnew D C.2006.Seismic waves increase permeability.Nature,441(7097):1135-1138.
Geballe Z M,Wang C Y,Manga M.2011.A permeability-change model for water-level changes triggered by teleseismic waves.Geofluids,11(3):302-308.
Hsieh P A,Bredehoeft J D,Farr J M.1987.Determination of aquifer transmissivity from earth tide analysis.Water Resources Research,23(10):1824-1832.
Huang FQ.2008.Response of wells in groundwater monitoring network in Chinese Mainland to recent large earthquakes[Ph.D.thesis](in Chinese).Beijing:Institute of Geophysics,China Earthquake Administration.
Kilb D,Gomberg J,Bodin P.2002.Aftershock triggering by complete Coulomb stress changes.Journal of Geophysical Research,107(B4):ESE 2-1-ESE 2-14,doi:10.1029/2001JB000202.
Lai G J,Ge H K,Wang W W.2013.Transfer functions of the wellaquifer systems response to atmospheric loading and Earth tide from low to high-frequency band.Journal of Geophysical Research,118(5):1904-1924.
Liao X,Wang C Y,Liu C P.2015.Disruption of groundwater systems by earthquakes.Geophysical Research Letters,42(22):9758-9763.
Liu W Q,Manga M.2009.Changes in permeability caused by dynamic stresses in fractured sandstone.Geophysical Research Letters,36:L20307,doi:10.1029/2009GL039852.
Liu YW,Shi J.2000.Information characteristics of ground fluid precursor on continental strong earthquakes.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),22(1):102-107.
Lu Y Z,Li S L,Deng Z H,et al.2002.Seismology Analysis and Prediction System Based on GIS(Mapsis Software).Chengdu:Chengdu Map Press,232.
Manga M,Beresnev I,Brodsky E E,et al.2012.Changes in permeability caused by transient stresses:Field observations,experiments,and mechanisms.Reviews of Geophysics,50(2):RG2004,doi:10.1029/2011RG000382.
Okada Y.1992.Internal deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,82(2):1018-1040.
Roeloffs E.1996.Poroelastic techniques in the study of earthquakerelated hydrologic phenomena.Advances in Geophysics,37:135-195.
Rojstaczer S.1988a.Determination of fluid flow properties from the response of water levels in wells to atmospheric loading.Water Resources Research,24(11):1927-1938.
Rojstaczer S.1988b.Intermediate period response of water levels in wells to crustal strain:sensitivity and noise level.Journal of Geophysical Research,93(B11):13619-13634.
Shi Z M,Wang G C,Liu C L.2013.Co-seismic groundwater level changes induced by the May 12,2008 Wenchuan earthquake in the near field.Pure and Applied Geophysics,170(11):1773-1783.
Shi Z M,Wang G C.2014.Hydrological response to multiple large distant earthquakes in the Mile well,China.Journal of Geophysical Research:Earth Surface,119(11):2448-2459.
Shi Z M,Wang G C,Wang C Y,et al.2014.Comparison of hydrological responses to the Wenchuan and Lushan earthquakes.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,391:193-200.
Shi Z M,Wang G C,Manga M,et al.2015.Mechanism of coseismic water level change following four great earthquakesinsights from co-seismic responses throughout the Chinese mainland.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,430:66-74.
Shi Z M,Wang G C.2016.Aquifers switched from confined to semiconfined by earthquakes.Geophysical Research Letters,43(21):11166-11172,doi:10.1002/2016GL070937.
Sil S,Freymueller J T.2006.Well water level changes in Fairbanks,Alaska,due to the great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake.Earth,Planets and Space,58(2):181-184.
Wang C Y,Chia Y.2008.Mechanism of water level changes during earthquakes:Near field versus intermediate field.Geophysical Research Letters,35(12):L12402,doi:10.1029/2008GL034227.
Wang C Y,Manga M.2010.Earthquakes and Water:Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences.Berlin:Springer,18-24.
Wang C Y,Liao X,Wang L P,et al.2016.Large earthquakes create vertical permeability by breaching aquitards.Water Resources
Research,52(8):5923-5937,doi:10.1002/2016WR018893.
Wang H F.2000.Theory of Linear Poroelasticity with Applications to Geomechanics and Hydrogeology.Princeton:Princeton University Press.
Yan R,Woith H,Wang R J.2014.Groundwater level changes induced by the 2011 Tohoku earthquake in China mainland.Geophysical Journal International,199(1):533-548.
Yan R,Wang G C,Shi Z M.2016.Sensitivity of hydraulic properties to dynamic strain within a fault damage zone.Journal of Hydrology,543:721-728,doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.10.043.
Zhang Y,Huang F Q,Lai G J.2009.Research on Skempton′s coefficient B based on the observation of groundwater of Changping station.Earthquake Science,22(6):631-638.
Zhang Y,Huang F Q.2011.Mechanism of different coseismic water-level changes in wells with similar epicentral distances of intermediate field.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,101(4):1531-1541.
Zhang Y,Fu L Y,Huang F Q,et al.2015.Coseismic water-level changes in a well induced by teleseismic waves from three large earthquakes.Tectonophysics,651-652:232-241.
Zhang Y,Fu L Y,Ma Y C,et al.2016.Different hydraulic responses to the 2008Wenchuan and 2011Tohoku earthquakes in two adjacent far-field wells:the effect of shales on aquifer lithology.Earth,Planets and Space,68(1):178.
Zhang Y,Wang C Y,Fu L Y,et al.2017.Mechanism of the coseismic change of volumetric strain in the far field of earthquakes.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,107(1):475-481.
黄辅琼.2008.中国大陆地震地下水观测井对大地震的响应[博士论文].北京:中国地震局地球物理研究所.
刘耀炜,施锦.2000.强震地下流体前兆信息特征.地震学报,22(1):102-107.
晏锐.2008.影响井水位变化的几种因素研究[硕士论文].北京:中国地震局地震预测研究所.
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