艾米莉·狄金森的道之枢轴（英文）
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摘要
就现今已发表的学界言论而论,越来越多的观点,比如,Kang, Uno, Chen and Patterson,都提倡从中国文化的视角,观察体验狄金森的诗。本文将从道家的视角,揭示狄金森的作品、如何在众多概念性领域内,捕捉到了大量时常相互矛盾的视点。就道家经典《庄子》而论,狄金森的作品之所以能有如此宽广的视野、众多的视角、这只能说明她对知识有着更高的追求。狄金森形象地将自己的广阔的视角称之为"圆周视角"。有人常常将狄金森比作"流离失所,无家可归",因为她的诗既无中心感、又无整体感,但从道家的角度考虑,这种批评指责恰好变成是一种赞赏。从道家的角度考虑,狄金森的透视主义(或透视观)、正说明揭示其内心的审视怀疑以及同时把握多种观点的能力。根据庄子中所表述的到家观点,这两种观察世间万物的行为恰恰代表着人的更高层次的智慧。就道家而言,每一种不同的视角、与其说是增添矛盾,还不如更精确地说,是在知识旋转的车轮上再加上新的车轴。这就是狄金森常说的圆周视角(或圆周关)。
More and more articles have been published encouraging the use of a Chinese lens on Dickinson's poetry(e.g. Kang, Uno, Chen and Patterson). This paper will use a Daoist lens to show how her writing captures a multitude of often contradictory perspectives in a number of conceptual areas. Her embracing this wide range of perspectives, as viewed in the classic Daoist text, the Zhuangzi, reflects a search for greater knowledge. Dickinson graphically refers to this broad business of hers as "circumference." While Emily Dickinson has been criticized by some for her "homelessness," for her poems having no center, no whole, yet from a Daoist viewpoint this criticism can be recalibrated into words of praise. When viewed through a Daoist lens her perspectivism reveals her skepticism, and her ability to hold more than one perspective in mind at the same time, both ways of looking at the world that Daoists, as expressed in the Zhuangzi, view as characteristic of higher wisdom. From a Daoist point of view each perspective, rather than compounding contradictions, is more accurately viewed as additional spokes added to the wheel of perspectives, the circumference that she so often mentions.
More and more articles have been published encouraging the use of a Chinese lens on Dickinson's poetry(e.g. Kang, Uno, Chen and Patterson). This paper will use a Daoist lens to show how her writing captures a multitude of often contradictory perspectives in a number of conceptual areas. Her embracing this wide range of perspectives, as viewed in the classic Daoist text, the Zhuangzi, reflects a search for greater knowledge. Dickinson graphically refers to this broad business of hers as "circumference." While Emily Dickinson has been criticized by some for her "homelessness," for her poems having no center, no whole, yet from a Daoist viewpoint this criticism can be recalibrated into words of praise. When viewed through a Daoist lens her perspectivism reveals her skepticism, and her ability to hold more than one perspective in mind at the same time, both ways of looking at the world that Daoists, as expressed in the Zhuangzi, view as characteristic of higher wisdom. From a Daoist point of view each perspective, rather than compounding contradictions, is more accurately viewed as additional spokes added to the wheel of perspectives, the circumference that she so often mentions.
引文
Ames, Roger T. Wandering at Ease in the Zhuangzi. Albany:State University of New York, 1998.
Anderson, Charles Roberts. Emily Dickinson’s Poetry:Stairway of Surprise. New York:Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1960.
Bachelard, Gaston, M. Jolas, and John R. Stilgoe. The Poetics of Space. Boston:Beacon, 1994.
Bloom, Harold. Genius:A Mosaic of One Hundred Exemplary Creative Minds. New York:Warner, 2002.
Cameron, Sharon. Lyric Time:Dickinson and the Limits of Genre. Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979.
CHEN Shudong.“Emily Dickinson, Function Words, and Dao:A Prosodic and Philosophical View from across Cultures.”Cowrie:A Journal of Comparative Literature and Culture 1(2015):43-87.
CHONG Kim-chong.“Zhuangzi’s Cheng Xin and Its Implications for Virtue and Perspectives.” Dao 10, no. 4(2011):427-43 . Web.
Connolly, Tim.“Perspectivism as a Way of Knowing in the Zhuangzi.” Dao 10, no. 4(2011):487-505. Web.
Dickinson Electronic Archives. Accessed February 1, 2019. http://archive.emilydickinson.org.
Dickinson, Emily. The Poems of Emily Dickinson. 3 vols. Edited by R. W. Franklin. Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press, 1998.(Citation by poem number.)
Diehl, Joanne Feit. Dickinson and the Romantic Imagination. Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press, 1981.
Eberwein, Jane Donahue. Dickinson:Strategies of Limitation. Amherst:The University of Massachusetts Press, 1985.
Eliot, T. S., Anne Hodgson, and Philip Mairet. Little Gidding. London:Faber and Faber, 1942.
Epley, Nicholas, Adam Waytz, and John T. Cacioppo.“On Seeing Human:A Three-Factor Theory of Anthropomorphism.”Psychological Review 114, no. 4(2007):864-86.
Frye, Northrop. Fables of Identity:Studies in Poetic Mythology. New York:Harcourt, Brace&World, 1963.
Gelpi, Albert. Emily Dickinson:The Mind of the Poet. Cambridge:Harvard University Press, 1965.
Gelpi, Albert, and William Robert Sherwood.“Circumference and Circumstance:Stages in the Mind and Art of Emily Dickinson.” American Literature 40, no. 4(1969):557. Web.
Gerhardt,Christine.“‘Often Seen-but Seldom Felt’:Emily Dickinson’s Reluctant Ecology of Place.”The Emily Dickinson Journal 15, no. 1(2006):56-78. Web.
Gillespie, Robert.“A Circumference of Emily Dickinson.”The New England Quarterly 46, no. 2(1973):250-71. Web.
Gould, S. J.“Can We Truly Know Sloth and Rapacity?” In Leonardo’s Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms. New York:Three River Press, 1998, 375-91.
Griffith, Clark. The Long Shadow:Emily Dickinson’s Tragic Poetry. Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press, 1964.
Hall, David L., and Roger T. Ames. Thinking through Confucius. Albany:State University of New York, 1987.
KANG Yanbin.“Dickinson’s Hummingbirds, Circumference, and Chinese Poetics.” The Emily Dickinson Journal 20, no. 2(2011):57-82. Web.
——.“Dickinson’s ‘Power to Die’ from a Transcultural Perspective.” The Emily Dickinson Journal 22, no. 2(2013):65 -85. Web.
——.“Towards a Chinese Perspective on Dickinson.” Literature Compass 11, no. 3(2014):149-58. Web.
——.“Dickinson’s Drunkard as an Archetypical Sage.”The Explicator 73, no. 3(2015):206-9. Web.
——.“Dickinson’s Allusions to Thoreau’s East.” ANQ:A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews 29,no. 2(2016):92-97.
——.“Emily Dickinson and Represented Buddhism in Nineteenth Century America.” English Studies:A Journal of English Language and Literature 98, no. 2(2017):1-22.
Keane, Patrick J. Emily Dickinson’s Approving God:Divine Design and the Problem of Suffering. Columbia:University of Missouri, 2008.
Kohler, Michelle. Miles of Stare:Transcendentalism and the Problem of Literary Vision in Nineteenth-Century America.N.p.:n.p., n.d.
Loy, David.“Zhuangzi and Nagarjuna on the Truth of No Truth.” In Essays on Skepticism, Relativism, and Ethics in the Zhuangzi. Edited by Philip J. Ivanhoe and Paul Kjellberg. Albany:State University of New York, 1996, 50-67.
Lundberg, Bruce.“A Meditation on Friendship.” In Wandering at Ease in the Zhuangzi. Edited by Roger T. Ames. Albany:State University of New York, 1998, 211-29.
Lundin, Roger. Emily Dickinson and the Art of Belief. Grand Rapids, MI:William B. Eerdmans Pub., 1998.
McIntosh, James. Nimble Believing:Dickinson and the Unknown. Ann Arbor:The University of Michigan Press, 2004.
McTier, Rosemary Scanlon.“An Insect View of Its Plain”:Insects, Nature and God in Thoreau, Dickinson and Muir.Jefferson, NC:McFarland&Co., 2013.
Midgley, Mary. Animals and Why They Matter. Athens:The University of Georgia Press, 1983.
Miller, Ruth, and Emily Dickinson. The Poetry of Emily Dickinson. Middletown, CT:Wesleyan University Press, 1968.
Mudge, Jean McClure. Emily Dickinson&the Image of Home. Amherst:University of Massachusetts, 1975.
Ostriker, Alicia.“Re-playing The Bible:My Emily Dickinson.” The Emily Dickinson Journal 2, no. 2(1993):160-71. Web.
Patterson, Tom.“Emily Dickinson and the Daoist Concept of Nonaction(Wu-wei).” Cowrie:A Journal of Comparative Literature and Culture 1(2015):88-102.
Phillips, Elizabeth. Emily Dickinson:Personae and Performance. University Park:Pennsylvania State University Press,1988.
Porter, David T. The Art of Emily Dickinson’s Early Poetry. Cambridge:Harvard University Press, 1966.——. Dickinson:The Modern Idiom. Cambridge:Mass., 1981.
Puett, Michael, and Christine Gross-Loh. The Path:What Chinese Philosophers Can Teach Us About the Good Life. New York:Simon&Schuster, 2017.
Raab,Josef.“The Metapoetic Elementin Dickinson.”In The Emily Dickinson Handbook.Edited by Gudrun Grabher,Roland Hagenbu?chle, and Cristanne Miller. Amherst:University of Massachusetts, 1998, 273-95.
Shackelford, Aaron.“Dickinson’s Animals and Anthropomorphism.” The Emily Dickinson Journal 19, no. 2(2010):47-66.
Sherwood, WilliamR.Circumference and Circumstance:Stages in the Mindand Art of Emily Dickinson.New York:Columbia University Press, 1968.
Slingerland, E.“Effortless Action:The Chinese Spiritual Ideal of Wu-wei.” Journal of the American AcademyofReligion68 , no. 2(2000):293-328. Web.
Sturgeon, Donald.“Zhuangzi, Perspectives, and Greater Knowledge.” Philosophy East and West 65, no. 3(2015):892-917 . Web.
TUAN Yi-Fu.“Epilogue:Homeas Else where.”In ‘Heimat’:At the Intersection of Memory and Space.Editedby Friederike Eigler and Jens Kugele. Berlin, Boston:De Gruyter, 2012, 226-38. Or(n.d.):n. pag. Web.
Uno, Hiroko.“Emily Dickinson’s Encounter with the East:Chinese Museum in Boston.” The Emily Dickinson Journal 17,no. 1(2008):43-67. Web.
Weisbuch, Robert. Emily Dickinson’s Poetry. Chicago:University of Chicago, 1975.
Whitman, Walt. Leaves of Grass. 1st(1855)ed. New York:Penguin, 2005.
White, W.“Motivation Reconsidered:The Concept of Competence.” Psychological Review 66, no. 5(1959):297-333.
Wilbur, Richard.“Sumptuous Destitution.” In Emily Dickinson:A Collection of Critical Essays. Edited by Richard B.Sewall and Englewood Cliffs. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice Hall, 1963, 127-36.
Zhuangzi,and Brook Ziporyn.Zhuangzi:The Essential Writings with Selections from Traditional Commentaries.Indianapolis:Hackett Pub., 2009.
Ziporyn, Brook.“How Many Are the Ten Thousand Things and I?” In Hiding the World in the World. Edited by Scott Cook. Albany:State University of New York Press, 2003, 33-63.
1 See Yanbin Kang,“Dickinson’s Hummingbirds,Circumference,and Chinese Poetics,”The Emily Dickinson Journal20,no.2(2011):57-82;“Dickinson’s‘Power to Die’from a Transcultural Perspective,”The Emily Dickinson Journal22,no.2(2013):65-85;“Towards a Chinese Perspective on Dickinson,”Literature Compass 11,no.3(2014):149-58;“Dickinson’s Drunkard as an Archetypical Sage,”The Explicator 73,no.3(2015):206-9;“Dickinson’s Allusions to Thoreau’s East,”ANQ:A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles,Notes and Reviews 29,no.2(2016):92-97;and“Emily Dickinson and Represented Buddhism in Nineteenth Century America,”English Studies:A Journal of English Language and Literature 98,no.2(2017):1-22.
2 Hiroko Uno,“Emily Dickinson’s Encounter with the East:Chinese Museum in Boston,”The Emily Dickinson Journal 17,no.1(2008):43-67.
3 Tom Patterson,“Emily Dickinson and the Daoist Concept of Nonaction(Wu-wei),”Cowrie:A Journal of Comparative Literature and Culture 1(2015):88-102.
4 Shudong Chen,“Emily Dickinson,Function Words,and Dao:A Prosodic and Philosophical View from across Cultures,”Cowrie:A Journal of Comparative Literature and Culture 1(2015):43-87.My sincere thanks to Dr.Shudong Chen for his invaluable conversation,insights,and encouragement during the writing of this paper.He has been and continues to be a deep and generous source of inspiration.
5 Zhuangzi and Brook Ziporyn,Zhuangzi:The Essential Writings with Selections from Traditional Commentaries(Indianapolis:Hackett Pub.,2009),4.The Pengzu in this quotation refers to a long lived person of legend who lived hundreds of years.
6 Ibid.,75.
7 Ibid.,71.
8 Ibid.,71.
9 Kim-chong Chong,“Zhuangzi’s Cheng Xin and its Implications for Virtue and Perspectives,”Dao 10,no.4(2011):441.
10 Ziporyn translates dao shu道枢as“Course as Axis,”while others translate it as“pivot of the dao”or“hinge of the dao.”I will use“pivot of the dao”in this paper.
11 Zhuangzi and Ziporyn,Zhuangzi:The Essential Writings with Selections from Traditional Commentaries,12.
12 Donald Sturgeon,“Zhuangzi,Perspectives,and Greater Knowledge,”Philosophy East and West 65,no.3(2015):29.
13 Ibid.,906.
14 Michael Puett and Christine Gross-Loh,The Path:What Chinese Philosophers Can Teach Us about the Good Life(New York:Simon and Schuster,2016),161.
15 David Porter,The Art of Emily Dickinson’s Early Poetry(Cambridge:Mass.,1966),15-39.
16 Ibid.,17.
17 Ibid.,18.
18 David Porter,Dickinson:The Modern Idiom(Cambridge:Mass.,1981),5.
19 Ibid.,5.
20 Zhuangzi and Ziporyn,Zhuangzi:The Essential Writings with Selections from Traditional Commentaries,16.
21 David Loy,“Zhuangzi and Nagarjuna on the Truth of No Truth,”in Essays on Skepticism,Relativism,and Ethics in the Zhuangzi,eds.Philip J.Ivanhoe and Paul Kjellberg(Albany:State University of New York,1996),62.
22 Walt Whitman,Leaves of Grass,1st(1855)ed.(New York:Penguin,2005),85.
23 Alicia Ostriker,“Re-playing The Bible:My Emily Dickinson,”The Emily Dickinson Journal 2,no.2(1993):165.
24 Patrick J.Keane,Emily Dickinson’s Approving God:Divine Design and the Problem of Suffering(Columbia:The Univesity of Missouri,2008).
25 James McIntosh,Nimble Believing:Dickinson and the Unknown(Ann Arbor:The University of Michigan Press,2004).
26 Harold Bloom,Genius:A Mosaic of One Hundred Exemplary Creative Minds(New York:Warner,2002),348.
27 McIntosh,Nimble Believing,36.
28 Ibid.,36.
29 Emily Dickinson and R.W.Franklin,The Poems of Emily Dickinson(Cambridge Mass.:Belknap),Poem 195,92-93.
30 Ibid.,Poem 39,33.
31 Ibid.,Poem 101,55-56.
32 Ibid.,Poem 217,99-100.
33 Ibid.,Poem 1076,437-38.
34 Ibid.,Poem 437,202.
35 Ibid.,Poem 1294,502-3.
36 Ibid.,Poem 425,196-1997.
37 Ibid.,Poem 747,333.
38 Ibid.,Poem 546,246-47.
39 Ibid.,Poem 581,262.
40 Ibid.,Poem 1768,629.
41 Ibid.
42 Ibid.
43 Ibid.,Poem 795,354.
44 Ibid.,Poem 1311,506.It is not certain whether the“I”is Emily Dickinson or“a supposed person,”as she explained to Higginson in a letter:“When I state myself,as the Representative of Verse-it does not mean-me-but a supposed person.”Dickinson Electronic Archives,http://archive.emilydickinson.org/correspondence/higginson/1268.html,[February 1,2019].
45 Dickinson,The Poems,Poem 1460,551.
46 Ibid.,Poem 689,1863.
47 Ibid.,Poem 525,238-239.
48 Ibid.,Poem 365,166.
49 Ibid.,Poem 1668,603.
50 Dickinson Electronic Archives,http://archive.emilydickinson.org/correspondence/norcross/l388.html,[February 1,2019].
51 Ibid.,Poem 1038,425.
52 Ibid.,Poem 642,287.
53 Ibid.,Poem 642,288.
54 Mary Midgley,Animals and Why They Matter(Athens:The University of Georgia Press,1983),1442-43.
55 W.White,“Motivation Reconsidered:The Concept of Competence,”Psychological Review 66,no.5(1959):297-333.White used“effectance”to refer to the need to interact effectively with the environment one is in.
56 Nicholas Epley,Adam Waytz,and John T.Cacioppo,“On Seeing Human:A Three-Factor Theory of Anthropomorphism,”Psychological Review 114,no.4(2007):864-86.
57 S.J.Gould,“Can We Truly Know Sloth and Rapacity?”in Leonardo’s Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms(New York:Three River Press,1998),375-91.
58 Dickinson,The Poems,Poem 501,228.
59 Ibid.,Poem 370,168-69.
60 Ibid.,Poem 1369,525-26.
61 Ibid.,Poem 1377,528.
62 Ibid.,Poem 728,325.
63 Aaron Shackelford,“Dickinson’s Animals and Anthropomorphism,”The Emily Dickinson Journal 19,no.2(2010):47-66.
64 Dickinson,The Poems,Poem 778,347.
65 Ibid.,Poem 778,347.
66 Ibid.,Poem 932,398.
67 Ibid.
68 Ibid.,Poem 513,232.
69 Ibid.,Poem 1163,1869.
70 E.Slingerland,“Effortless Action:The Chinese Spiritual Ideal of Wu-wei,”Journal of the American Academy of Religion 68,no.2(2000):293-328.
71 David L.Hall and Roger T.Ames,Thinking through Confucius(Albany:State University of New York,1987),44.
72 Dickinson,The Poems,Poem 1523,567.
73 Ibid.,Poem 444,2015.
74 Ibid.,Poem 610,274.
75 Ibid.,Poem 1107,447-48.
76 Ibid.,Poem 994,414-15.
77 Ibid.,Poem 1679,605.
78 Ibid.,Poem 857,375-76.
79 Ibid.,Poem 1071,436.
80 Robert Weisbuch,Emily Dickinson’s Poetry(Chicago:University of Chicago,1975),59.
81 Dickinson,The Poems,Poem 550,248-49.
82 Ibid.,Poem 344,155.
83 Weisbuch,Emily Dickinson’s Poetry,94.
84 Dickinson,The Poems,Poem 662,295-296.
85 Ibid.,Poem 1092,442.
86 Ibid.,Poem 890,386.
87 Jean McClure Mudge,Emily Dickinson&the Image of Home(Amherst:University of Massachusetts Press,1975),6.
88 Gaston Bachelard,M.Jolas,and John R.Stilgoe,The Poetics of Space(Boston:Beacon,1994),6.
89 Ibid.,6.
90 Dickinson,The Poems,Poem 16,25-26.
91 Ibid.,Poem 511,231.
92 Ibid.,Poem 43,34-35.
93 Ibid.,Poem 501,228.
94 Ibid.,Poem 128,65-66.
95 Ibid.,Poem 158,77.
96 Ibid.,Poem 199,94.
97 Ibid.,Poem 382,175.
98 Ibid.,Poem 173,83-84.
99 Ibid.,Poem 1443,545-46.
100 Ibid.,Poem 749,334.
101 Ibid.,Poem 221,101.
102 Ibid.,Poem 585,264.
103 Ibid.,Poem 1352,521.
104 Ibid.,Poem 891,386-87.
105 Ibid.,Poem 1018,420.
106 Ibid.,Poem 1603,588.
107 Ibid.,Poem 585,264.
108 Ibid.,Poem 891,386-87.
109 Ibid.,Poem 853,374.
110 Yi-Fu Tuan,“Epilogue:Home as Elsewhere,”in‘Heimat’:At the Intersection of Memory and Space,eds.Friederike Eigler and Jens Kugele(Berlin,Boston:De Gruyter,2012),226-38;or(n.d.):n.pag.,web.Tuan writes that this is not uncommon at all:“All animals move out of their home base when for one reason or another,conditions deteriorate or when they are threatened by enemies.They move because they are pushed,only humans move because they are not only pushed but pulled by images of something better elsewhere.Much of human history is one of migration,on the other hand much more of it is people staying put in one place generation after generation.Even when they see better living elsewhere they are content to remain where they are and enjoy what they have than to adventure into the unknown.Humans are conservative.They have a fondness for the familiar,for home,for security over adventure.And yet how do we know that even the most sedentary people don’t dream of elsewhere?”
111 Dickinson,The Poems,Poem 690,307.
112 T.S.Eliot,Anne Hodgson,and Philip Mairet,Little Gidding(London:Faber and Faber,1942),59.
113 Emily Dickinson Archives,http://archive.emilydickinson.org/correspondence/higginson/l268.html,[February 1,2019].
114 Josef Raab,“The Metapoetic Element in Dickinson,”in The Emily Dickinson Handbook,eds.Gudrun Grabher,Roland Hagenbu?chle,and Cristanne Miller(Amherst:University of Massachusetts,1998),273-95.
115 Emily Dickinson Lexicon,http://edl.byu.edu/webster/term/2386608,[February 1,2019].
116 William R.Sherwood,Circumference and Circumstance:Stages in the Mind and Art of Emily Dickinson(New York:Columbia University Press,1968),219-20.
117 Jane Donahue Eberwein,Dickinson:Strategies of Limitation(Amherst:The University of Massachusetts Press,1985),265.
118 Robert Gillespie,“A Circumference of Emily Dickinson,”The New England Quarterly 46,no.2(1973):250-71.
119 Dickinson.The Poems,Poem 450,208.
120 Ibid.,Poem 1636,596.
Anderson, Charles Roberts. Emily Dickinson’s Poetry:Stairway of Surprise. New York:Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1960.
Bachelard, Gaston, M. Jolas, and John R. Stilgoe. The Poetics of Space. Boston:Beacon, 1994.
Bloom, Harold. Genius:A Mosaic of One Hundred Exemplary Creative Minds. New York:Warner, 2002.
Cameron, Sharon. Lyric Time:Dickinson and the Limits of Genre. Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979.
CHEN Shudong.“Emily Dickinson, Function Words, and Dao:A Prosodic and Philosophical View from across Cultures.”Cowrie:A Journal of Comparative Literature and Culture 1(2015):43-87.
CHONG Kim-chong.“Zhuangzi’s Cheng Xin and Its Implications for Virtue and Perspectives.” Dao 10, no. 4(2011):427-43 . Web.
Connolly, Tim.“Perspectivism as a Way of Knowing in the Zhuangzi.” Dao 10, no. 4(2011):487-505. Web.
Dickinson Electronic Archives. Accessed February 1, 2019. http://archive.emilydickinson.org.
Dickinson, Emily. The Poems of Emily Dickinson. 3 vols. Edited by R. W. Franklin. Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press, 1998.(Citation by poem number.)
Diehl, Joanne Feit. Dickinson and the Romantic Imagination. Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press, 1981.
Eberwein, Jane Donahue. Dickinson:Strategies of Limitation. Amherst:The University of Massachusetts Press, 1985.
Eliot, T. S., Anne Hodgson, and Philip Mairet. Little Gidding. London:Faber and Faber, 1942.
Epley, Nicholas, Adam Waytz, and John T. Cacioppo.“On Seeing Human:A Three-Factor Theory of Anthropomorphism.”Psychological Review 114, no. 4(2007):864-86.
Frye, Northrop. Fables of Identity:Studies in Poetic Mythology. New York:Harcourt, Brace&World, 1963.
Gelpi, Albert. Emily Dickinson:The Mind of the Poet. Cambridge:Harvard University Press, 1965.
Gelpi, Albert, and William Robert Sherwood.“Circumference and Circumstance:Stages in the Mind and Art of Emily Dickinson.” American Literature 40, no. 4(1969):557. Web.
Gerhardt,Christine.“‘Often Seen-but Seldom Felt’:Emily Dickinson’s Reluctant Ecology of Place.”The Emily Dickinson Journal 15, no. 1(2006):56-78. Web.
Gillespie, Robert.“A Circumference of Emily Dickinson.”The New England Quarterly 46, no. 2(1973):250-71. Web.
Gould, S. J.“Can We Truly Know Sloth and Rapacity?” In Leonardo’s Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms. New York:Three River Press, 1998, 375-91.
Griffith, Clark. The Long Shadow:Emily Dickinson’s Tragic Poetry. Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press, 1964.
Hall, David L., and Roger T. Ames. Thinking through Confucius. Albany:State University of New York, 1987.
KANG Yanbin.“Dickinson’s Hummingbirds, Circumference, and Chinese Poetics.” The Emily Dickinson Journal 20, no. 2(2011):57-82. Web.
——.“Dickinson’s ‘Power to Die’ from a Transcultural Perspective.” The Emily Dickinson Journal 22, no. 2(2013):65 -85. Web.
——.“Towards a Chinese Perspective on Dickinson.” Literature Compass 11, no. 3(2014):149-58. Web.
——.“Dickinson’s Drunkard as an Archetypical Sage.”The Explicator 73, no. 3(2015):206-9. Web.
——.“Dickinson’s Allusions to Thoreau’s East.” ANQ:A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews 29,no. 2(2016):92-97.
——.“Emily Dickinson and Represented Buddhism in Nineteenth Century America.” English Studies:A Journal of English Language and Literature 98, no. 2(2017):1-22.
Keane, Patrick J. Emily Dickinson’s Approving God:Divine Design and the Problem of Suffering. Columbia:University of Missouri, 2008.
Kohler, Michelle. Miles of Stare:Transcendentalism and the Problem of Literary Vision in Nineteenth-Century America.N.p.:n.p., n.d.
Loy, David.“Zhuangzi and Nagarjuna on the Truth of No Truth.” In Essays on Skepticism, Relativism, and Ethics in the Zhuangzi. Edited by Philip J. Ivanhoe and Paul Kjellberg. Albany:State University of New York, 1996, 50-67.
Lundberg, Bruce.“A Meditation on Friendship.” In Wandering at Ease in the Zhuangzi. Edited by Roger T. Ames. Albany:State University of New York, 1998, 211-29.
Lundin, Roger. Emily Dickinson and the Art of Belief. Grand Rapids, MI:William B. Eerdmans Pub., 1998.
McIntosh, James. Nimble Believing:Dickinson and the Unknown. Ann Arbor:The University of Michigan Press, 2004.
McTier, Rosemary Scanlon.“An Insect View of Its Plain”:Insects, Nature and God in Thoreau, Dickinson and Muir.Jefferson, NC:McFarland&Co., 2013.
Midgley, Mary. Animals and Why They Matter. Athens:The University of Georgia Press, 1983.
Miller, Ruth, and Emily Dickinson. The Poetry of Emily Dickinson. Middletown, CT:Wesleyan University Press, 1968.
Mudge, Jean McClure. Emily Dickinson&the Image of Home. Amherst:University of Massachusetts, 1975.
Ostriker, Alicia.“Re-playing The Bible:My Emily Dickinson.” The Emily Dickinson Journal 2, no. 2(1993):160-71. Web.
Patterson, Tom.“Emily Dickinson and the Daoist Concept of Nonaction(Wu-wei).” Cowrie:A Journal of Comparative Literature and Culture 1(2015):88-102.
Phillips, Elizabeth. Emily Dickinson:Personae and Performance. University Park:Pennsylvania State University Press,1988.
Porter, David T. The Art of Emily Dickinson’s Early Poetry. Cambridge:Harvard University Press, 1966.——. Dickinson:The Modern Idiom. Cambridge:Mass., 1981.
Puett, Michael, and Christine Gross-Loh. The Path:What Chinese Philosophers Can Teach Us About the Good Life. New York:Simon&Schuster, 2017.
Raab,Josef.“The Metapoetic Elementin Dickinson.”In The Emily Dickinson Handbook.Edited by Gudrun Grabher,Roland Hagenbu?chle, and Cristanne Miller. Amherst:University of Massachusetts, 1998, 273-95.
Shackelford, Aaron.“Dickinson’s Animals and Anthropomorphism.” The Emily Dickinson Journal 19, no. 2(2010):47-66.
Sherwood, WilliamR.Circumference and Circumstance:Stages in the Mindand Art of Emily Dickinson.New York:Columbia University Press, 1968.
Slingerland, E.“Effortless Action:The Chinese Spiritual Ideal of Wu-wei.” Journal of the American AcademyofReligion68 , no. 2(2000):293-328. Web.
Sturgeon, Donald.“Zhuangzi, Perspectives, and Greater Knowledge.” Philosophy East and West 65, no. 3(2015):892-917 . Web.
TUAN Yi-Fu.“Epilogue:Homeas Else where.”In ‘Heimat’:At the Intersection of Memory and Space.Editedby Friederike Eigler and Jens Kugele. Berlin, Boston:De Gruyter, 2012, 226-38. Or(n.d.):n. pag. Web.
Uno, Hiroko.“Emily Dickinson’s Encounter with the East:Chinese Museum in Boston.” The Emily Dickinson Journal 17,no. 1(2008):43-67. Web.
Weisbuch, Robert. Emily Dickinson’s Poetry. Chicago:University of Chicago, 1975.
Whitman, Walt. Leaves of Grass. 1st(1855)ed. New York:Penguin, 2005.
White, W.“Motivation Reconsidered:The Concept of Competence.” Psychological Review 66, no. 5(1959):297-333.
Wilbur, Richard.“Sumptuous Destitution.” In Emily Dickinson:A Collection of Critical Essays. Edited by Richard B.Sewall and Englewood Cliffs. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice Hall, 1963, 127-36.
Zhuangzi,and Brook Ziporyn.Zhuangzi:The Essential Writings with Selections from Traditional Commentaries.Indianapolis:Hackett Pub., 2009.
Ziporyn, Brook.“How Many Are the Ten Thousand Things and I?” In Hiding the World in the World. Edited by Scott Cook. Albany:State University of New York Press, 2003, 33-63.
1 See Yanbin Kang,“Dickinson’s Hummingbirds,Circumference,and Chinese Poetics,”The Emily Dickinson Journal20,no.2(2011):57-82;“Dickinson’s‘Power to Die’from a Transcultural Perspective,”The Emily Dickinson Journal22,no.2(2013):65-85;“Towards a Chinese Perspective on Dickinson,”Literature Compass 11,no.3(2014):149-58;“Dickinson’s Drunkard as an Archetypical Sage,”The Explicator 73,no.3(2015):206-9;“Dickinson’s Allusions to Thoreau’s East,”ANQ:A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles,Notes and Reviews 29,no.2(2016):92-97;and“Emily Dickinson and Represented Buddhism in Nineteenth Century America,”English Studies:A Journal of English Language and Literature 98,no.2(2017):1-22.
2 Hiroko Uno,“Emily Dickinson’s Encounter with the East:Chinese Museum in Boston,”The Emily Dickinson Journal 17,no.1(2008):43-67.
3 Tom Patterson,“Emily Dickinson and the Daoist Concept of Nonaction(Wu-wei),”Cowrie:A Journal of Comparative Literature and Culture 1(2015):88-102.
4 Shudong Chen,“Emily Dickinson,Function Words,and Dao:A Prosodic and Philosophical View from across Cultures,”Cowrie:A Journal of Comparative Literature and Culture 1(2015):43-87.My sincere thanks to Dr.Shudong Chen for his invaluable conversation,insights,and encouragement during the writing of this paper.He has been and continues to be a deep and generous source of inspiration.
5 Zhuangzi and Brook Ziporyn,Zhuangzi:The Essential Writings with Selections from Traditional Commentaries(Indianapolis:Hackett Pub.,2009),4.The Pengzu in this quotation refers to a long lived person of legend who lived hundreds of years.
6 Ibid.,75.
7 Ibid.,71.
8 Ibid.,71.
9 Kim-chong Chong,“Zhuangzi’s Cheng Xin and its Implications for Virtue and Perspectives,”Dao 10,no.4(2011):441.
10 Ziporyn translates dao shu道枢as“Course as Axis,”while others translate it as“pivot of the dao”or“hinge of the dao.”I will use“pivot of the dao”in this paper.
11 Zhuangzi and Ziporyn,Zhuangzi:The Essential Writings with Selections from Traditional Commentaries,12.
12 Donald Sturgeon,“Zhuangzi,Perspectives,and Greater Knowledge,”Philosophy East and West 65,no.3(2015):29.
13 Ibid.,906.
14 Michael Puett and Christine Gross-Loh,The Path:What Chinese Philosophers Can Teach Us about the Good Life(New York:Simon and Schuster,2016),161.
15 David Porter,The Art of Emily Dickinson’s Early Poetry(Cambridge:Mass.,1966),15-39.
16 Ibid.,17.
17 Ibid.,18.
18 David Porter,Dickinson:The Modern Idiom(Cambridge:Mass.,1981),5.
19 Ibid.,5.
20 Zhuangzi and Ziporyn,Zhuangzi:The Essential Writings with Selections from Traditional Commentaries,16.
21 David Loy,“Zhuangzi and Nagarjuna on the Truth of No Truth,”in Essays on Skepticism,Relativism,and Ethics in the Zhuangzi,eds.Philip J.Ivanhoe and Paul Kjellberg(Albany:State University of New York,1996),62.
22 Walt Whitman,Leaves of Grass,1st(1855)ed.(New York:Penguin,2005),85.
23 Alicia Ostriker,“Re-playing The Bible:My Emily Dickinson,”The Emily Dickinson Journal 2,no.2(1993):165.
24 Patrick J.Keane,Emily Dickinson’s Approving God:Divine Design and the Problem of Suffering(Columbia:The Univesity of Missouri,2008).
25 James McIntosh,Nimble Believing:Dickinson and the Unknown(Ann Arbor:The University of Michigan Press,2004).
26 Harold Bloom,Genius:A Mosaic of One Hundred Exemplary Creative Minds(New York:Warner,2002),348.
27 McIntosh,Nimble Believing,36.
28 Ibid.,36.
29 Emily Dickinson and R.W.Franklin,The Poems of Emily Dickinson(Cambridge Mass.:Belknap),Poem 195,92-93.
30 Ibid.,Poem 39,33.
31 Ibid.,Poem 101,55-56.
32 Ibid.,Poem 217,99-100.
33 Ibid.,Poem 1076,437-38.
34 Ibid.,Poem 437,202.
35 Ibid.,Poem 1294,502-3.
36 Ibid.,Poem 425,196-1997.
37 Ibid.,Poem 747,333.
38 Ibid.,Poem 546,246-47.
39 Ibid.,Poem 581,262.
40 Ibid.,Poem 1768,629.
41 Ibid.
42 Ibid.
43 Ibid.,Poem 795,354.
44 Ibid.,Poem 1311,506.It is not certain whether the“I”is Emily Dickinson or“a supposed person,”as she explained to Higginson in a letter:“When I state myself,as the Representative of Verse-it does not mean-me-but a supposed person.”Dickinson Electronic Archives,http://archive.emilydickinson.org/correspondence/higginson/1268.html,[February 1,2019].
45 Dickinson,The Poems,Poem 1460,551.
46 Ibid.,Poem 689,1863.
47 Ibid.,Poem 525,238-239.
48 Ibid.,Poem 365,166.
49 Ibid.,Poem 1668,603.
50 Dickinson Electronic Archives,http://archive.emilydickinson.org/correspondence/norcross/l388.html,[February 1,2019].
51 Ibid.,Poem 1038,425.
52 Ibid.,Poem 642,287.
53 Ibid.,Poem 642,288.
54 Mary Midgley,Animals and Why They Matter(Athens:The University of Georgia Press,1983),1442-43.
55 W.White,“Motivation Reconsidered:The Concept of Competence,”Psychological Review 66,no.5(1959):297-333.White used“effectance”to refer to the need to interact effectively with the environment one is in.
56 Nicholas Epley,Adam Waytz,and John T.Cacioppo,“On Seeing Human:A Three-Factor Theory of Anthropomorphism,”Psychological Review 114,no.4(2007):864-86.
57 S.J.Gould,“Can We Truly Know Sloth and Rapacity?”in Leonardo’s Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms(New York:Three River Press,1998),375-91.
58 Dickinson,The Poems,Poem 501,228.
59 Ibid.,Poem 370,168-69.
60 Ibid.,Poem 1369,525-26.
61 Ibid.,Poem 1377,528.
62 Ibid.,Poem 728,325.
63 Aaron Shackelford,“Dickinson’s Animals and Anthropomorphism,”The Emily Dickinson Journal 19,no.2(2010):47-66.
64 Dickinson,The Poems,Poem 778,347.
65 Ibid.,Poem 778,347.
66 Ibid.,Poem 932,398.
67 Ibid.
68 Ibid.,Poem 513,232.
69 Ibid.,Poem 1163,1869.
70 E.Slingerland,“Effortless Action:The Chinese Spiritual Ideal of Wu-wei,”Journal of the American Academy of Religion 68,no.2(2000):293-328.
71 David L.Hall and Roger T.Ames,Thinking through Confucius(Albany:State University of New York,1987),44.
72 Dickinson,The Poems,Poem 1523,567.
73 Ibid.,Poem 444,2015.
74 Ibid.,Poem 610,274.
75 Ibid.,Poem 1107,447-48.
76 Ibid.,Poem 994,414-15.
77 Ibid.,Poem 1679,605.
78 Ibid.,Poem 857,375-76.
79 Ibid.,Poem 1071,436.
80 Robert Weisbuch,Emily Dickinson’s Poetry(Chicago:University of Chicago,1975),59.
81 Dickinson,The Poems,Poem 550,248-49.
82 Ibid.,Poem 344,155.
83 Weisbuch,Emily Dickinson’s Poetry,94.
84 Dickinson,The Poems,Poem 662,295-296.
85 Ibid.,Poem 1092,442.
86 Ibid.,Poem 890,386.
87 Jean McClure Mudge,Emily Dickinson&the Image of Home(Amherst:University of Massachusetts Press,1975),6.
88 Gaston Bachelard,M.Jolas,and John R.Stilgoe,The Poetics of Space(Boston:Beacon,1994),6.
89 Ibid.,6.
90 Dickinson,The Poems,Poem 16,25-26.
91 Ibid.,Poem 511,231.
92 Ibid.,Poem 43,34-35.
93 Ibid.,Poem 501,228.
94 Ibid.,Poem 128,65-66.
95 Ibid.,Poem 158,77.
96 Ibid.,Poem 199,94.
97 Ibid.,Poem 382,175.
98 Ibid.,Poem 173,83-84.
99 Ibid.,Poem 1443,545-46.
100 Ibid.,Poem 749,334.
101 Ibid.,Poem 221,101.
102 Ibid.,Poem 585,264.
103 Ibid.,Poem 1352,521.
104 Ibid.,Poem 891,386-87.
105 Ibid.,Poem 1018,420.
106 Ibid.,Poem 1603,588.
107 Ibid.,Poem 585,264.
108 Ibid.,Poem 891,386-87.
109 Ibid.,Poem 853,374.
110 Yi-Fu Tuan,“Epilogue:Home as Elsewhere,”in‘Heimat’:At the Intersection of Memory and Space,eds.Friederike Eigler and Jens Kugele(Berlin,Boston:De Gruyter,2012),226-38;or(n.d.):n.pag.,web.Tuan writes that this is not uncommon at all:“All animals move out of their home base when for one reason or another,conditions deteriorate or when they are threatened by enemies.They move because they are pushed,only humans move because they are not only pushed but pulled by images of something better elsewhere.Much of human history is one of migration,on the other hand much more of it is people staying put in one place generation after generation.Even when they see better living elsewhere they are content to remain where they are and enjoy what they have than to adventure into the unknown.Humans are conservative.They have a fondness for the familiar,for home,for security over adventure.And yet how do we know that even the most sedentary people don’t dream of elsewhere?”
111 Dickinson,The Poems,Poem 690,307.
112 T.S.Eliot,Anne Hodgson,and Philip Mairet,Little Gidding(London:Faber and Faber,1942),59.
113 Emily Dickinson Archives,http://archive.emilydickinson.org/correspondence/higginson/l268.html,[February 1,2019].
114 Josef Raab,“The Metapoetic Element in Dickinson,”in The Emily Dickinson Handbook,eds.Gudrun Grabher,Roland Hagenbu?chle,and Cristanne Miller(Amherst:University of Massachusetts,1998),273-95.
115 Emily Dickinson Lexicon,http://edl.byu.edu/webster/term/2386608,[February 1,2019].
116 William R.Sherwood,Circumference and Circumstance:Stages in the Mind and Art of Emily Dickinson(New York:Columbia University Press,1968),219-20.
117 Jane Donahue Eberwein,Dickinson:Strategies of Limitation(Amherst:The University of Massachusetts Press,1985),265.
118 Robert Gillespie,“A Circumference of Emily Dickinson,”The New England Quarterly 46,no.2(1973):250-71.
119 Dickinson.The Poems,Poem 450,208.
120 Ibid.,Poem 1636,596.