Dynamic properties and liquefaction behaviour of cohesive soil in northeast India under staged cyclic loading
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摘要
Estimation of strain-dependent dynamic soil properties, e.g. the shear modulus and damping ratio, along with the liquefaction potential parameters, is extremely important for the assessment and analysis of almost all geotechnical problems involving dynamic loading. This paper presents the dynamic properties and liquefaction behaviour of cohesive soil subjected to staged cyclic loading, which may be caused by main shocks of earthquakes preceded or followed by minor foreshocks or aftershocks, respectively. Cyclic triaxial tests were conducted on the specimens prepared at different dry densities(1.5 g/cm~3 and1.75 g/cm~3) and different water contents ranging from 8% to 25%. The results indicated that the shear modulus reduction(G/G_(max)) and damping ratio of the specimen remain unaffected due to the changes in the initial dry density and water content. Damping ratio is significantly affected by confining pressure,whereas G/G_(max) is affected marginally. It was seen that the liquefaction criterion of cohesive soils based on single-amplitude shear strain(3.75% or the strain at which excess pore water pressure ratio becomes equal to 1, whichever is lower) depends on the initial state of soils and applied stresses. The dynamic model of the regional soil, obtained as an outcome of the cyclic triaxial tests, can be successfully used for ground response analysis of the region.
Estimation of strain-dependent dynamic soil properties, e.g. the shear modulus and damping ratio, along with the liquefaction potential parameters, is extremely important for the assessment and analysis of almost all geotechnical problems involving dynamic loading. This paper presents the dynamic properties and liquefaction behaviour of cohesive soil subjected to staged cyclic loading, which may be caused by main shocks of earthquakes preceded or followed by minor foreshocks or aftershocks, respectively. Cyclic triaxial tests were conducted on the specimens prepared at different dry densities(1.5 g/cm~3 and1.75 g/cm~3) and different water contents ranging from 8% to 25%. The results indicated that the shear modulus reduction(G/G_(max)) and damping ratio of the specimen remain unaffected due to the changes in the initial dry density and water content. Damping ratio is significantly affected by confining pressure,whereas G/G_(max) is affected marginally. It was seen that the liquefaction criterion of cohesive soils based on single-amplitude shear strain(3.75% or the strain at which excess pore water pressure ratio becomes equal to 1, whichever is lower) depends on the initial state of soils and applied stresses. The dynamic model of the regional soil, obtained as an outcome of the cyclic triaxial tests, can be successfully used for ground response analysis of the region.
Estimation of strain-dependent dynamic soil properties, e.g. the shear modulus and damping ratio, along with the liquefaction potential parameters, is extremely important for the assessment and analysis of almost all geotechnical problems involving dynamic loading. This paper presents the dynamic properties and liquefaction behaviour of cohesive soil subjected to staged cyclic loading, which may be caused by main shocks of earthquakes preceded or followed by minor foreshocks or aftershocks, respectively. Cyclic triaxial tests were conducted on the specimens prepared at different dry densities(1.5 g/cm~3 and1.75 g/cm~3) and different water contents ranging from 8% to 25%. The results indicated that the shear modulus reduction(G/G_(max)) and damping ratio of the specimen remain unaffected due to the changes in the initial dry density and water content. Damping ratio is significantly affected by confining pressure,whereas G/G_(max) is affected marginally. It was seen that the liquefaction criterion of cohesive soils based on single-amplitude shear strain(3.75% or the strain at which excess pore water pressure ratio becomes equal to 1, whichever is lower) depends on the initial state of soils and applied stresses. The dynamic model of the regional soil, obtained as an outcome of the cyclic triaxial tests, can be successfully used for ground response analysis of the region.
引文
ASTM D698-12e2.Standard test methods for laboratory compaction characteristics of soil using standard effort(12400 ft-lbf/ft3(600 kN-m/m3)).West Conshohocken,PA,USA:ASTM International;2012.
ASTM D4318-17e1.Standard test methods for liquid limit,plastic limit,and plasticity index of soils.West Conshohocken,PA,USA:ASTM International;2017.
Andrews DC,Martin GR.Criteria for liquefaction of silty soils.In:Proceedings of the12th world conference on earthquake engineering;2000.
Ansal AM,Iyisan R,Yildirim H.The cyclic behaviour of soils and effects of geotechnical factors in microzonation.Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 2001;21(5):445e52.
ASTM D2487-11.Standard practice for classification of soils for engineering purposes(Unified Soil Classification System).West Conshohocken,PA,USA:ASTMInternational;2011.
ASTM D6913/D6913M-17.Standard test methods for particle-size distribution(gradation)of soils using sieve analysis.West Conshohocken,PA,USA:ASTMInternational;2017.
ASTM D7928-17.Standard test method for particle-size distribution(gradation)of fine-grained soils using the sedimentation(hydrometer)analysis.West Conshohocken,PA,USA:ASTM International;2017.
ASTM D854-14.Standard test methods for specific gravity of soil solids by water pycnometer.West Conshohocken,PA,USA:ASTM International;2014.
ASTM D3999/D3999M-11e1.Standard test methods for the determination of the modulus and damping properties of soils using the cyclic triaxial apparatus.West Conshohocken,PA,USA:ASTM International;2011.
Bahadori H,Ghalandarzadeh A,Towhata I.Effect of non-plastic silt on the anisotropic behavior of sand.Soils and Foundations 2008;48(4):531e45.
Boulanger RW,Idriss IM.Liquefaction susceptibility criteria for silts and clays.Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 2006;132(11):1413e26.
Bray JD,Sancio RB.Assessment of the liquefaction susceptibility of fine-grained soils.Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering2006;132(9):1165e77.
Dammala PK,Bhattacharya S,Krishna AM,Kumar SS,Dasgupta K.Scenario based seismic re-qualification of caisson supported major bridgese A case study of Saraighat Bridge.Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 2017a;100:270e5.
Dammala PK,Murali Krishna A,Bhattacharyya S,Nikitas G,Rouholamin M.Dynamic soil properties for seismic ground response in Northeastern India.Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 2017b;100:357e70.
Darendeli MB.Development of a new family of normalized modulus reduction and material damping curves.PhD Thesis.Austin,USA:Department of Civil,Architectural and environmental engineering,University of Texas;2001.
Dutta TT,Saride S.Dynamic properties of compacted cohesive soil based on resonant column studies.In:International conference on geo-engineering and climate change technologies for sustainable environmental management;2015.p.1e6.
Dutta TT,Saride S,Jallu M.Effect of saturation on dynamic properties of compacted clay in a resonant column test.Geomechanics and Geoengineering 2017;12(3):181e90.
Govinda Raju L.Liquefaction and dynamic properties of sandy soils.PhD Thesis.Bangalore,India:Indian Institute of Science;2005.
Gu C,Gu Z,Cai Y,Wang J,Ling D.Dynamic modulus characteristics of saturated clays under variable confining pressure.Canadian Geotechnical Journal 2016;54(5):729e35.
Hardin BO,Drnevich VP.Shear modulus and damping in soils:measurement and parameter effects.Journal of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Division1972a;98(6):603e24.
Hardin BO,Drnevich VP.Shear modulus and damping in soils:design equations and curves.Journal of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Division 1972b;98:667e92.
Hyodo M,Sugiyama M,Yasufuku N,Murata H,Kawata Y.Cyclic shear behaviour of clay subjected to initial shear stress.Technical Report.Yamaguchi University;1993.p.87e102.
Hyodo M,Yamamoto Y,Sugiyama M.Undrained cyclic shear behaviour of normally consolidated clay subjected to initial static shear stress.Soils and Foundations1994;34(4):1e11.
IS 1893-1.Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures-general provisions and buildings.New Delhi:Bureau of Indian Standard;2002.
Ishibashi I,Zhang XJ.Unified dynamic shear moduli and damping ratios of sand and clay.Soils and Foundations 1993;33(1):182e91.
Ishihara K.Liquefaction and flow failure during earthquakes.Géotechnique1993;43(3):351e415.
Ishihara K.Soil behaviour in earthquake geotechnics.Clarendon Press;1996.
Kokusho T,Yoshida Y,Esashi Y.Dynamic properties of soft clay for wide strain range.Soils and Foundations 1982;22(4):1e18.
Kumar SS,Krishna AM,Dey A.Evaluation of dynamic properties of sandy soil at high cyclic strains.Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 2017;99:157e67.
Kumar SS,Dey A,Krishna AM.Importance of site-specific dynamic soil properties for seismic ground response studies:ground response analysis.International Journal of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering 2018;9(1):78e98.
Lei H,Liu J,Liu M,Zhang Z,Jiang M.Effects of frequency and cyclic stress ratio on creep behavior of clay under cyclic loading.Marine Georesources and Geotechnology 2017;35(2):281e91.
Li LL,Dan HB,Wang LZ.Undrained behavior of natural marine clay under cyclic loading.Ocean Engineering 2011;38(16):1792e805.
Matsui T,Bahr MA,Abe N.Estimation of shear characteristics degradation and stress-strain relationship of saturated clays after cyclic loading.Soils and Foundations 1992;32(1):161e72.
Nath SK,Thingbaijam KKS,Raj A.Earthquake hazard in Northeast Indiae A seismic microzonation approach with typical case studies from Sikkim Himalaya and Guwahati city.Journal of Earth System and Science 2008;117:809e31.
Okur DV,Ansal A.Stiffness degradation of natural fine grained soils during cyclic loading.Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 2007;27(9):843e54.
Paul S,Dey AK.Cyclic triaxial testing of fully and partially saturated soil at silchar.In:Proceedings of the 4th International conference on earthquake geotechnical engineering.Springer;2007.p.1e12.
Perlea VG.Liquefaction of cohesive soils.In:Soil Dynamics and Liquefaction.American Society of Civil Engineers(ASCE);2000.p.58e76.
Prakash S,Sandoval JA.Liquefaction of low plasticity silts.Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 1992;11(7):373e9.
Price AB,DeJong JT,Boulanger RW.Cyclic loading response of silt with multiple loading events.Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering2017;143(10).https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001759.
Raghukanth STG.Simulation of strong ground motion during the 1950 great Assam earthquake.Pure and Applied Geophysics 2008;165(9e10):1761e87.
Raghukanth STG,Sreelatha S,Dash SK.Ground motion estimation at Guwahati city for an Mw 8.1 earthquake in the Shillong plateau.Tectonophysics 2008;448(1e4):98e114.
Roblee C,Chiou B.A proposed geoindex model for design selection of non-linear properties for site response analyses.Sacramento,CA,USA:Caltrans GeoResearch Group;2004.
Sadrekarimi A.Influence of fines content on liquefied strength of silty sands.Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 2013;55:108e19.
Sancio RB,Bray JD,Riemer MF,Durgunoglu T.An assessment of the liquefaction susceptibility of Adapazari silt.In:Proceedings of the 2003 Pacific conference on earthquake engineering;2003.Paper No.172.
Sas W,Gabrys K,Szymanski A.Effect of time on dynamic shear modulus of selected cohesive soil of one section of express way No.S2 in Warsaw.Acta Geophysica2015;63(2):398e413.
Seed HB,Idriss IM.Soil moduli and damping factors for dynamic response analysis.Report No.EERC 70-10.Berkeley,USA:Earthquake Engineering Research Center,University of California;1970.
Seed RB,Cetin KO,Moss RE,Kammerer AM,Wu J,Pestana JM,Riemer MF,Sancio RB,Bray JD,Kayen RE,Faris A.Recent advances in soil liquefaction engineering:a unified and consistent framework.In:Proceedings of the 26th Annual ASCE Los Angeles geotechnical spring seminar.ASCE;2003.
Tan CS,Marto A,Leong TK,Teng LS.The role of fines in liquefaction susceptibility of sand matrix soils.Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 2013;18:2355e68.
Thian SY,Lee CY.Cyclic stress-controlled tests on offshore clay.Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2017;9(2):376e81.
Vucetic M,Dobry R.Effect of soil plasticity on cyclic response.Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 1991;117(1):89e107.
Wang W.Some findings in soil liquefaction.Technical report.Beijing,China:China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research;1979(in Chinese).
Xiao P,Liu H,Xiao Y,Stuedlein AW,Evans TM.Liquefaction resistance of biocemented calcareous sand.Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering2018;107:9e19.
Yasuda S,Nagase H,Oda S,Kitsuji K.Comparison of dynamic shear modulus and damping ratio between stage-test method and fresh-test method.In:Proceedings of the symposium on dynamic deformation characteristics in dynamic problem of ground and soil structures-test and investigation methods and its application.Japanese Geotechnical Society(JGS);1994.p.127e32.
Yasuhara K,Hirao K,Hyde AFL.Effects of cyclic loading on undrained strength and compressibility of clay.Soils and Foundations 1992;32(1):100e16.
Yoshida N.Seismic ground response analysis.Springer;2015.
ASTM D4318-17e1.Standard test methods for liquid limit,plastic limit,and plasticity index of soils.West Conshohocken,PA,USA:ASTM International;2017.
Andrews DC,Martin GR.Criteria for liquefaction of silty soils.In:Proceedings of the12th world conference on earthquake engineering;2000.
Ansal AM,Iyisan R,Yildirim H.The cyclic behaviour of soils and effects of geotechnical factors in microzonation.Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 2001;21(5):445e52.
ASTM D2487-11.Standard practice for classification of soils for engineering purposes(Unified Soil Classification System).West Conshohocken,PA,USA:ASTMInternational;2011.
ASTM D6913/D6913M-17.Standard test methods for particle-size distribution(gradation)of soils using sieve analysis.West Conshohocken,PA,USA:ASTMInternational;2017.
ASTM D7928-17.Standard test method for particle-size distribution(gradation)of fine-grained soils using the sedimentation(hydrometer)analysis.West Conshohocken,PA,USA:ASTM International;2017.
ASTM D854-14.Standard test methods for specific gravity of soil solids by water pycnometer.West Conshohocken,PA,USA:ASTM International;2014.
ASTM D3999/D3999M-11e1.Standard test methods for the determination of the modulus and damping properties of soils using the cyclic triaxial apparatus.West Conshohocken,PA,USA:ASTM International;2011.
Bahadori H,Ghalandarzadeh A,Towhata I.Effect of non-plastic silt on the anisotropic behavior of sand.Soils and Foundations 2008;48(4):531e45.
Boulanger RW,Idriss IM.Liquefaction susceptibility criteria for silts and clays.Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 2006;132(11):1413e26.
Bray JD,Sancio RB.Assessment of the liquefaction susceptibility of fine-grained soils.Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering2006;132(9):1165e77.
Dammala PK,Bhattacharya S,Krishna AM,Kumar SS,Dasgupta K.Scenario based seismic re-qualification of caisson supported major bridgese A case study of Saraighat Bridge.Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 2017a;100:270e5.
Dammala PK,Murali Krishna A,Bhattacharyya S,Nikitas G,Rouholamin M.Dynamic soil properties for seismic ground response in Northeastern India.Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 2017b;100:357e70.
Darendeli MB.Development of a new family of normalized modulus reduction and material damping curves.PhD Thesis.Austin,USA:Department of Civil,Architectural and environmental engineering,University of Texas;2001.
Dutta TT,Saride S.Dynamic properties of compacted cohesive soil based on resonant column studies.In:International conference on geo-engineering and climate change technologies for sustainable environmental management;2015.p.1e6.
Dutta TT,Saride S,Jallu M.Effect of saturation on dynamic properties of compacted clay in a resonant column test.Geomechanics and Geoengineering 2017;12(3):181e90.
Govinda Raju L.Liquefaction and dynamic properties of sandy soils.PhD Thesis.Bangalore,India:Indian Institute of Science;2005.
Gu C,Gu Z,Cai Y,Wang J,Ling D.Dynamic modulus characteristics of saturated clays under variable confining pressure.Canadian Geotechnical Journal 2016;54(5):729e35.
Hardin BO,Drnevich VP.Shear modulus and damping in soils:measurement and parameter effects.Journal of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Division1972a;98(6):603e24.
Hardin BO,Drnevich VP.Shear modulus and damping in soils:design equations and curves.Journal of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Division 1972b;98:667e92.
Hyodo M,Sugiyama M,Yasufuku N,Murata H,Kawata Y.Cyclic shear behaviour of clay subjected to initial shear stress.Technical Report.Yamaguchi University;1993.p.87e102.
Hyodo M,Yamamoto Y,Sugiyama M.Undrained cyclic shear behaviour of normally consolidated clay subjected to initial static shear stress.Soils and Foundations1994;34(4):1e11.
IS 1893-1.Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures-general provisions and buildings.New Delhi:Bureau of Indian Standard;2002.
Ishibashi I,Zhang XJ.Unified dynamic shear moduli and damping ratios of sand and clay.Soils and Foundations 1993;33(1):182e91.
Ishihara K.Liquefaction and flow failure during earthquakes.Géotechnique1993;43(3):351e415.
Ishihara K.Soil behaviour in earthquake geotechnics.Clarendon Press;1996.
Kokusho T,Yoshida Y,Esashi Y.Dynamic properties of soft clay for wide strain range.Soils and Foundations 1982;22(4):1e18.
Kumar SS,Krishna AM,Dey A.Evaluation of dynamic properties of sandy soil at high cyclic strains.Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 2017;99:157e67.
Kumar SS,Dey A,Krishna AM.Importance of site-specific dynamic soil properties for seismic ground response studies:ground response analysis.International Journal of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering 2018;9(1):78e98.
Lei H,Liu J,Liu M,Zhang Z,Jiang M.Effects of frequency and cyclic stress ratio on creep behavior of clay under cyclic loading.Marine Georesources and Geotechnology 2017;35(2):281e91.
Li LL,Dan HB,Wang LZ.Undrained behavior of natural marine clay under cyclic loading.Ocean Engineering 2011;38(16):1792e805.
Matsui T,Bahr MA,Abe N.Estimation of shear characteristics degradation and stress-strain relationship of saturated clays after cyclic loading.Soils and Foundations 1992;32(1):161e72.
Nath SK,Thingbaijam KKS,Raj A.Earthquake hazard in Northeast Indiae A seismic microzonation approach with typical case studies from Sikkim Himalaya and Guwahati city.Journal of Earth System and Science 2008;117:809e31.
Okur DV,Ansal A.Stiffness degradation of natural fine grained soils during cyclic loading.Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 2007;27(9):843e54.
Paul S,Dey AK.Cyclic triaxial testing of fully and partially saturated soil at silchar.In:Proceedings of the 4th International conference on earthquake geotechnical engineering.Springer;2007.p.1e12.
Perlea VG.Liquefaction of cohesive soils.In:Soil Dynamics and Liquefaction.American Society of Civil Engineers(ASCE);2000.p.58e76.
Prakash S,Sandoval JA.Liquefaction of low plasticity silts.Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 1992;11(7):373e9.
Price AB,DeJong JT,Boulanger RW.Cyclic loading response of silt with multiple loading events.Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering2017;143(10).https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001759.
Raghukanth STG.Simulation of strong ground motion during the 1950 great Assam earthquake.Pure and Applied Geophysics 2008;165(9e10):1761e87.
Raghukanth STG,Sreelatha S,Dash SK.Ground motion estimation at Guwahati city for an Mw 8.1 earthquake in the Shillong plateau.Tectonophysics 2008;448(1e4):98e114.
Roblee C,Chiou B.A proposed geoindex model for design selection of non-linear properties for site response analyses.Sacramento,CA,USA:Caltrans GeoResearch Group;2004.
Sadrekarimi A.Influence of fines content on liquefied strength of silty sands.Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 2013;55:108e19.
Sancio RB,Bray JD,Riemer MF,Durgunoglu T.An assessment of the liquefaction susceptibility of Adapazari silt.In:Proceedings of the 2003 Pacific conference on earthquake engineering;2003.Paper No.172.
Sas W,Gabrys K,Szymanski A.Effect of time on dynamic shear modulus of selected cohesive soil of one section of express way No.S2 in Warsaw.Acta Geophysica2015;63(2):398e413.
Seed HB,Idriss IM.Soil moduli and damping factors for dynamic response analysis.Report No.EERC 70-10.Berkeley,USA:Earthquake Engineering Research Center,University of California;1970.
Seed RB,Cetin KO,Moss RE,Kammerer AM,Wu J,Pestana JM,Riemer MF,Sancio RB,Bray JD,Kayen RE,Faris A.Recent advances in soil liquefaction engineering:a unified and consistent framework.In:Proceedings of the 26th Annual ASCE Los Angeles geotechnical spring seminar.ASCE;2003.
Tan CS,Marto A,Leong TK,Teng LS.The role of fines in liquefaction susceptibility of sand matrix soils.Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 2013;18:2355e68.
Thian SY,Lee CY.Cyclic stress-controlled tests on offshore clay.Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2017;9(2):376e81.
Vucetic M,Dobry R.Effect of soil plasticity on cyclic response.Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 1991;117(1):89e107.
Wang W.Some findings in soil liquefaction.Technical report.Beijing,China:China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research;1979(in Chinese).
Xiao P,Liu H,Xiao Y,Stuedlein AW,Evans TM.Liquefaction resistance of biocemented calcareous sand.Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering2018;107:9e19.
Yasuda S,Nagase H,Oda S,Kitsuji K.Comparison of dynamic shear modulus and damping ratio between stage-test method and fresh-test method.In:Proceedings of the symposium on dynamic deformation characteristics in dynamic problem of ground and soil structures-test and investigation methods and its application.Japanese Geotechnical Society(JGS);1994.p.127e32.
Yasuhara K,Hirao K,Hyde AFL.Effects of cyclic loading on undrained strength and compressibility of clay.Soils and Foundations 1992;32(1):100e16.
Yoshida N.Seismic ground response analysis.Springer;2015.