中国最原始的嵌齿象——意外嵌齿象(Gomphotherium inopinatum)在临夏盆地的发现兼论中国的嵌齿象(英文)
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摘要
临夏盆地下中新统的甘池梁地点发现了一件残破下颌带有m2和m3齿列。在齿列前方,其水平支伸长,并且不向下转折或倾斜。下颌角位置较低。颊齿小,冠面结构特征原始。齿谷在前后方向宽度中等,副齿柱侧及主齿柱中心小尖不分裂,副齿柱中心小尖不发育。这些特征与哈萨克斯坦图尔盖地区早中新世的意外嵌齿象(Gomphotherium inopinatum)相同,应归为该种。这是该种在中国的首次报道,并且是中国发现的最原始的种。进一步讨论了中国的嵌齿象各种的系统关系。维曼嵌齿象(G.wimani)代表了一种在欧亚大陆东部发现的进步类型,可以与欧洲的施泰因海姆嵌齿象(G.steinheimense)相联系。间型嵌齿象(G.connexum)则似乎是属于真正的"狭齿嵌齿象类群",因为其与狭齿嵌齿象(G.angustidens)的颊齿具有相似性。亚似貘型嵌齿象(G.subtapiroideum)或许代表了一个与狭齿嵌齿象不同的分支,而陕西嵌齿象("G.shensiensis")则可能是其中的一种变异。
An incomplete right dentary retaining m2 and m3 was recovered from the upper Lower Miocene of Ganchiliang,in the Linxia Basin.The part of the corpus anterior to the molars is strongly elongated,but not inclined or defl ected downward.The mandibular angle of the ramus is in a low position.The molars are small and morphologically primitive.The interlophids are moderately anteroposteriorly open.Clear indications of further subdivision are absent in the posttrite half lophids and in the pretrite central conules.The major characters of the partial dentary correspond to those of Gomphotherium inopinatum from the Lower Miocene of the Turgai region of Kazakhstan,and the new Ganchiliang specimen is accordingly referred to this species.This is the fi rst report of G.inopinatum from China,and G.inopinatum in turn represents the most basal species of Gomphotherium so far known in the Chinese record.Among other Gomphotheriumspecies known from China,G.wimani represents a derived east Eurasian form that appears to be closely related to the European species G.steinheimense.Gomphotherium connexum seems to be a member of the "G.angustidens group",given its strong morphological resemblance to G.angustidens.G.subtapiroideum may represent another evolutionary branch of the "G.angustidens group",distinct from G.angustidens."G.shensiensis" may represent a variation of G.subtapiroideum.
An incomplete right dentary retaining m2 and m3 was recovered from the upper Lower Miocene of Ganchiliang,in the Linxia Basin.The part of the corpus anterior to the molars is strongly elongated,but not inclined or defl ected downward.The mandibular angle of the ramus is in a low position.The molars are small and morphologically primitive.The interlophids are moderately anteroposteriorly open.Clear indications of further subdivision are absent in the posttrite half lophids and in the pretrite central conules.The major characters of the partial dentary correspond to those of Gomphotherium inopinatum from the Lower Miocene of the Turgai region of Kazakhstan,and the new Ganchiliang specimen is accordingly referred to this species.This is the fi rst report of G.inopinatum from China,and G.inopinatum in turn represents the most basal species of Gomphotherium so far known in the Chinese record.Among other Gomphotheriumspecies known from China,G.wimani represents a derived east Eurasian form that appears to be closely related to the European species G.steinheimense.Gomphotherium connexum seems to be a member of the "G.angustidens group",given its strong morphological resemblance to G.angustidens.G.subtapiroideum may represent another evolutionary branch of the "G.angustidens group",distinct from G.angustidens."G.shensiensis" may represent a variation of G.subtapiroideum.
引文
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Chang H C,Zhai R J,1978.Miocene mastodonts of Lantian and Lintung,Shensi.Prof Pap Stratigr Palaeont,7:136–142
Chen G F,1988.Mastodont remains from the Miocene of Junggar Basin in Xinjiang.Vert PalAsiat,26(4):265–277
Chow M C,Zhang Y P,1974.Chinese Fossil Elephantoids.Beijing:Science Press.1–74
Deng T,Qiu Z Z,Wang B Y et al.,2013.Late Cenozoic biostratigraphy of the Linxia Basin,northwestern China.In:Wang X M,Flynn L J,Fortelius M eds.Neogene Terrestrial Mammalian Biostratigraphy and Chronology of Asia.New York:Columbia University Press.243–273
Ghlich U B,1998.Elephantoidea(Proboscidea,Mammalia)aus dem Mittel-und Obermiozn der oberen süβwassermolasse süddeutschlands:odontologie und osteologie.Müchner Geowiss Abh,36:1–245
Ghlich U B,2007.Gomphotheres(Proboscidea,Mammalia)from the Early-Middle Miocene of Central Mongolia.In:Daxner-Hck G ed.Oligocene-Miocene Vertebrates from the Valley of Lakes(Central Mongolia):Morphology,Phylogenetic and Stratigraphic Implications.Ann Naturhist Mus Wien,108A:271–289
Ghlich U B,2010.The Proboscidea(Mammalia)from the Miocene of Sandelzhausen(southern Germany).Palont Z,84 (1):163–204
Hopwood A T,1935.Fossil Proboscidea from China.Palaeont Sin,Ser C,9(3):1–108
Lambert W D,1996.The biogeography of the gomphotheriid proboscideans of North America.In:Shoshani J,Tassy P eds.The Proboscidea:Evolution and Palaeoecology of Elephants and Their Relatives.Oxford:Oxford University Press.143 –148
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Lucas S G,Morgan G S,2008.Taxonomy of Rhynchotherium(Mammalia,Proboscidea)from the Miocene-Pliocene of North America.In:Lucas S G,Morgen G S,Spielmann J A eds.New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science.Neogene Mammals.Albuquerque:State of New Mexico,Department of Cultural Affairs.71–87
Miller W E,1990.A Rhynchotherium skull and mandible from southeastern Arizona.BYU Geol Stud,36:5–67
Osborn H F,1924.Serridentinus and Baluchitherium,Loh Fomation,Mongolia.Am Mus Novit,148:1–5
Osborn H F,1926.Additional new genera and species of the mastodontoid Proboscidea.Am Mus Novit,238:1–16
Osborn H F,1932.Trilophodon cooperi n.sp.of Dera Bugti,Baluchistan.Am Mus Novit,393:1–6
Osborn H F,1936.Proboscidea:a Monograph of the Discovery,Evolution,Migration and Extinction of the Mastodonts and Elephants of the World.Part I.New York:The American Museum Press.1–802
Pickford M,2001.Afrochoerodon nov.gen.kisumuensis(MacInnes)(Proboscidea,Mammalia)from Cheparawa,Middle Miocene,Kenya.Ann Paléont,87(2):99–117
Pickford M,2003.New Proboscidea from the Miocene strata in the lower Orange River Valley,Namibia.Mem Geol Surv Nam,19:207–256
Pickford M,2004.Partial dentition and skeleton of Choerolophodon pygmaeus(Depéret)from Ngenyin,13 Ma,Tugen Hills,Kenya:resolution of a century old enigma.Zona Arqueologica:Miscelànea en Homenaje a Emiliano Aguirre,Paleontologia.Madrid:Museo Arqueologico Region,4(2):428–463
Prado J L,Alberdi M T,2008.A cladistic analysis among trilophodont gomphotheres(Mammalia,Proboscidea)with special attention to the South American genera.Palaeontology,51(4):903–915
Qiu Z X,Qiu Z D,1995.Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian fauna s.Palaeogeogr,Palaeoclimat,Palaeoecol,116:41–70
Roger J,Pickford M,Thomas H et al.,1994.Découverte de vertébrés fossiles dans le Miocène de la région du Huqf au Sultanat d’Oman.Ann Paléont,80(4):253–273
Sanders W J,Miller E R,2002.New proboscideans from the Early Miocene of Wadi Moghara,Egypt.J Vert Paleont,22(2):388 –404
Sanders W J,Gheerbrant E,Harris J M et al.,2010.Proboscidea.In:Werdelin L,Sanders W J eds.Cenozoic Mammals of Africa.Berkeley:University of California Press.161–251
Schlesinger G,1917.Die Mastodonten des K.K.naturhistorischen Hofmuseums.Denkschr K K Naturhist Hofm,Geolpal?ont Reihe,1:1–230
Shoshani J,1996.Para-or monophyly of the gomphotheres and their position within Proboscidea.In:Shoshani J,Tassy P eds.The Proboscidea:Evolution and Palaeoecology of Elephants and Their Relatives.Oxford:Oxford University Press.149–177
Shoshani J,Tassy P,1996.The Proboscidea.Evolution and Palaeoecology of Elephants and Their Relatives.Oxford:Oxford University Press.1–472
Simpson G G,1945.The principles of classifi cation and a classifi cation of mammals.Bull Am Mus Nat Hist,85:1–350
Tassy P,1977.Le plus ancien squelette de gomphothère(Proboscidea,Mammalia)dans la Formation Burdigalienne des sables de l’Orlénais France.Mém Mus Natl Hist Nat N Ser C,37:1–51
Tassy P,1982.Les principales dichotomies dans l’histoire des Proboscidea(Mammalia):une approche phylogénétique.Géobios,mém spéc,6:225–245
Tassy P,1983a.Les Elephantoidea Miocènes du Plateau du Potwar,Groups de Siwalik,Pakistan.Ire partie:cadre chronologique et géographique,mammutidés,amébélodontidés.Ann Paléont,69(2):99–136
Tassy P,1983b.Les Elephantoidea Miocènes du Plateau du Potwar,Groups de Siwalik,Pakistan.IIe partie:choerolophodontes et gomphothères.Ann Paléont,69(3):235–297
Tassy P,1983c.Les Elephantoidea Miocènes du Plateau du Potwar,Groups de Siwalik,Pakistan.IIIe partie:stégodontidéséléphanto?des indéterminés restes postcraniens,conclusions.Ann Paléont,69(4):317–354
Tassy P,1984.Le mastodonteàdentsétroites,le grade trilophodonte et la radiation initiale des Amebelodontinae.In:Buffetaut E,Mazin J M,Salmon E eds.Actes du symposium paléontologique Georges Cuvier.Montbéliard:Impressions le Serpentaire.459–473
Tassy P,1985.La Place des Mastodontes Miocènes de l’Ancien Monde dans la Phylogénie des Proboscidea(Mammalia):Hypothèses et Conjectures.Thèse Doctoratès Sciences.Paris:UPMC.1–861
Tassy P,1986.Nouveaux Elephantoidea(Proboscidea,Mammalia)dans le Miocène du Kenya:Essai de Réévaluation Systénatique.Paris:Cahiers de Paléontologie.E’ditions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifi que,CNRS.1 –135
Tassy P,1988.The classifi cation of Proboscidea:how many cladistic classifi cations?Cladistics,4:43–57
Tassy P,1994.Gaps,parsimony,and Early Miocene elephantoids(Marnmalia),with a re-evaluation of Gomphotherium annectens(Matsumoto,1925).Zool J Linn Soc,112:10–117
Tassy P,1996a.Growth and sexual dimorphism among Miocene elephantoids:the example of Gomphotherium angustidens.In:Shoshani J,Tassy P eds.The Proboscidea:Evolution and Palaeoecology of Elephants and Their Relatives.Oxford:Oxford University Press.92–100
Tassy P,1996b.Who is who among the Proboscidea.In:Shoshani J,Tassy P eds.The Proboscidea:Evolution and Palaeoecology of Elephants and Their Relatives.Oxford:Oxford University Press.39–48
Tassy P,Ghlich U B,2012.Retour sur la série type de Gomphotherium angustidens(Proboscidea,Mammalia):de DaubentonàCuvier,et après.Estud Geol,67(2):321–332
Tassy P,Pickford M,1983.Un nouveau mastodonte zygolophodonte(Proboscidea,Mammalia)dans le Miocène inférieur d’Afrique orientale:systématique et paléoenvironncment.Géobios,16(1):53–77
Tobien H,1972.Status of the genus Serridentinus Osborn 1923(Proboscidea,Mammalia)and related forms.Mainzer Geowiss Mitt,1:143–191
Tobien H,1973a.On the evolution of mastodonts(Proboscidea,Mammalia).Part 1:the bunodont trilophodont groups.Notizbl Hess L-Amt Bodenforsch,101:202–276
Tobien H,1973b.The structure of the mastodont molar(Proboscidea,Mammalia).Part 1:the bunodont patterns.Mainzer Geowiss Mitt,2:115–147
Tobien H,1975.The structure of the mastodont molar(Proboscidea,Mammalia).Part 2:the zygodont and the zygobunodont patterns.Mainzer Geowiss Mitt,5:143–225
Tobien H,1978.On the evolution of mastodonts(Proboscidea,Mammalia).Part 2:the bunodont tetralophodont groups.Geol Jahrb Hess,106:159–208
Tobien H,Chen G F,Li Y Q,1986.Mastodonts(Proboscidea,Mammalia)from the late Neogene and Early Pleistocene of the People’s Republic of China.Part I:historical account:the genera Gomphotherium,Choerolophodon,Synconolophus,Amebelodon,Platybelodon,Sinomastodon.Mainzer Geowiss Mitt,15:119–181
Tobien H,Chen G F,Li Y Q,1988.Mastodonts(Proboscidea,Mammalia)from the late Neogene and Early Pleistocene of the People’s Republic of China.Part II:the genera Tetralophodon,Anancus,Stegotetrabelodon,Zygolophodon,Mammut,Stegolophodon.Mainzer Geowiss Mitt,17:95–220
Wang S Q,Deng T,2011.The fi rst Choerolophodon(Proboscidea,Gomphotheriidae)skull from China.Sci China Earth Sci,54 (9):1326–1337
Wang S Q,Liu S P,Xie G P et al.,2013a.Gomphotherium wimani from Wushan County,China and its implications for the Miocene stratigraphy of the Tianshui Area.Vert PalAsiat,51(1):71–84
Wang S Q,He W,Chen S Q,2013b.Gomphotheriid mammal Platybelodon from the Middle Miocene of Linxia Basin,Gansu,China.Acta Palaeont Pol,58(2):221–240
Ye J,Wu W Y,Ni X J et al.,2012.The Duolebulejin Section of northern Junggar Basin and its stratigraphic and environmental implication.Sci China Earth Sci,42(10):1523–1532
Chang H C,Zhai R J,1978.Miocene mastodonts of Lantian and Lintung,Shensi.Prof Pap Stratigr Palaeont,7:136–142
Chen G F,1988.Mastodont remains from the Miocene of Junggar Basin in Xinjiang.Vert PalAsiat,26(4):265–277
Chow M C,Zhang Y P,1974.Chinese Fossil Elephantoids.Beijing:Science Press.1–74
Deng T,Qiu Z Z,Wang B Y et al.,2013.Late Cenozoic biostratigraphy of the Linxia Basin,northwestern China.In:Wang X M,Flynn L J,Fortelius M eds.Neogene Terrestrial Mammalian Biostratigraphy and Chronology of Asia.New York:Columbia University Press.243–273
Ghlich U B,1998.Elephantoidea(Proboscidea,Mammalia)aus dem Mittel-und Obermiozn der oberen süβwassermolasse süddeutschlands:odontologie und osteologie.Müchner Geowiss Abh,36:1–245
Ghlich U B,2007.Gomphotheres(Proboscidea,Mammalia)from the Early-Middle Miocene of Central Mongolia.In:Daxner-Hck G ed.Oligocene-Miocene Vertebrates from the Valley of Lakes(Central Mongolia):Morphology,Phylogenetic and Stratigraphic Implications.Ann Naturhist Mus Wien,108A:271–289
Ghlich U B,2010.The Proboscidea(Mammalia)from the Miocene of Sandelzhausen(southern Germany).Palont Z,84 (1):163–204
Hopwood A T,1935.Fossil Proboscidea from China.Palaeont Sin,Ser C,9(3):1–108
Lambert W D,1996.The biogeography of the gomphotheriid proboscideans of North America.In:Shoshani J,Tassy P eds.The Proboscidea:Evolution and Palaeoecology of Elephants and Their Relatives.Oxford:Oxford University Press.143 –148
Lucas S G,2013.The palaeobiogeography of South American gomphotheres.J Palaeogeogr,2(1):19–40
Lucas S G,Morgan G S,2008.Taxonomy of Rhynchotherium(Mammalia,Proboscidea)from the Miocene-Pliocene of North America.In:Lucas S G,Morgen G S,Spielmann J A eds.New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science.Neogene Mammals.Albuquerque:State of New Mexico,Department of Cultural Affairs.71–87
Miller W E,1990.A Rhynchotherium skull and mandible from southeastern Arizona.BYU Geol Stud,36:5–67
Osborn H F,1924.Serridentinus and Baluchitherium,Loh Fomation,Mongolia.Am Mus Novit,148:1–5
Osborn H F,1926.Additional new genera and species of the mastodontoid Proboscidea.Am Mus Novit,238:1–16
Osborn H F,1932.Trilophodon cooperi n.sp.of Dera Bugti,Baluchistan.Am Mus Novit,393:1–6
Osborn H F,1936.Proboscidea:a Monograph of the Discovery,Evolution,Migration and Extinction of the Mastodonts and Elephants of the World.Part I.New York:The American Museum Press.1–802
Pickford M,2001.Afrochoerodon nov.gen.kisumuensis(MacInnes)(Proboscidea,Mammalia)from Cheparawa,Middle Miocene,Kenya.Ann Paléont,87(2):99–117
Pickford M,2003.New Proboscidea from the Miocene strata in the lower Orange River Valley,Namibia.Mem Geol Surv Nam,19:207–256
Pickford M,2004.Partial dentition and skeleton of Choerolophodon pygmaeus(Depéret)from Ngenyin,13 Ma,Tugen Hills,Kenya:resolution of a century old enigma.Zona Arqueologica:Miscelànea en Homenaje a Emiliano Aguirre,Paleontologia.Madrid:Museo Arqueologico Region,4(2):428–463
Prado J L,Alberdi M T,2008.A cladistic analysis among trilophodont gomphotheres(Mammalia,Proboscidea)with special attention to the South American genera.Palaeontology,51(4):903–915
Qiu Z X,Qiu Z D,1995.Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian fauna s.Palaeogeogr,Palaeoclimat,Palaeoecol,116:41–70
Roger J,Pickford M,Thomas H et al.,1994.Découverte de vertébrés fossiles dans le Miocène de la région du Huqf au Sultanat d’Oman.Ann Paléont,80(4):253–273
Sanders W J,Miller E R,2002.New proboscideans from the Early Miocene of Wadi Moghara,Egypt.J Vert Paleont,22(2):388 –404
Sanders W J,Gheerbrant E,Harris J M et al.,2010.Proboscidea.In:Werdelin L,Sanders W J eds.Cenozoic Mammals of Africa.Berkeley:University of California Press.161–251
Schlesinger G,1917.Die Mastodonten des K.K.naturhistorischen Hofmuseums.Denkschr K K Naturhist Hofm,Geolpal?ont Reihe,1:1–230
Shoshani J,1996.Para-or monophyly of the gomphotheres and their position within Proboscidea.In:Shoshani J,Tassy P eds.The Proboscidea:Evolution and Palaeoecology of Elephants and Their Relatives.Oxford:Oxford University Press.149–177
Shoshani J,Tassy P,1996.The Proboscidea.Evolution and Palaeoecology of Elephants and Their Relatives.Oxford:Oxford University Press.1–472
Simpson G G,1945.The principles of classifi cation and a classifi cation of mammals.Bull Am Mus Nat Hist,85:1–350
Tassy P,1977.Le plus ancien squelette de gomphothère(Proboscidea,Mammalia)dans la Formation Burdigalienne des sables de l’Orlénais France.Mém Mus Natl Hist Nat N Ser C,37:1–51
Tassy P,1982.Les principales dichotomies dans l’histoire des Proboscidea(Mammalia):une approche phylogénétique.Géobios,mém spéc,6:225–245
Tassy P,1983a.Les Elephantoidea Miocènes du Plateau du Potwar,Groups de Siwalik,Pakistan.Ire partie:cadre chronologique et géographique,mammutidés,amébélodontidés.Ann Paléont,69(2):99–136
Tassy P,1983b.Les Elephantoidea Miocènes du Plateau du Potwar,Groups de Siwalik,Pakistan.IIe partie:choerolophodontes et gomphothères.Ann Paléont,69(3):235–297
Tassy P,1983c.Les Elephantoidea Miocènes du Plateau du Potwar,Groups de Siwalik,Pakistan.IIIe partie:stégodontidéséléphanto?des indéterminés restes postcraniens,conclusions.Ann Paléont,69(4):317–354
Tassy P,1984.Le mastodonteàdentsétroites,le grade trilophodonte et la radiation initiale des Amebelodontinae.In:Buffetaut E,Mazin J M,Salmon E eds.Actes du symposium paléontologique Georges Cuvier.Montbéliard:Impressions le Serpentaire.459–473
Tassy P,1985.La Place des Mastodontes Miocènes de l’Ancien Monde dans la Phylogénie des Proboscidea(Mammalia):Hypothèses et Conjectures.Thèse Doctoratès Sciences.Paris:UPMC.1–861
Tassy P,1986.Nouveaux Elephantoidea(Proboscidea,Mammalia)dans le Miocène du Kenya:Essai de Réévaluation Systénatique.Paris:Cahiers de Paléontologie.E’ditions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifi que,CNRS.1 –135
Tassy P,1988.The classifi cation of Proboscidea:how many cladistic classifi cations?Cladistics,4:43–57
Tassy P,1994.Gaps,parsimony,and Early Miocene elephantoids(Marnmalia),with a re-evaluation of Gomphotherium annectens(Matsumoto,1925).Zool J Linn Soc,112:10–117
Tassy P,1996a.Growth and sexual dimorphism among Miocene elephantoids:the example of Gomphotherium angustidens.In:Shoshani J,Tassy P eds.The Proboscidea:Evolution and Palaeoecology of Elephants and Their Relatives.Oxford:Oxford University Press.92–100
Tassy P,1996b.Who is who among the Proboscidea.In:Shoshani J,Tassy P eds.The Proboscidea:Evolution and Palaeoecology of Elephants and Their Relatives.Oxford:Oxford University Press.39–48
Tassy P,Ghlich U B,2012.Retour sur la série type de Gomphotherium angustidens(Proboscidea,Mammalia):de DaubentonàCuvier,et après.Estud Geol,67(2):321–332
Tassy P,Pickford M,1983.Un nouveau mastodonte zygolophodonte(Proboscidea,Mammalia)dans le Miocène inférieur d’Afrique orientale:systématique et paléoenvironncment.Géobios,16(1):53–77
Tobien H,1972.Status of the genus Serridentinus Osborn 1923(Proboscidea,Mammalia)and related forms.Mainzer Geowiss Mitt,1:143–191
Tobien H,1973a.On the evolution of mastodonts(Proboscidea,Mammalia).Part 1:the bunodont trilophodont groups.Notizbl Hess L-Amt Bodenforsch,101:202–276
Tobien H,1973b.The structure of the mastodont molar(Proboscidea,Mammalia).Part 1:the bunodont patterns.Mainzer Geowiss Mitt,2:115–147
Tobien H,1975.The structure of the mastodont molar(Proboscidea,Mammalia).Part 2:the zygodont and the zygobunodont patterns.Mainzer Geowiss Mitt,5:143–225
Tobien H,1978.On the evolution of mastodonts(Proboscidea,Mammalia).Part 2:the bunodont tetralophodont groups.Geol Jahrb Hess,106:159–208
Tobien H,Chen G F,Li Y Q,1986.Mastodonts(Proboscidea,Mammalia)from the late Neogene and Early Pleistocene of the People’s Republic of China.Part I:historical account:the genera Gomphotherium,Choerolophodon,Synconolophus,Amebelodon,Platybelodon,Sinomastodon.Mainzer Geowiss Mitt,15:119–181
Tobien H,Chen G F,Li Y Q,1988.Mastodonts(Proboscidea,Mammalia)from the late Neogene and Early Pleistocene of the People’s Republic of China.Part II:the genera Tetralophodon,Anancus,Stegotetrabelodon,Zygolophodon,Mammut,Stegolophodon.Mainzer Geowiss Mitt,17:95–220
Wang S Q,Deng T,2011.The fi rst Choerolophodon(Proboscidea,Gomphotheriidae)skull from China.Sci China Earth Sci,54 (9):1326–1337
Wang S Q,Liu S P,Xie G P et al.,2013a.Gomphotherium wimani from Wushan County,China and its implications for the Miocene stratigraphy of the Tianshui Area.Vert PalAsiat,51(1):71–84
Wang S Q,He W,Chen S Q,2013b.Gomphotheriid mammal Platybelodon from the Middle Miocene of Linxia Basin,Gansu,China.Acta Palaeont Pol,58(2):221–240
Ye J,Wu W Y,Ni X J et al.,2012.The Duolebulejin Section of northern Junggar Basin and its stratigraphic and environmental implication.Sci China Earth Sci,42(10):1523–1532