人类活动对纳帕海湿地黑颈鹤越冬生境的干扰强度与格局
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摘要
快速的城市化进程对城市湿地造成空前的压力,在短期内以人类活动干扰为主要特征;强度各异、来源多样的干扰对以城市湿地为载体的候鸟生境产生的负面影响,影响着候鸟的越冬生境质量,进而影响了候鸟的种群变化。其中,量化人类活动干扰的强度与其对候鸟生境格局的影响是生物保护工作的重要内容之一。纳帕海湿地(Ramsar湿地)是黑颈鹤(Grus nigricollis)中部种群的主要越冬地,然而日趋严重的人类活动干扰已经影响了黑颈鹤种群的越冬生境质量,因而开展这方面的工作是十分必要的。在研究区内,根据黑颈鹤的可利用景观,识别黑颈鹤的潜在生境,结合2010~2015年期间对人类活动干扰源的多次实地调查资料,将影响黑颈鹤生境的主要干扰源进行分类,确定其强度和干扰范围,从而确定2010~2015年期间黑颈鹤实际生境格局及复合干扰位置、强度和范围。研究结果表明,黑颈鹤越冬种群稳定期和迁离期实际生境分别仅占两时期潜在生境的48.9%和38.3%,人类活动干扰是造成黑颈鹤实际生境和潜在生境差异的主要原因;其中,低复合强度干扰的影响面积在稳定期和迁离期都接近总干扰面积的90%,所以,低复合强度干扰是黑颈鹤生境的主要影响因素。因此,控制低复合强度干扰,可以快速、有效地起到保护和恢复黑颈鹤生境的目的。
The sources of different intensity, diversity of interference of human activities causes negative effect on the wintering habitats of the migratory bird. Napahai wetlands(Ramsar site), which is the major wintering ground for the middle population of the Black-necked Crane(Grus nigricollis), have been affected by the interference of human activities seriously. The potential wintering habitats of Grus nigricollis were identified and classified the main interference sources affecting Grus nigricollis wintering habitats with the field research data of the sources of the interference of human activities, to confirm the practical habitat pattern of Grus nigricollis as well as the compound interference location, intensity and range during 2010-2015. The results showed that the practical wintering habitat of stationary phase and emigration phase of Grus nigricollis wintering population account only for 48.9% and 38.3% of their potential habitats, and the differences mainly caused by the human interference. Because of the effect of the low stacking interferences in the two periods were close to 90%of the total interference area, so that the low stacking interferences was the main factor influencing Grus nigricollis wintering habitats. Therefore, controlling the low stacking interferences could protect and restore Grus nigricollis wintering habitats rapidly and effectively.
The sources of different intensity, diversity of interference of human activities causes negative effect on the wintering habitats of the migratory bird. Napahai wetlands(Ramsar site), which is the major wintering ground for the middle population of the Black-necked Crane(Grus nigricollis), have been affected by the interference of human activities seriously. The potential wintering habitats of Grus nigricollis were identified and classified the main interference sources affecting Grus nigricollis wintering habitats with the field research data of the sources of the interference of human activities, to confirm the practical habitat pattern of Grus nigricollis as well as the compound interference location, intensity and range during 2010-2015. The results showed that the practical wintering habitat of stationary phase and emigration phase of Grus nigricollis wintering population account only for 48.9% and 38.3% of their potential habitats, and the differences mainly caused by the human interference. Because of the effect of the low stacking interferences in the two periods were close to 90%of the total interference area, so that the low stacking interferences was the main factor influencing Grus nigricollis wintering habitats. Therefore, controlling the low stacking interferences could protect and restore Grus nigricollis wintering habitats rapidly and effectively.
引文
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[16]张佰莲,田秀华,刘群秀,等.崇明东滩自然保护区越冬白头鹤警戒行为的观察[J].东北林业大学学报,2009,37(7):93-95.
[17]王云,李麒麟,关磊,等.纳帕海环湖公路交通噪声对鸟类的影响[J].动物学杂志,2011,46(6):65-72.
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[19]李杰.纳帕海湿地水文情势模拟及关键水文生态效应分析[D].昆明:云南大学,2013.
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[21]李杰,胡金明,张洪,等.无常规水文监测高寒湿地纳帕海水量波动模拟分析[J].自然资源学报,2014,30(2):340-349.
(1)云南省森林资源勘察4大队.云南省纳帕海保护区调查规划报告[R].1983.
(1)纳帕海国际重要湿地综合保护工程项目组.纳帕海湿地生态环境现状综合评估报告[R].2015.
(1)纳帕海国际重要湿地综合保护工程项目组.纳帕海湿地生态环境现状综合评估报告[R].2015.
[2]Liu Q,Yang J,Yang X,et al.Foraging habitats and utilization distributions of Black-necked Cranes wintering at the Napahai Wetland,China[J].Journal of Field Ornithology,2010,81(1):21-30.
[3]杨芳.云贵高原鹤类和大型水禽调查总结[M]//李凤山,杨晓君,杨芳.云贵高原黑颈鹤的现状及保护.昆明:云南民族出版社,2005:59-64.
[4]王凯,杨晓君,赵健林,等.云南纳帕海越冬黑颈鹤日间行为模式与年龄和集群的关系[J].动物学研究,2009,30(1):74-82.
[5]刘学先,冯理,韩联宪,等.纳帕海湿地冬季水鸟种类与数量监测初报[J].林业调查规划,2008,33(1):66-69.
[6]李凤山,杨芳.云贵高原黑颈鹤的种群数量和分布[J].动物学杂志,2003,38(3):43-46.
[7]韩联宪.云南鹤类越冬地保护措施探讨[C]//陈宜瑜.中国湿地研究.长春:吉林科学技术出版社,1995:256-261.
[8]李杰,胡金明,董云霞,等.1994-2006年滇西北纳帕海流域及其湿地景观变化研究[J].山地学报,2010,28(2):247-256.
[9]贺鹏,孔德军,刘强,等.云南纳帕海越冬黑颈鹤夜栖地特征[J].动物学研究,2011,32(2):150-156.
[10]田昆,莫剑锋,陆梅,等.人为活动干扰对纳帕海湿地环境影响的研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2004,13(3):292-295.
[11]马旭晨,栗忠飞.纳帕海湿地区草甸的植物盖度、生物量和叶面积指数[J].湿地科学,2017,15(1):144-147.
[12]赵建林,韩联宪,冯理,等.云南纳帕海黑颈鹤越冬行为与生境利用初步观察[J].四川动物,2008,27(1):87-91.
[13]胡金明,李杰,袁寒,等,纳帕海湿地季节性景观格局动态变化及其驱动[J].地理研究,2010,29(5):900-908.
[14]刘强,杨晓君,朱建国,等.云南省纳帕海自然保护区越冬黑颈鹤的集群特征[J].动物学研究,2008,29(5):553-560.
[15]Li J,Hu J,Deng W,et al.Revealing storage-area relationship of open water in ungauged subalpine wetland-Napahai in Northwest Yunnan,China[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2013,10(4):553-563.
[16]张佰莲,田秀华,刘群秀,等.崇明东滩自然保护区越冬白头鹤警戒行为的观察[J].东北林业大学学报,2009,37(7):93-95.
[17]王云,李麒麟,关磊,等.纳帕海环湖公路交通噪声对鸟类的影响[J].动物学杂志,2011,46(6):65-72.
[18]李杰.纳帕海湿地多时空尺度景观格局变化及其驱动机制研究[D].昆明:云南大学,2010.
[19]李杰.纳帕海湿地水文情势模拟及关键水文生态效应分析[D].昆明:云南大学,2013.
[20]刘强.纳帕海越冬黑颈鹤(Grus nigricollis)空间生态学研究[D].北京:中国科学院大学,2010.
[21]李杰,胡金明,张洪,等.无常规水文监测高寒湿地纳帕海水量波动模拟分析[J].自然资源学报,2014,30(2):340-349.
(1)云南省森林资源勘察4大队.云南省纳帕海保护区调查规划报告[R].1983.
(1)纳帕海国际重要湿地综合保护工程项目组.纳帕海湿地生态环境现状综合评估报告[R].2015.
(1)纳帕海国际重要湿地综合保护工程项目组.纳帕海湿地生态环境现状综合评估报告[R].2015.