Seasonal and Interannual Variability of Bering Strait Throughflow from AO-FVCOM and Observation
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摘要
A high-resolution Arctic Ocean-Finite Volume Community Ocean Model(AO-FVCOM) and observational current data from 14 mooring stations in Bering Strait and surrounding regions between 1990 and 2015 were used to study the seasonal and interannual variability of Bering Strait throughflow(BST). AO-FVCOM represented the BST with a climatological northward flux of 1.06 Sv, which was close to the observational mean of 0.94 ? 0.26 Sv. From the model results, the strongest volume flux was in summer, approximately 45% larger than that in winter. Interannual variability of BST was also indicated in the model results, and the maximum and minimum annual mean transports are in 2007 and 2012, respectively. AO-FVCOM showed larger differences from the observations in 2000, 2002, and 2015 than in other years, which may be related to the limitation of atmospheric forcing for the model. According to the driving mechanisms of BST, sea level difference(SLD) across the strait dominates the northward volume transport, and local wind is also important in forcing the seasonal variability of the BST and SLD patterns to change the BST indirectly.
A high-resolution Arctic Ocean-Finite Volume Community Ocean Model(AO-FVCOM) and observational current data from 14 mooring stations in Bering Strait and surrounding regions between 1990 and 2015 were used to study the seasonal and interannual variability of Bering Strait throughflow(BST). AO-FVCOM represented the BST with a climatological northward flux of 1.06 Sv, which was close to the observational mean of 0.94 ? 0.26 Sv. From the model results, the strongest volume flux was in summer, approximately 45% larger than that in winter. Interannual variability of BST was also indicated in the model results, and the maximum and minimum annual mean transports are in 2007 and 2012, respectively. AO-FVCOM showed larger differences from the observations in 2000, 2002, and 2015 than in other years, which may be related to the limitation of atmospheric forcing for the model. According to the driving mechanisms of BST, sea level difference(SLD) across the strait dominates the northward volume transport, and local wind is also important in forcing the seasonal variability of the BST and SLD patterns to change the BST indirectly.
A high-resolution Arctic Ocean-Finite Volume Community Ocean Model(AO-FVCOM) and observational current data from 14 mooring stations in Bering Strait and surrounding regions between 1990 and 2015 were used to study the seasonal and interannual variability of Bering Strait throughflow(BST). AO-FVCOM represented the BST with a climatological northward flux of 1.06 Sv, which was close to the observational mean of 0.94 ? 0.26 Sv. From the model results, the strongest volume flux was in summer, approximately 45% larger than that in winter. Interannual variability of BST was also indicated in the model results, and the maximum and minimum annual mean transports are in 2007 and 2012, respectively. AO-FVCOM showed larger differences from the observations in 2000, 2002, and 2015 than in other years, which may be related to the limitation of atmospheric forcing for the model. According to the driving mechanisms of BST, sea level difference(SLD) across the strait dominates the northward volume transport, and local wind is also important in forcing the seasonal variability of the BST and SLD patterns to change the BST indirectly.
引文
Aagaard,K.,and Carmack,E.C.,1989.The role of sea ice and other fresh water in the Arctic circulation.Journal of Geophysical Research,94(C10):14485.
Aagaard,K.,Coachman,L.K.,and Carmack,E.C.,1981.On the halocline of the Arctic Ocean.Deep Sea Research Part A:Oceanographic Research Papers,28(6):529-545.
Aagaard,K.,Roach,A.T.,and Schumacher,J.D.,1985.On the wind-driven variability of the flow through Bering Strait.Journal of Geophysical Research,90(C4):7213.
Aagaard,K.,Weingartner,T.J.,Danielson,S.L.,Woodgate,R.A.,Johnson,G.C.,and Whitledge,T.E.,2006.Some controls on flow and salinity in Bering Strait.Geophysical Research Letters,33(19):L19602.
Chen,C.,Beardsley,R.,and Cowles,G.,2006a.An unstructured grid,finite-volume coastal ocean model(FVCOM)System.Oceanography,19(1):78-89.
Chen,C.,Beardsley,R.C.,and Cowles,G.,2006b.An unstructured grid,finite-volume coastal ocean model:FVCOM user manual,2nd edition.Technical report 06-0602,School of Marine Science and Technology,University of Massachusetts,Dartmouth,1-315.
Chen,C.,Huang,H.,Beardsley,R.C.,Liu,H.,Xu,Q.,and Cowles,G.,2007.A finite volume numerical approach for coastal ocean circulation studies:Comparisons with finite difference models.Journal of Geophysical Research,112(C3):C03018.
Chen,C.S.,Liu,H.D.,and Beardsley,R.C.,2003.An unstructured grid,finite-volume,three-dimensional,primitive equations ocean model:Application to coastal ocean and estuaries.Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology,20(1):159-186.
Chen,C.S.,Gao,G.P.,Zhang,Y.,Beardsley,R.C.,Lai,Z.G.,Qi,J.H.,and Lin,H.C.,2016.Circulation in the Arctic Ocean:Results from a high-resolution coupled ice-sea nested GlobalFVCOM and Arctic-FVCOM system.Progress in Oceanography,141:60-80.
Clement,J.L.,Maslowski,W.,Aksenov,Y.,de Cuevas,B.,Jakacki,J.,Nguyen,A.,Osinski,R.,Steele,M.,Woodgate,R.A.,and Zhang,J.,2014.On the flow through Bering Strait:Asynthesis of model results and observations.In:The Pacific Arctic Region.Springer,New York,167-198.
Coachman,L.K.,and Aagaard,K.,1966.On the water exchange through Bering Strait.Limnology and Oceanography,11(1):44-59,DOI:10.4319/lo.1966.11.1.0044.
Coachman,L.K.,and Aagaard,K.,1988.Transports through Bering Strait:Annual and interannual variability.Journal of Geophysical Research,93(C12):15535.
Danielson,S.L.,Weingartner,T.J.,Hedstrom,K.S.,Aagaard,K.,Woodgate,R.,Curchitser,E.,and Stabeno,P.J.,2014.Coupled wind-forced controls of the Bering-Chukchi shelf circulation and the Bering Strait throughflow:Ekman transport,continental shelf waves,and variations of the PacificArctic sea surface height gradient.Progress in Oceanography,125:40-61,DOI:10.1016/j.pocean.2014.04.006.
De Boer,A.M.,and Nof,D.,2004.The Bering Strait’s grip on the northern hemisphere climate.Deep Sea Research Part I:Oceanographic Research Papers,51(10):1347-1366.
Gao,G.,2011.An unstructured-grid finite-volume Arctic ICE-Ocean coupled model(AO-FVCOM):Development,validation and applications.PhD thesis.University of Massachusetts.
Gao,G.P.,Chen,C.S.,Qi,J.H.,and Beardsley,R.C.,2011.An unstructured-grid,finite-volume sea ice model:Development,validation,and application.Journal of Geophysical ResearchOceans,116:C00D04.
Gong,D.L.,and Pickart,R.S.,2015.Summertime circulation in the eastern Chukchi Sea.Deep-Sea Research Part II,118:18-31,DOI:10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.02.006.
Goosse,H.,Campin,J.M.,Fichefet,T.,and Deleersnijder,E.,1997.Sensitivity of a global ice-ocean model to the Bering Strait throughflow.Climate Dynamics,13(5):349-358.
Grebmeier,J.M.,Cooper,L.W.,Feder,H.M.,and Sirenko,B.I.,2006.Ecosystem dynamics of the Pacific-influenced Northern Bering and Chukchi Seas in the Amerasian Arctic.Progress in Oceanography,71(2-4):331-361.
Hu,A.X.,Meehl,G.A.,Otto-Bliesner,B.L.,Waelbroeck,C.,Han,W.Q.,Loutre,M.F.,Lambeck,K.,Mitrovica,J.X.,and Rosenbloom,N.,2010.Influence of Bering Strait flow and North Atlantic circulation on glacial sea-level changes.Nature Geoscience,3(2):118-121,DOI:10.1038/Ngeo729.
Martin,S.,and Drucker,R.,1997.The effect of possible Taylor columns on the summer ice retreat in the Chukchi Sea.Journal Geophysical Research-Oceans,102(C5):10473-10482.
Mellor,G.L.,and Yamada,T.,1982.Development of a turbulence closure model for geophysical fluid problems.Reviews of Geophysics,20(4):851-875.
Overland,J.E.,and Roach,A.T.,1987.Northward flow in the Bering and Chukchi seas.Journal of Geophysical Research,92(C7):7097,DOI:10.1029/JC092iC07p07097.
Paquette,R.G.,and Bourke,R.H.,1981.Ocean circulation and fronts as related to ice melt-back in the Chukchi Sea.Journal of Geophysical Research,86(C5):4215.
Peralta-Ferriz,C.,and Woodgate,R.A.,2017.The dominant role of the East Siberian Sea in driving the oceanic flow through the Bering Strait-Conclusions from GRACE ocean mass satellite data and in situ mooring observations between2002 and 2016.Geophysical Research Letters,44(22):11.
Pickart,R.S.,Pratt,L.J.,Torres,D.J.,Whitledge,T.E.,Proshutinsky,A.Y.,Aagaard,K.,Agnew,T.A.,Moore,G.W.K.,and Dail,H.J.,2010.Evolution and dynamics of the flow through Herald Canyon in the western Chukchi Sea.DeepSea Research Part II,57(1-2):5-26.
Roach,A.T.,Aagaard,K.,Pease,C.H.,Salo,S.A.,Weingartner,T.,Pavlov,V.,and Kulakov,M.,1995.Direct measurements of transport and water properties through the Bering Strait.Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans,100(C9):18443-18457.
Serreze,M.C.,Crawford,A.D.,Stroeve,J.C.,Barrett,A.P.,and Woodgate,R.A.,2016.Variability,trends,and predictability of seasonal sea ice retreat and advance in the Chukchi Sea.Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans,121(10):7308-7325.
Shaffer,G.,and Bendtsen,J.,1994.Role of the Bering Strait in controlling North Atlantic Ocean circulation and climate.Nature,367(6461):354-357.
Shimada,K.,Kamoshida,T.,Itoh,M.,Nishino,S.,Carmack,E.,McLaughlin,F.,Zimmermann,S.,and Proshutinsky,A.,2006.Pacific Ocean inflow:Influence on catastrophic reduction of sea ice cover in the Arctic Ocean.Geophysical Research Letters,33(8):L08605.
Smagorinsky,J.,1963.General circulation experiments with the primitive equations:I.The basic experiment.Monthly Weather Review,91(3):99-164.
Spaulding,M.,Isaji,T.,Mendelsohn,D.,and Turner,A.,1987.Numerical simulation of wind-driven flow through the Bering Strait.Journal of Physical Oceanography,17(10):1799-1816.
Stigebrandt,A.,1984.The North Pacific:A global-scale estuary.Journal of Physical Oceanography,14(2):464-470.
Wadley,M.R.,and Bigg,G.R.,2002.Impact of flow through the Canadian Archipelago and Bering Strait on the north Atlantic and Arctic circulation:An ocean modelling study.Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,128(585):2187-2203,DOI:10.1256/qj.00.35.
Walsh,J.,Dieterle,D.A.,Muller-Karger,F.E.,Aagaard,K.,Roach,A.T.,Whitledge,T.E.,and Stockwell,D.,1997.CO2cycling in the coastal ocean.II.Seasonal organic loading of the Arctic Ocean from source waters in the Bering Sea.Continental Shelf Research,17(1):1-36.
Walsh,J.,Mc Roy,C.,Coachman,L.,Goering,J.,Nihoul,J.,Whitledge,T.,Blackburn,T.,Parker,P.,Wirick,C.,and Shuert,P.,1989.Carbon and nitrogen cycling within the Bering/Chukchi Seas:Source regions for organic matter effecting AOU demands of the Arctic Ocean.Progress in Oceanography,22(4):277-359.
Wijffels,S.E.,1992.Transport of freshwater by the oceans.Journal of Physical Oceanography,22(2):155-162.
Woodgate,R.A.,2018.Increases in the Pacific inflow to the Arctic from 1990 to 2015,and insights into seasonal trends and driving mechanisms from year-round Bering Strait mooring data.Progress in Oceanography,160:124-154.
Woodgate,R.,and Aagaard,K.,2005.Revising the Bering Strait freshwater flux into the Arctic Ocean.Geophysical Research Letters,32(2):L02602.
Woodgate,R.,Aagaard,K.,and Weingartner,T.J.,2005a.Monthly temperature,salinity,and transport variability of the Bering Strait through flow.Geophysical Research Letters,32(4):L04601.
Woodgate,R.,Aagaard,K.,and Weingartner,T.J.,2005b.A year in the physical oceanography of the Chukchi Sea:Moored measurements from autumn 1990-1991.Deep Sea Research Part II:Topical Studies in Oceanography,52(24-26):3116-3149,DOI:10.1016/j.dsr2.2005.10.016.
Woodgate,R.,Aagaard,K.,and Weingartner,T.J.,2006.Interannual changes in the Bering Strait fluxes of volume,heat and freshwater between 1991 and 2004.Geophysical Research Letters,33(15):L15609.
Woodgate,R.,Stafford,K.,and Prahl,F.,2015.A synthesis of year-round interdisciplinary mooring measurements in the Bering Strait(1990-2014)and the RUSALCA Years(2004-2011).Oceanography,28(3):46-67.
Woodgate,R.,Weingartner,T.,and Lindsay,R.,2010.The 2007Bering Strait oceanic heat flux and anomalous Arctic sea-ice retreat.Geophysical Research Letters,37(1):L01602.
Woodgate,R.,Weingartner,T.J.,and Lindsay,R.,2012.Observed increases in Bering Strait oceanic fluxes from the Pacific to the Arctic from 2001 to 2011 and their impacts on the Arctic Ocean water column.Geophysical Research Letters,39(24):L24603.
Zhang,Y.,Chen,C.,Beardsley,R.C.,Gao,G.,Qi,J.,and Lin,H.,2016a.Seasonal and interannual variability of the Arctic sea ice:A comparison between AO-FVCOM and observations.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,121(11):8320-8350.
Zhang,Y.,Chen,C.S.,Beardsley,R.C.,Gao,G.P.,Lai,Z.G.,Curry,B.,Lee,C.M.,Lin,H.C.,Qi,J.H.,and Xu,Q.C.,2016b.Studies of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago water transport and its relationship to basin-local forcings:Results from AO-FVCOM.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,121(6):4392-4415,DOI:10.1002/2016jc011634.
Aagaard,K.,Coachman,L.K.,and Carmack,E.C.,1981.On the halocline of the Arctic Ocean.Deep Sea Research Part A:Oceanographic Research Papers,28(6):529-545.
Aagaard,K.,Roach,A.T.,and Schumacher,J.D.,1985.On the wind-driven variability of the flow through Bering Strait.Journal of Geophysical Research,90(C4):7213.
Aagaard,K.,Weingartner,T.J.,Danielson,S.L.,Woodgate,R.A.,Johnson,G.C.,and Whitledge,T.E.,2006.Some controls on flow and salinity in Bering Strait.Geophysical Research Letters,33(19):L19602.
Chen,C.,Beardsley,R.,and Cowles,G.,2006a.An unstructured grid,finite-volume coastal ocean model(FVCOM)System.Oceanography,19(1):78-89.
Chen,C.,Beardsley,R.C.,and Cowles,G.,2006b.An unstructured grid,finite-volume coastal ocean model:FVCOM user manual,2nd edition.Technical report 06-0602,School of Marine Science and Technology,University of Massachusetts,Dartmouth,1-315.
Chen,C.,Huang,H.,Beardsley,R.C.,Liu,H.,Xu,Q.,and Cowles,G.,2007.A finite volume numerical approach for coastal ocean circulation studies:Comparisons with finite difference models.Journal of Geophysical Research,112(C3):C03018.
Chen,C.S.,Liu,H.D.,and Beardsley,R.C.,2003.An unstructured grid,finite-volume,three-dimensional,primitive equations ocean model:Application to coastal ocean and estuaries.Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology,20(1):159-186.
Chen,C.S.,Gao,G.P.,Zhang,Y.,Beardsley,R.C.,Lai,Z.G.,Qi,J.H.,and Lin,H.C.,2016.Circulation in the Arctic Ocean:Results from a high-resolution coupled ice-sea nested GlobalFVCOM and Arctic-FVCOM system.Progress in Oceanography,141:60-80.
Clement,J.L.,Maslowski,W.,Aksenov,Y.,de Cuevas,B.,Jakacki,J.,Nguyen,A.,Osinski,R.,Steele,M.,Woodgate,R.A.,and Zhang,J.,2014.On the flow through Bering Strait:Asynthesis of model results and observations.In:The Pacific Arctic Region.Springer,New York,167-198.
Coachman,L.K.,and Aagaard,K.,1966.On the water exchange through Bering Strait.Limnology and Oceanography,11(1):44-59,DOI:10.4319/lo.1966.11.1.0044.
Coachman,L.K.,and Aagaard,K.,1988.Transports through Bering Strait:Annual and interannual variability.Journal of Geophysical Research,93(C12):15535.
Danielson,S.L.,Weingartner,T.J.,Hedstrom,K.S.,Aagaard,K.,Woodgate,R.,Curchitser,E.,and Stabeno,P.J.,2014.Coupled wind-forced controls of the Bering-Chukchi shelf circulation and the Bering Strait throughflow:Ekman transport,continental shelf waves,and variations of the PacificArctic sea surface height gradient.Progress in Oceanography,125:40-61,DOI:10.1016/j.pocean.2014.04.006.
De Boer,A.M.,and Nof,D.,2004.The Bering Strait’s grip on the northern hemisphere climate.Deep Sea Research Part I:Oceanographic Research Papers,51(10):1347-1366.
Gao,G.,2011.An unstructured-grid finite-volume Arctic ICE-Ocean coupled model(AO-FVCOM):Development,validation and applications.PhD thesis.University of Massachusetts.
Gao,G.P.,Chen,C.S.,Qi,J.H.,and Beardsley,R.C.,2011.An unstructured-grid,finite-volume sea ice model:Development,validation,and application.Journal of Geophysical ResearchOceans,116:C00D04.
Gong,D.L.,and Pickart,R.S.,2015.Summertime circulation in the eastern Chukchi Sea.Deep-Sea Research Part II,118:18-31,DOI:10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.02.006.
Goosse,H.,Campin,J.M.,Fichefet,T.,and Deleersnijder,E.,1997.Sensitivity of a global ice-ocean model to the Bering Strait throughflow.Climate Dynamics,13(5):349-358.
Grebmeier,J.M.,Cooper,L.W.,Feder,H.M.,and Sirenko,B.I.,2006.Ecosystem dynamics of the Pacific-influenced Northern Bering and Chukchi Seas in the Amerasian Arctic.Progress in Oceanography,71(2-4):331-361.
Hu,A.X.,Meehl,G.A.,Otto-Bliesner,B.L.,Waelbroeck,C.,Han,W.Q.,Loutre,M.F.,Lambeck,K.,Mitrovica,J.X.,and Rosenbloom,N.,2010.Influence of Bering Strait flow and North Atlantic circulation on glacial sea-level changes.Nature Geoscience,3(2):118-121,DOI:10.1038/Ngeo729.
Martin,S.,and Drucker,R.,1997.The effect of possible Taylor columns on the summer ice retreat in the Chukchi Sea.Journal Geophysical Research-Oceans,102(C5):10473-10482.
Mellor,G.L.,and Yamada,T.,1982.Development of a turbulence closure model for geophysical fluid problems.Reviews of Geophysics,20(4):851-875.
Overland,J.E.,and Roach,A.T.,1987.Northward flow in the Bering and Chukchi seas.Journal of Geophysical Research,92(C7):7097,DOI:10.1029/JC092iC07p07097.
Paquette,R.G.,and Bourke,R.H.,1981.Ocean circulation and fronts as related to ice melt-back in the Chukchi Sea.Journal of Geophysical Research,86(C5):4215.
Peralta-Ferriz,C.,and Woodgate,R.A.,2017.The dominant role of the East Siberian Sea in driving the oceanic flow through the Bering Strait-Conclusions from GRACE ocean mass satellite data and in situ mooring observations between2002 and 2016.Geophysical Research Letters,44(22):11.
Pickart,R.S.,Pratt,L.J.,Torres,D.J.,Whitledge,T.E.,Proshutinsky,A.Y.,Aagaard,K.,Agnew,T.A.,Moore,G.W.K.,and Dail,H.J.,2010.Evolution and dynamics of the flow through Herald Canyon in the western Chukchi Sea.DeepSea Research Part II,57(1-2):5-26.
Roach,A.T.,Aagaard,K.,Pease,C.H.,Salo,S.A.,Weingartner,T.,Pavlov,V.,and Kulakov,M.,1995.Direct measurements of transport and water properties through the Bering Strait.Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans,100(C9):18443-18457.
Serreze,M.C.,Crawford,A.D.,Stroeve,J.C.,Barrett,A.P.,and Woodgate,R.A.,2016.Variability,trends,and predictability of seasonal sea ice retreat and advance in the Chukchi Sea.Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans,121(10):7308-7325.
Shaffer,G.,and Bendtsen,J.,1994.Role of the Bering Strait in controlling North Atlantic Ocean circulation and climate.Nature,367(6461):354-357.
Shimada,K.,Kamoshida,T.,Itoh,M.,Nishino,S.,Carmack,E.,McLaughlin,F.,Zimmermann,S.,and Proshutinsky,A.,2006.Pacific Ocean inflow:Influence on catastrophic reduction of sea ice cover in the Arctic Ocean.Geophysical Research Letters,33(8):L08605.
Smagorinsky,J.,1963.General circulation experiments with the primitive equations:I.The basic experiment.Monthly Weather Review,91(3):99-164.
Spaulding,M.,Isaji,T.,Mendelsohn,D.,and Turner,A.,1987.Numerical simulation of wind-driven flow through the Bering Strait.Journal of Physical Oceanography,17(10):1799-1816.
Stigebrandt,A.,1984.The North Pacific:A global-scale estuary.Journal of Physical Oceanography,14(2):464-470.
Wadley,M.R.,and Bigg,G.R.,2002.Impact of flow through the Canadian Archipelago and Bering Strait on the north Atlantic and Arctic circulation:An ocean modelling study.Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,128(585):2187-2203,DOI:10.1256/qj.00.35.
Walsh,J.,Dieterle,D.A.,Muller-Karger,F.E.,Aagaard,K.,Roach,A.T.,Whitledge,T.E.,and Stockwell,D.,1997.CO2cycling in the coastal ocean.II.Seasonal organic loading of the Arctic Ocean from source waters in the Bering Sea.Continental Shelf Research,17(1):1-36.
Walsh,J.,Mc Roy,C.,Coachman,L.,Goering,J.,Nihoul,J.,Whitledge,T.,Blackburn,T.,Parker,P.,Wirick,C.,and Shuert,P.,1989.Carbon and nitrogen cycling within the Bering/Chukchi Seas:Source regions for organic matter effecting AOU demands of the Arctic Ocean.Progress in Oceanography,22(4):277-359.
Wijffels,S.E.,1992.Transport of freshwater by the oceans.Journal of Physical Oceanography,22(2):155-162.
Woodgate,R.A.,2018.Increases in the Pacific inflow to the Arctic from 1990 to 2015,and insights into seasonal trends and driving mechanisms from year-round Bering Strait mooring data.Progress in Oceanography,160:124-154.
Woodgate,R.,and Aagaard,K.,2005.Revising the Bering Strait freshwater flux into the Arctic Ocean.Geophysical Research Letters,32(2):L02602.
Woodgate,R.,Aagaard,K.,and Weingartner,T.J.,2005a.Monthly temperature,salinity,and transport variability of the Bering Strait through flow.Geophysical Research Letters,32(4):L04601.
Woodgate,R.,Aagaard,K.,and Weingartner,T.J.,2005b.A year in the physical oceanography of the Chukchi Sea:Moored measurements from autumn 1990-1991.Deep Sea Research Part II:Topical Studies in Oceanography,52(24-26):3116-3149,DOI:10.1016/j.dsr2.2005.10.016.
Woodgate,R.,Aagaard,K.,and Weingartner,T.J.,2006.Interannual changes in the Bering Strait fluxes of volume,heat and freshwater between 1991 and 2004.Geophysical Research Letters,33(15):L15609.
Woodgate,R.,Stafford,K.,and Prahl,F.,2015.A synthesis of year-round interdisciplinary mooring measurements in the Bering Strait(1990-2014)and the RUSALCA Years(2004-2011).Oceanography,28(3):46-67.
Woodgate,R.,Weingartner,T.,and Lindsay,R.,2010.The 2007Bering Strait oceanic heat flux and anomalous Arctic sea-ice retreat.Geophysical Research Letters,37(1):L01602.
Woodgate,R.,Weingartner,T.J.,and Lindsay,R.,2012.Observed increases in Bering Strait oceanic fluxes from the Pacific to the Arctic from 2001 to 2011 and their impacts on the Arctic Ocean water column.Geophysical Research Letters,39(24):L24603.
Zhang,Y.,Chen,C.,Beardsley,R.C.,Gao,G.,Qi,J.,and Lin,H.,2016a.Seasonal and interannual variability of the Arctic sea ice:A comparison between AO-FVCOM and observations.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,121(11):8320-8350.
Zhang,Y.,Chen,C.S.,Beardsley,R.C.,Gao,G.P.,Lai,Z.G.,Curry,B.,Lee,C.M.,Lin,H.C.,Qi,J.H.,and Xu,Q.C.,2016b.Studies of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago water transport and its relationship to basin-local forcings:Results from AO-FVCOM.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,121(6):4392-4415,DOI:10.1002/2016jc011634.
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