天山内部走滑断裂晚第四纪活动特征研究——以开都河断裂为例
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摘要
天山是典型的陆内再生造山带,其内部构造变形样式复杂且多样。其中尤为显著的是多条长度长、线性良好的NW-SE和ENE-WSW的走滑断裂切割山体内部,并表现出线性笔直的槽谷型地貌景观。现今天山内部的多次强震活动与这类走滑断裂关系密切,因此精细化厘定这些断裂的活动速率和活动特征对于认识现今天山内部变形方式和变形过程具有重要的意义。文中对南天山内部1条NW-SE向右旋走滑断裂——开都河断裂的活动特征进行研究。开都河断裂起自大尤鲁都斯盆地南缘并向SE延伸,切穿南天山焉耆盆地内部,在盆地西南部形成线性连续且笔直的陡坎地貌,尤其是断层在穿过中晚更新世2期洪积扇时断错了扇体上一系列不同时代的河流冲沟,形成从3～248m不等的右旋位错量。通过利用多视角摄影测量技术沿断裂对近12km线性构造地貌进行了条带状航拍,建立了分辨率高达0. 25m的数字地形数据。精确测量了22个典型右旋位错值,发现其位错峰值主要集中在3. 5m、7. 0m、11. 8m和14. 5m,总结认为开都河断裂单次地震右旋走滑位移量大致在3～4m之间。此外,利用原地宇宙成因核素深度剖面法测定断错洪积扇面的暴露年龄约为235. 7ka。结合所测得的冲沟最大的右旋位移量248m,得到开都河断裂晚更新世以来最小右旋走滑速率约1mm/a。通过与天山内部其余活动构造变形速率进行对比,认为开都河断裂在调节天山内部构造变形中起到重要作用,应是天山内部主要的变形构造和应力应变积累区,未来具有发生强震的危险性。
As the most active intracontinental orogenic belt in the world,the Tianshan orogenic belt has complex and diverse internal structural deformation patterns,and among them,the particularly striking is the linear straight U-type valley landscapes which cut inside the mountains by multiple NW-SE and ENE-WSW strike-slip faults. Many of the modern strong earthquakes in Tianshan orogenic belt are closely related to these strike-slip faults. Therefore, it is important to elaborate the activity characteristics of these faults to understand the deformation process inside the Tianshan Mountains belt.This paper focuses on one of the NW-SE right-lateral strike-slip fault( the Kaiduhe Fault),which lies inside the southeastern Tianshan. Typical offset landforms and scarp lineaments on the western segment of the Kaiduhe Fault can be used to study the activity characteristics and strike-slip rate. In particular,the fault cuts through the late Quaternary alluvial fans and a series of river gullies were right-laterally faulted,producing dextral offsets ranging from 3 to 248 m. A digital elevation model( DEM) with resolution of 0. 25 m was established by using multi-angle photogrammetry technique to stripe about12 km linear tectonic landforms along the Kaiduhe Fault. Geological and geomorphic mapping in DEM with 22 high-resolution dextral offset measurements reveals that the dextral offsets can be divide into four groups of 3. 5 m,7. 0 m,11. 8 m and 14. 5 m. It is presumed from the approximately uniformly-spaced offsets that the coseismic offset was 3 ～ 4 m. In addition,the exposure age of an older alluvial fan surface was about 235. 7 ka by in situ10 Be terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide method. Combining the exposure ages and the maximum dextral offset of 248 m,we found that the strike-slip rate of the Kaiduhe Fault is about 1 mm/a. It is found by this study that the Kaiduhe Fault plays an important role in regulating SN compression deformation within Tianshan Mountains,and it should also be the main stress-strain accumulation area which has the risk of occurrence of strong earthquake.
As the most active intracontinental orogenic belt in the world,the Tianshan orogenic belt has complex and diverse internal structural deformation patterns,and among them,the particularly striking is the linear straight U-type valley landscapes which cut inside the mountains by multiple NW-SE and ENE-WSW strike-slip faults. Many of the modern strong earthquakes in Tianshan orogenic belt are closely related to these strike-slip faults. Therefore, it is important to elaborate the activity characteristics of these faults to understand the deformation process inside the Tianshan Mountains belt.This paper focuses on one of the NW-SE right-lateral strike-slip fault( the Kaiduhe Fault),which lies inside the southeastern Tianshan. Typical offset landforms and scarp lineaments on the western segment of the Kaiduhe Fault can be used to study the activity characteristics and strike-slip rate. In particular,the fault cuts through the late Quaternary alluvial fans and a series of river gullies were right-laterally faulted,producing dextral offsets ranging from 3 to 248 m. A digital elevation model( DEM) with resolution of 0. 25 m was established by using multi-angle photogrammetry technique to stripe about12 km linear tectonic landforms along the Kaiduhe Fault. Geological and geomorphic mapping in DEM with 22 high-resolution dextral offset measurements reveals that the dextral offsets can be divide into four groups of 3. 5 m,7. 0 m,11. 8 m and 14. 5 m. It is presumed from the approximately uniformly-spaced offsets that the coseismic offset was 3 ～ 4 m. In addition,the exposure age of an older alluvial fan surface was about 235. 7 ka by in situ10 Be terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide method. Combining the exposure ages and the maximum dextral offset of 248 m,we found that the strike-slip rate of the Kaiduhe Fault is about 1 mm/a. It is found by this study that the Kaiduhe Fault plays an important role in regulating SN compression deformation within Tianshan Mountains,and it should also be the main stress-strain accumulation area which has the risk of occurrence of strong earthquake.
引文
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(1)国家地震局地质研究所,1996,新疆察汗乌苏水电工程近场区地壳稳定性及水库诱发地震危险性评价工作报告。
冯先岳.1997.新疆古地震[M].乌鲁木齐:新疆科技卫生出版社:43.FENG Xian-yue.1997.Paleoearthquakes in Xinjiang Region[M].Xinjiang Sci-Tech and Public Health Press,Urumqi:43(in Chinese).
何宏林,池田安隆,宋方敏,等.2002.小江断裂带第四纪晚期左旋走滑速率及其构造意义[J].地震地质24(1):14-26.HE Hong-lin,YASUTAKA I,SONG Fang-min,et al.2002.Late Quaternary slip rate of the Xiaojiang Fault and its implacation[J].Seismology and Geology,24(1):14-26(in Chinese).
黄伟亮,杨晓平,李安,等.2015.焉耆盆地北缘和静逆断裂-褶皱带中晚第四纪变形速率[J].地震地质,37(3):675-696.doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2015.03.002.HUANG Wei-liang,YANG Xiao-ping,LI An,et al.2015.Late Pleistonce shortening rate on the northern margin of Yanqi Basin,southeastern Tian Shan,NW China[J].Seismology and Geology,37(3):675-696(in Chinese).
黄伟亮,杨晓平,李胜强,等.2018.焉耆盆地北缘断裂全新世滑动速率及地震危险性[J].地震地质,40(1):186-203.doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2018.01.014.HUANG Wei-liang,YANG Xiao-ping,LI Sheng-qiang,et al.2018.Holocene slip rate and earthquake hazard of the north-edge fault of the Yanqi Basin,southeastern Tian Shan,China[J].Seismology and Geology,40(1):186-203(in Chinese).
龙海英,高国英,聂晓红,等.2008.北天山中东段中小地震震源机制解及应力场反演[J].地震,(1):93-99.LONG Hai-ying,GAO Guo-ying,NIE Xiao-hong,et al.2008.The focal mechanism solution and stress field inversion of small and moderate earthquakes along middle-eastern part of northern Tianshan region[J].Earthquake,(1):93-99(in Chinese).
聂晓红,高国英.2005.南天山东段地震活动特征[J].内陆地震,19(2):156-163.NIE Xiao-hong,GAO Guo-ying.2005.The characteristics of seismic activity in the east of south Tianshan Mountain[J].Inland Earthquake,19(2):156-163(in Chinese).
宋和平.2005.论新疆深大断裂特征与地震的关系(1)[J].内陆地震,19(3):193-202.SONG He-ping.2005.The relationship between characteristics of deep and big faults and earthquakes in Xinjiang(1)[J].Inland Earthquake,19(3):193-202(in Chinese).
吴传勇.2016.西南天山北东东走向断裂的晚第四纪活动特征及在天山构造变形中的作用[D].北京:中国地震局地质研究所:118.WU Chuan-yong.2016.Late Quaternary activity of the NEE-trending faults in the southwestern Tianshan and their role in the tectonic deformation of the Tianshan Mountains[D].Institute of Geology,China Earthquake Administration,Beijing:118(in Chinese).
吴传勇,吴国栋,沈军,等.2014.那拉提断裂晚第四纪活动及其反映的天山内部构造变形[J].第四纪研究,34(2):269-280.WU Chuan-yong,WU Guo-dong,SHEN Jun,et al.2014.The late-Quaternary activity of the Nalati Fault and its implications for the crustal deformation in the interior of the Tianshan Mountains[J].Quaternary Sciences,34(2):269-280(in Chinese).
武金龙.2010.焉耆盆地博湖坳陷八道湾组沉积特征研究[D].成都:成都理工大学:12-20.WU Jin-long.2010.A study on the sedimentary characteristic of the Badaowan formation in Bohu depression of Yanqi Basin[D].Chengdu University of Technology,Chengdu:12-20(in Chinese).
肖阳,邬光辉,雷永良,等.2017.走滑断裂带贯穿过程与发育模式的物理模拟[J].石油勘探与开发,44(3):340-348.XIAO Yang,WU Guang-hui,LEI Yong-liang,et al.2017.Analogue modeling of through-going process and development pattern of strike-slip fault zone[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,44(3):340-348(in Chinese).
徐锡伟,于贵华,陈桂华,等.2007.青藏高原北部大型走滑断裂带近地表地质变形带特征分析[J].地震地质29(2):201-217.XU Xi-wei,YU Gui-hua,CHEN Gui-hua,et al.2007.Near-surface character of permanent geologic deformation across the mega-strike-slip faults in the northern Tibetan plateau[J].Seismology and Geology,29(2):201-217(in Chinese).
杨少敏,李杰,王琪.2008.GPS研究天山现今变形与断层活动[J].中国科学(D辑),38(7):872-880.YANG Shao-min,LI Jie,WANG Qi.2008.The deformation pattern and fault rate in the Tianshan Mountains inferred from GPS observations[J].Science in China(Ser D),38(7):872-880(in Chinese).
尹光华,蒋靖祥,张勇,等.2002.新疆尼勒克1812年地震断层构造特征[J].西北地震学报,24(2):183-186.YIN Guang-hua,JIANG Jin-xiang,ZHANG Yong,et al.2002.The character of seismic fault of 1812 Nileke earthquake[J].Northwestern Seismologyical Journal,24(2):183-186(in Chinese).
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(1)国家地震局地质研究所,1996,新疆察汗乌苏水电工程近场区地壳稳定性及水库诱发地震危险性评价工作报告。
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