Framework for Measuring the Resilience of Utility Poles of an Electric Power Distribution Network
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摘要
The utility poles of an electric power distribution system are frequently damaged by wind-related disasters.This study notes that the wooden poles are particularly vulnerable to such disasters and the failures of the poles can cause a network-level failure leading to short-or longterm power outages. To mitigate the problem, this study proposes a framework for measuring the resilience of the wooden utility poles based on the angular deflection of a pole due to the wind force. Given the existing inclination angle of a pole, the angular deflection is measured by finite element analysis using ANSYS~? Workbench~1 to determine the resilience area under various wind speeds. For this, the conditions of load and support for a pole, which are called boundary conditions in ANSYS~?, are generated. The proposed framework also includes an approach to cost–benefit analysis that compares different strategies for corrective action. The results of the case study in which the framework was applied show that the proposed framework can be effectively utilized by electric power distribution companies to increase the resilience of their systems.
The utility poles of an electric power distribution system are frequently damaged by wind-related disasters.This study notes that the wooden poles are particularly vulnerable to such disasters and the failures of the poles can cause a network-level failure leading to short-or longterm power outages. To mitigate the problem, this study proposes a framework for measuring the resilience of the wooden utility poles based on the angular deflection of a pole due to the wind force. Given the existing inclination angle of a pole, the angular deflection is measured by finite element analysis using ANSYS~? Workbench~1 to determine the resilience area under various wind speeds. For this, the conditions of load and support for a pole, which are called boundary conditions in ANSYS~?, are generated. The proposed framework also includes an approach to cost–benefit analysis that compares different strategies for corrective action. The results of the case study in which the framework was applied show that the proposed framework can be effectively utilized by electric power distribution companies to increase the resilience of their systems.
The utility poles of an electric power distribution system are frequently damaged by wind-related disasters.This study notes that the wooden poles are particularly vulnerable to such disasters and the failures of the poles can cause a network-level failure leading to short-or longterm power outages. To mitigate the problem, this study proposes a framework for measuring the resilience of the wooden utility poles based on the angular deflection of a pole due to the wind force. Given the existing inclination angle of a pole, the angular deflection is measured by finite element analysis using ANSYS~? Workbench~1 to determine the resilience area under various wind speeds. For this, the conditions of load and support for a pole, which are called boundary conditions in ANSYS~?, are generated. The proposed framework also includes an approach to cost–benefit analysis that compares different strategies for corrective action. The results of the case study in which the framework was applied show that the proposed framework can be effectively utilized by electric power distribution companies to increase the resilience of their systems.
引文
AASHTO(American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials).2013.Standard specifications for structural supports for highway signs,luminaires,and traffic signals,6th edn.Washington,DC:AASHTO.
AEP Texas(American Electric Power Texas).2017.Hurricane Harvey restoration update-9-3-2017,4:30 p.m.https://www.aeptexas.com/info/news/viewRelease.aspx?releaseID=2339.Accessed 15 Feb 2018.
Alam,M.M.,B.Eren Tokgoz,M.Safa,and S.Hwang.2018.Evaluation of effects of wind speed on resilience of electric pole.In Proceedings of the 2018 IISE Annual Conference,19-21 May2018,Orlando,Florida,USA,3 vols.,ed.K.Barker,D.Berry,and C.Rainwater(Norcross,GA:Institute of Industrial and Systems Engineers),216-221.https://www.xcdsystem.com/iise/2018_proceedings/papers/FinalPaper_1665_0306114917.pdf.Accessed 13 Mar 2019.
ANSI(American National Standards Institute).2017.Specifications and dimensions(for wood poles,O5.1).New York:ANSI.https://webstore.ansi.org/Standards/ANSI/ANSIO52017?gclid=EAIaIQobChMI74yPio-E4QIVREOGCh1g5QX2EAAYAiAAEgKX2fD_BwE.Accessed 12 Apr 2019.
ASCE(American Society of Civil Engineers).2006a.Reliabilitybased design of utility pole structures.Manuals and reports on engineering practice No.111,ed.H.Dagher.Reston,VA:ASCE.https://ascelibrary.org/doi/book/10.1061/9780784408452.Accessed 12 Apr 2019.
ASCE(American Society of Civil Engineers).2006b.Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures.SEI/ASCE 7-05,2nd edn.Reston,VA:ASCE.https://martinyunianto.files.word press.com/2017/04/asce_7-05_minimum_design_loads_for_buildings_and_other_structures2.pdf.Accessed 14 Mar 2019.
Caribbean Disaster Mitigation Project.1996.Hurricane vulnerability and risk analysis of the VINLEC transmission and distribution system.Unit for Sustainable Development and Environment,Organization of American States.https://www.oas.org/cdmp/document/vinlec/vinlec.htm.Accessed 20 Mar 2018.
Carlson,J.L.,R.A.Haffenden,G.W.Bassett,W.A.Buehring,M.J.Collins III,S.M.Folga,F.D.Petit,J.A.Phillips,et al.2012.Resilience:Theory and application.Lemont,IL:Argonne National Laboratory.https://publications.anl.gov/anlpubs/2012/02/72218.pdf.Accessed 25 Jan 2018.
Chang,S.E.2003.Evaluating disaster mitigations:Methodology for urban infrastructure systems.Natural Hazards Review 4(4):186-196.
Crosby,A.2011.Special research topic report on current practice in utility distribution poles and light poles.http://www.kornegayen gineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/structural-utility-dis tribution-light-poles-whitepaper-acrosby.pdf.Accessed 15 Dec2017.
Darestani,Y.M.,A.Shafieezadeh,and R.DesRoches.2016.An equivalent boundary model for effects of adjacent spans on wind reliability of wood utility poles in overhead distribution lines.Engineering Structures 128:441-452.
Daugherty,G.L.1998.The realistic expectation of an in-place wood pole inspection program:Utility poles and structures.Revised version of a paper presented at the International Conference on Utility Line Structures,23-25 March 1998,Fort Collins,Colorado,USA.http://rls-cmc.com/in-place-wood-pole-inspec tion-program/.Accessed 12 Apr 2019.
Dias,A.M.P.G.,J.W.Van de Kuilen,S.Lopes,and H.Cruz.2007.Anon-linear 3D FEM model to simulate timber-concrete joints.Advances in Engineering Software 38(8-9):522-530.
Dunn,S.C.,and R.R.Young.2004.Supplier assistance within supplier development initiatives.Journal of Supply Chain Management 40(2):19-29.
EIA(Energy Information Administration).2018.Retail sales of electricity to ultimate customers.https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data.php#sales.Accessed 11 Jun 2018.
Eren Tokgoz,B.,and A.V.Gheorghe.2013.Resilience quantification and its application to a residential building subject to hurricane winds.International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 4(3):105-114.
Eren Tokgoz,B.,M.Safa,and S.Hwang.2017.Resilience assessment for power distribution systems.International Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering 11(7):806-811.
Executive Office of the President.2013.Economic benefits of increasing electric grid resilience to weather outages.Washington,DC:Executive Office of the President.https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/08/f2/Grid%20Resiliency%20Report_FINAL.pdf.Accessed 18 May 2018.
Federal Highway Administration.2007.Measured variability of southern yellow pine-Manual for LS-DYNA wood material model 143.Washington,DC:Federal Highway Administration.https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/04097/sec1x0.cfm.Accessed 12 Apr 2019.
Guikema,S.D.,S.M.Quiring,and S.R.Han.2010.Prestorm estimation of hurricane damage to electric power distribution systems.Risk Analysis:An International Journal 30(12):1744-1752.
Han,S.R.2008.Estimating hurricane outage and damage risk in power distribution systems.Ph.D.thesis.College Station,TX:Texas A&M University.https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/bit stream/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2923/HAN-DISSERTATION.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.Accessed 13 Mar 2018.
Haimes Y.Y.2009.On the definition of resilience in systems.Risk Analysis:An International Journal 29(4):498-501.
Hosseini,S.,K.Barker,and J.E.Ramirez-Marquez.2016.A review of definitions and measures of systems resilience.Reliability Engineering and System Safety 145:47-61.
Kenward,A.,and U.Raja.2014.Blackout:Extreme weather,climate change and power outages.Princeton,NJ:Climate Central.http://assets.climatecentral.org/pdfs/PowerOutages.pdf.Accessed 10 May 2018.
LaCommare,K.H.,and J.H.Eto.2006.Cost of power interruptions to electricity consumers in the United States(US).Energy 31(12):1845-1855.
MacKenzie,C.A.,and C.W.Zobel.2016.Allocating resources to enhance resilience,with application to superstorm Sandy and an electric utility.Risk Analysis 36(4):847-862.
Mukhopadhyay,S.,and M.Hastak.2016.Public utility commissions to foster resilience investment in power grid infrastructure.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 218:5-12.
Mukherjee,S.,R.Nateghi,and M.Hastak.2018.A multi-hazard approach to assess severe weather-induced major power outage risks in the US.Reliability Engineering&System Safety 175:283-305.
Nan,C.,and G.Sansavini.2017.A quantitative method for assessing resilience of interdependent infrastructures.Reliability Engineering and System Safety 157:35-53.
NESC(National Electrical Safety Code).2002.IEEE Standard.Piscataway,NJ:Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers.
NOAA(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration).2017.Billion-dollar weather and climate disasters:Table of events.https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/events/US/1980-2017.Accessed 5 Jan 2018.
Oudjene,M.,and M.Khelifa.2009.Finite element modelling of wooden structures at large deformations and brittle failure prediction.Materials&Design 30(10):4081-4087.
Ouyang,M.,and L.Duenas-Osorio.2014.Multi-dimensional hurricane resilience assessment of electric power systems.Structural Safety 48:15-24.
Pellicane,P.J.,and N.Franco.1994.Modeling wood pole failure.Wood Science and Technology 28(4):261-274.
Phillips,J.,and A.Tompkins.2014.Resilience metrics.Prepared for the Quadrennial Energy Review Technical Workshop on Resilience Metrics for Energy Transmission and Distribution Infrastructure,28 April 2014.Lemont,IL:Argonne National Laboratory.https://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2015/01/f19/Argonne%20National%20Lab.Resiliency%20Metrics%20work shop.pdf\.Accessed 15 Jan 2018.
Quanta Technology.2009.Cost-benefit analysis of the deployment of utility infrastructure upgrades and storm hardening programs:Final report.Public Utility Commission of Texas Project No.36375.Raleigh,NC:Quanta Technology.http://www.puc.texas.gov/industry/electric/reports/infra/utlity_infrastructure_upgrades_rpt.pdf.Accessed 10 Dec 2017.
Ryan,P.C.,M.G.Stewart,N.Spencer,and Y.Li.2014.Reliability assessment of power pole infrastructure incorporating deterioration and network maintenance.Reliability Engineering&System Safety 132:261-273.
Schmidt,J.,and M.Kaliske.2009.Models for numerical failure analysis of wooden structures.Engineering Structures 31(2):571-579.
Salman,A.M.,Y.Li,and M.G.Stewart.2015.Evaluating system reliability and targeted hardening strategies of power distribution systems subjected to hurricanes.Reliability Engineering&System Safety 144:319-333.
Sandia National Laboratories.2014.Energy infrastructure resilience:Framework and sector-specific metrics.Argonne:Argonne National Laboratories(ANL).https://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2015/01/f19/SNLResilienceApril29.pdf.Accessed 15 Jan2018.
Shafieezadeh,A.,P.U.Onyewuchi,M.M.Begovic,and R.DesRoches.2013.Fragility assessment of wood poles in power distribution networks against extreme wind hazards.In Advances in hurricane engineering:Learning from our past,ed.C.P.Jones,and L.G.Griffis,851-861.Reston,VA:American Society of Civil Engineers.
Taras,A.,G.Ratel,and L.Chouinard.2004.A life-cycle cost approach to the maintenance of overhead line supports.In Reliability and optimization of structural systems,ed.M.A.Maes,and L.Huyse,241-250.London:CRC Press.
Wanik,D.W.,E.N.Anagnostou,B.M.Hartman,M.E.B.Frediani,and M.Astitha.2015.Storm outage modeling for an electric distribution network in Northeastern USA.Natural Hazards79(2):1359-1384.
Willis,H.H.2014.Resilience metrics for energy systems.Santa Monica,CA:Rand Corporation.https://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2015/01/f19/RAND.Resiliency%20Metrics%20workshop.pdf.Accessed 15 Jan 2018.
1ANSYS~? Workbench is a finite element analysis software package used to simulate engineering problems.
AEP Texas(American Electric Power Texas).2017.Hurricane Harvey restoration update-9-3-2017,4:30 p.m.https://www.aeptexas.com/info/news/viewRelease.aspx?releaseID=2339.Accessed 15 Feb 2018.
Alam,M.M.,B.Eren Tokgoz,M.Safa,and S.Hwang.2018.Evaluation of effects of wind speed on resilience of electric pole.In Proceedings of the 2018 IISE Annual Conference,19-21 May2018,Orlando,Florida,USA,3 vols.,ed.K.Barker,D.Berry,and C.Rainwater(Norcross,GA:Institute of Industrial and Systems Engineers),216-221.https://www.xcdsystem.com/iise/2018_proceedings/papers/FinalPaper_1665_0306114917.pdf.Accessed 13 Mar 2019.
ANSI(American National Standards Institute).2017.Specifications and dimensions(for wood poles,O5.1).New York:ANSI.https://webstore.ansi.org/Standards/ANSI/ANSIO52017?gclid=EAIaIQobChMI74yPio-E4QIVREOGCh1g5QX2EAAYAiAAEgKX2fD_BwE.Accessed 12 Apr 2019.
ASCE(American Society of Civil Engineers).2006a.Reliabilitybased design of utility pole structures.Manuals and reports on engineering practice No.111,ed.H.Dagher.Reston,VA:ASCE.https://ascelibrary.org/doi/book/10.1061/9780784408452.Accessed 12 Apr 2019.
ASCE(American Society of Civil Engineers).2006b.Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures.SEI/ASCE 7-05,2nd edn.Reston,VA:ASCE.https://martinyunianto.files.word press.com/2017/04/asce_7-05_minimum_design_loads_for_buildings_and_other_structures2.pdf.Accessed 14 Mar 2019.
Caribbean Disaster Mitigation Project.1996.Hurricane vulnerability and risk analysis of the VINLEC transmission and distribution system.Unit for Sustainable Development and Environment,Organization of American States.https://www.oas.org/cdmp/document/vinlec/vinlec.htm.Accessed 20 Mar 2018.
Carlson,J.L.,R.A.Haffenden,G.W.Bassett,W.A.Buehring,M.J.Collins III,S.M.Folga,F.D.Petit,J.A.Phillips,et al.2012.Resilience:Theory and application.Lemont,IL:Argonne National Laboratory.https://publications.anl.gov/anlpubs/2012/02/72218.pdf.Accessed 25 Jan 2018.
Chang,S.E.2003.Evaluating disaster mitigations:Methodology for urban infrastructure systems.Natural Hazards Review 4(4):186-196.
Crosby,A.2011.Special research topic report on current practice in utility distribution poles and light poles.http://www.kornegayen gineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/structural-utility-dis tribution-light-poles-whitepaper-acrosby.pdf.Accessed 15 Dec2017.
Darestani,Y.M.,A.Shafieezadeh,and R.DesRoches.2016.An equivalent boundary model for effects of adjacent spans on wind reliability of wood utility poles in overhead distribution lines.Engineering Structures 128:441-452.
Daugherty,G.L.1998.The realistic expectation of an in-place wood pole inspection program:Utility poles and structures.Revised version of a paper presented at the International Conference on Utility Line Structures,23-25 March 1998,Fort Collins,Colorado,USA.http://rls-cmc.com/in-place-wood-pole-inspec tion-program/.Accessed 12 Apr 2019.
Dias,A.M.P.G.,J.W.Van de Kuilen,S.Lopes,and H.Cruz.2007.Anon-linear 3D FEM model to simulate timber-concrete joints.Advances in Engineering Software 38(8-9):522-530.
Dunn,S.C.,and R.R.Young.2004.Supplier assistance within supplier development initiatives.Journal of Supply Chain Management 40(2):19-29.
EIA(Energy Information Administration).2018.Retail sales of electricity to ultimate customers.https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data.php#sales.Accessed 11 Jun 2018.
Eren Tokgoz,B.,and A.V.Gheorghe.2013.Resilience quantification and its application to a residential building subject to hurricane winds.International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 4(3):105-114.
Eren Tokgoz,B.,M.Safa,and S.Hwang.2017.Resilience assessment for power distribution systems.International Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering 11(7):806-811.
Executive Office of the President.2013.Economic benefits of increasing electric grid resilience to weather outages.Washington,DC:Executive Office of the President.https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/08/f2/Grid%20Resiliency%20Report_FINAL.pdf.Accessed 18 May 2018.
Federal Highway Administration.2007.Measured variability of southern yellow pine-Manual for LS-DYNA wood material model 143.Washington,DC:Federal Highway Administration.https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/04097/sec1x0.cfm.Accessed 12 Apr 2019.
Guikema,S.D.,S.M.Quiring,and S.R.Han.2010.Prestorm estimation of hurricane damage to electric power distribution systems.Risk Analysis:An International Journal 30(12):1744-1752.
Han,S.R.2008.Estimating hurricane outage and damage risk in power distribution systems.Ph.D.thesis.College Station,TX:Texas A&M University.https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/bit stream/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2923/HAN-DISSERTATION.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.Accessed 13 Mar 2018.
Haimes Y.Y.2009.On the definition of resilience in systems.Risk Analysis:An International Journal 29(4):498-501.
Hosseini,S.,K.Barker,and J.E.Ramirez-Marquez.2016.A review of definitions and measures of systems resilience.Reliability Engineering and System Safety 145:47-61.
Kenward,A.,and U.Raja.2014.Blackout:Extreme weather,climate change and power outages.Princeton,NJ:Climate Central.http://assets.climatecentral.org/pdfs/PowerOutages.pdf.Accessed 10 May 2018.
LaCommare,K.H.,and J.H.Eto.2006.Cost of power interruptions to electricity consumers in the United States(US).Energy 31(12):1845-1855.
MacKenzie,C.A.,and C.W.Zobel.2016.Allocating resources to enhance resilience,with application to superstorm Sandy and an electric utility.Risk Analysis 36(4):847-862.
Mukhopadhyay,S.,and M.Hastak.2016.Public utility commissions to foster resilience investment in power grid infrastructure.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 218:5-12.
Mukherjee,S.,R.Nateghi,and M.Hastak.2018.A multi-hazard approach to assess severe weather-induced major power outage risks in the US.Reliability Engineering&System Safety 175:283-305.
Nan,C.,and G.Sansavini.2017.A quantitative method for assessing resilience of interdependent infrastructures.Reliability Engineering and System Safety 157:35-53.
NESC(National Electrical Safety Code).2002.IEEE Standard.Piscataway,NJ:Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers.
NOAA(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration).2017.Billion-dollar weather and climate disasters:Table of events.https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/events/US/1980-2017.Accessed 5 Jan 2018.
Oudjene,M.,and M.Khelifa.2009.Finite element modelling of wooden structures at large deformations and brittle failure prediction.Materials&Design 30(10):4081-4087.
Ouyang,M.,and L.Duenas-Osorio.2014.Multi-dimensional hurricane resilience assessment of electric power systems.Structural Safety 48:15-24.
Pellicane,P.J.,and N.Franco.1994.Modeling wood pole failure.Wood Science and Technology 28(4):261-274.
Phillips,J.,and A.Tompkins.2014.Resilience metrics.Prepared for the Quadrennial Energy Review Technical Workshop on Resilience Metrics for Energy Transmission and Distribution Infrastructure,28 April 2014.Lemont,IL:Argonne National Laboratory.https://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2015/01/f19/Argonne%20National%20Lab.Resiliency%20Metrics%20work shop.pdf\.Accessed 15 Jan 2018.
Quanta Technology.2009.Cost-benefit analysis of the deployment of utility infrastructure upgrades and storm hardening programs:Final report.Public Utility Commission of Texas Project No.36375.Raleigh,NC:Quanta Technology.http://www.puc.texas.gov/industry/electric/reports/infra/utlity_infrastructure_upgrades_rpt.pdf.Accessed 10 Dec 2017.
Ryan,P.C.,M.G.Stewart,N.Spencer,and Y.Li.2014.Reliability assessment of power pole infrastructure incorporating deterioration and network maintenance.Reliability Engineering&System Safety 132:261-273.
Schmidt,J.,and M.Kaliske.2009.Models for numerical failure analysis of wooden structures.Engineering Structures 31(2):571-579.
Salman,A.M.,Y.Li,and M.G.Stewart.2015.Evaluating system reliability and targeted hardening strategies of power distribution systems subjected to hurricanes.Reliability Engineering&System Safety 144:319-333.
Sandia National Laboratories.2014.Energy infrastructure resilience:Framework and sector-specific metrics.Argonne:Argonne National Laboratories(ANL).https://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2015/01/f19/SNLResilienceApril29.pdf.Accessed 15 Jan2018.
Shafieezadeh,A.,P.U.Onyewuchi,M.M.Begovic,and R.DesRoches.2013.Fragility assessment of wood poles in power distribution networks against extreme wind hazards.In Advances in hurricane engineering:Learning from our past,ed.C.P.Jones,and L.G.Griffis,851-861.Reston,VA:American Society of Civil Engineers.
Taras,A.,G.Ratel,and L.Chouinard.2004.A life-cycle cost approach to the maintenance of overhead line supports.In Reliability and optimization of structural systems,ed.M.A.Maes,and L.Huyse,241-250.London:CRC Press.
Wanik,D.W.,E.N.Anagnostou,B.M.Hartman,M.E.B.Frediani,and M.Astitha.2015.Storm outage modeling for an electric distribution network in Northeastern USA.Natural Hazards79(2):1359-1384.
Willis,H.H.2014.Resilience metrics for energy systems.Santa Monica,CA:Rand Corporation.https://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2015/01/f19/RAND.Resiliency%20Metrics%20workshop.pdf.Accessed 15 Jan 2018.
1ANSYS~? Workbench is a finite element analysis software package used to simulate engineering problems.